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Pang Y, Peng Z, Ding K. An in-depth review: Unraveling the extraction, structure, bio-functionalities, target molecules, and applications of pectic polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 343:122457. [PMID: 39174094 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Pectic polysaccharides have long been a challenging subject of research in the field of macromolecular science, given their complex structures and wide range of biological effects. However, the extensive exploration of pectic polysaccharides has been limited due to the intricacy of their structures. In this comprehensive review, we aim to provide a thorough summary of the existing knowledge on pectic polysaccharides, with a particular focus on aspects such as classification, extraction methodologies, structural analysis, elucidation of biological activities, and exploration of target molecules and signaling pathways. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and research achievements, we strive to establish a comprehensive and systematic framework that can serve as a reference and guide for further investigations into pectic polysaccharides. Furthermore, this review delves into the applications of pectic polysaccharides beyond their fundamental attributes and characteristics, exploring their potential in fields such as materials, food, and pharmaceuticals. We pay special attention to the promising opportunities for pectic polysaccharides in the pharmaceutical domain and provide an overview of related drug development research. The aim of this review is to facilitate a holistic understanding of pectic polysaccharides by incorporating multifaceted research, providing valuable insights for further in-depth investigations into this significant polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunrui Pang
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, SSIP Healthcare and Medicine Demonstration Zone, Zhongshan Tsuihang New District, Zhongshan 528400, PR China; Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zhigang Peng
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, SSIP Healthcare and Medicine Demonstration Zone, Zhongshan Tsuihang New District, Zhongshan 528400, PR China; Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; China School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Kan Ding
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, SSIP Healthcare and Medicine Demonstration Zone, Zhongshan Tsuihang New District, Zhongshan 528400, PR China; Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Cacciola NA, De Cicco P, Amico R, Sepe F, Li Y, Grauso L, Nanì MF, Scarpato S, Zidorn C, Mangoni A, Borrelli F. Zosterabisphenone B, a new diarylheptanoid heterodimer from the seagrass Zostera marina, induces apoptosis cell death in colon cancer cells and reduces tumour growth in mice. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 38923111 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumours worldwide. Diarylheptanoids, secondary metabolites isolated from Zostera marina, are of interest in natural products research due to their biological activities. Zosterabisphenone B (ZBP B) has recently been shown to inhibit the viability of CRC cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of ZBP B for targeting human CRC cells. Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. Flow cytometry and Western blot analyses were used to assess apoptosis and autophagy. A CRC xenograft model was used to evaluate the in vivo effect of ZBP B. No cytotoxic effect on HCEC cells was observed in the in vitro experiments. ZBP B caused morphological changes in HCT116 colon cancer cells due to an increase in early and late apoptotic cell populations. Mechanistically, ZBP B led to an increase in cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, PARP and BID proteins and a decrease in Bcl-2 and c-Myc proteins. In the xenograft model of CRC, ZBP B led to a reduction in tumour growth. These results indicate that ZBP B exerts a selective cytotoxic effect on CRC cells by affecting apoptotic signalling pathways and reducing tumour growth in mice. Taken together, our results suggest that ZBP B could be a lead compound for the synthesis and development of CRC drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Antonio Cacciola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola De Cicco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rebecca Amico
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Sepe
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Yan Li
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Laura Grauso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Nanì
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Scarpato
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Christian Zidorn
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alfonso Mangoni
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Borrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Sultana N. Biological Properties and Biomedical Applications of Pectin and Pectin-Based Composites: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:7974. [PMID: 38138464 PMCID: PMC10745545 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectin has recently drawn much attention in biomedical applications due to its distinctive chemical and biological properties. Polymers like pectin with cell-instructive properties are attractive natural biomaterials for tissue repair and regeneration. In addition, bioactive pectin and pectin-based composites exhibit improved characteristics to deliver active molecules. Pectin and pectin-based composites serve as interactive matrices or scaffolds by stimulating cell adhesion and cell proliferation and enhancing tissue remodeling by forming an extracellular matrix in vivo. Several bioactive properties, such as immunoregulatory, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antioxidant activities, contribute to the pectin's and pectin-based composite's enhanced applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery systems. Tissue engineering scaffolds containing pectin and pectin-based conjugates or composites demonstrate essential features such as nontoxicity, tunable mechanical properties, biodegradability, and suitable surface properties. The design and fabrication of pectic composites are versatile for tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. This article reviews the promising characteristics of pectin or pectic polysaccharides and pectin-based composites and highlights their potential biomedical applications, focusing on drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naznin Sultana
- Texas Undergraduate Medical Academy, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
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Ismael M, Charras Q, Leschevin M, Herfurth D, Roulard R, Quéro A, Rusterucci C, Domon JM, Jungas C, Vermerris W, Rayon C. Seasonal Variation in Cell Wall Composition and Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Seagrass Posidonia oceanica Growing at Different Depths. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3155. [PMID: 37687400 PMCID: PMC10490095 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Posidonia oceanica is a common seagrass in the Mediterranean Sea that is able to sequester large amounts of carbon. The carbon assimilated during photosynthesis can be partitioned into non-structural sugars and cell-wall polymers. In this study, we investigated the distribution of carbon in starch, soluble carbohydrates and cell-wall polymers in leaves and rhizomes of P. oceanica. Analyses were performed during summer and winter in meadows located south of the Frioul archipelago near Marseille, France. The leaves and rhizomes were isolated from plants collected in shallow (2 m) and deep water (26 m). Our results showed that P. oceanica stores more carbon as starch, sucrose and cellulose in summer and that this is more pronounced in rhizomes from deep-water plants. In winter, the reduction in photoassimilates was correlated with a lower cellulose content, compensated with a greater lignin content, except in rhizomes from deep-water plants. The syringyl-to-guaiacyl (S/G) ratio in the lignin was higher in leaves than in rhizomes and decreased in rhizomes in winter, indicating a change in the distribution or structure of the lignin. These combined data show that deep-water plants store more carbon during summer, while in winter the shallow- and deep-water plants displayed a different cell wall composition reflecting their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Ismael
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; (M.I.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (R.R.); (A.Q.); (C.R.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Quentin Charras
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France; (Q.C.); (C.J.)
| | - Maïté Leschevin
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; (M.I.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (R.R.); (A.Q.); (C.R.); (J.-M.D.)
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA Cadarache, Zone Cité des Énergies BIAM, Bâtiment 1900, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Damien Herfurth
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; (M.I.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (R.R.); (A.Q.); (C.R.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Romain Roulard
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; (M.I.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (R.R.); (A.Q.); (C.R.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Anthony Quéro
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; (M.I.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (R.R.); (A.Q.); (C.R.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Christine Rusterucci
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; (M.I.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (R.R.); (A.Q.); (C.R.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; (M.I.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (R.R.); (A.Q.); (C.R.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Colette Jungas
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France; (Q.C.); (C.J.)
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Catherine Rayon
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; (M.I.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (R.R.); (A.Q.); (C.R.); (J.-M.D.)
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Patlay AA, Belousov AS, Silant’ev VE, Shatilov RA, Shmelev ME, Kovalev VV, Perminova IV, Baklanov IN, Kumeiko VV. Preparation and Characterization of Hydrogel Films and Nanoparticles Based on Low-Esterified Pectin for Anticancer Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3280. [PMID: 37571174 PMCID: PMC10422365 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prospective adjuvant anticancer therapy development includes the establishing of drug delivery systems based on biocompatible and biodegradable carriers. We have designed films and nanoparticles (NPs) based on low-esterified pectin hydrogel using the ionic gelation method. We investigated morphology, nanomechanical properties, biocompatibility and anticancer activity. Hydrogel films are characterized by tunable viscoelastic properties and surface nanoarchitectonics through pectin concentration and esterification degree (DE), expressed in variable pore frequency and diameter. An in vitro study showed a significant reduction in metabolic activity and the proliferation of the U87MG human glioblastoma cell line, probably affected via the adhesion mechanism. Glioma cells formed neurosphere-like conglomerates with a small number of neurites when cultured on fully de-esterified pectin films and they did not produce neurites on the films prepared on 50% esterified pectin. Pectin NPs were examined in terms of size distribution and nanomechanical properties. The NPs' shapes were proved spherical with a mean diameter varying in the range of 90-115 nm, and a negative zeta potential from -8.30 to -7.86 mV, which indicated their stability. The NPs did not demonstrate toxic effect on cells or metabolism inhibition, indicating good biocompatibility. Nanostructured biomaterials prepared on low-esterified pectins could be of interest for biomedical applications in adjuvant anticancer therapy and for designing drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra A. Patlay
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia; (A.A.P.); (A.S.B.); (R.A.S.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Andrei S. Belousov
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia; (A.A.P.); (A.S.B.); (R.A.S.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Vladimir E. Silant’ev
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia; (A.A.P.); (A.S.B.); (R.A.S.); (M.E.S.)
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Processes, Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Roman A. Shatilov
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia; (A.A.P.); (A.S.B.); (R.A.S.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Mikhail E. Shmelev
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia; (A.A.P.); (A.S.B.); (R.A.S.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Valeri V. Kovalev
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Irina V. Perminova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Ivan N. Baklanov
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia; (A.A.P.); (A.S.B.); (R.A.S.); (M.E.S.)
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Vadim V. Kumeiko
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia; (A.A.P.); (A.S.B.); (R.A.S.); (M.E.S.)
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
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Thinh PD, Hang CTT, Trung DT, Nguyen TD. Pectin from Three Vietnamese Seagrasses: Isolation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11041054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the isolation and structural characterization of pectin from three distinct species of Vietnamese seagrass including Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, and Halophila ovalis. The pectin yield obtained from Enhalus acoroides was the highest, corresponding to 24.15%, followed by those from Thalassia hemprichii (20.04%) and Halophila ovalis (19.14%). The physicochemical properties of pectin including total carbohydrate content, anhydrouronic acid (AUA) content, equivalent weight (EW), methoxyl content (MeO), and degree of esterification (DE) were determined using various analysis techniques. The pectin obtained from all three species were found to be low-methyl-esterified pectin, with the MeO content and DE for E. acoroides, T. hemprichii, and H. ovalis being 6.15% and 27.18%, 3.26% and 43.31%, and 4.65% and 33.25%, respectively. The average molecular weight (MW) of pectin was analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography. Pectin from T. hemprichii had the highest MW of 173.01 kDa, followed by pectin from E. acoroides, with a MW of 127.32 kDa, and that from H. ovalis, with a MW of 56.06 kDa. Furthermore, the pectins from all three seagrass species exhibited high antioxidant activity and might be promising as antioxidants.
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Maslova AY, Mishvelov AE, Nasrulaeva KN, Yasaeva JK, Tsgoev AS, Medova MM. Overview of the Pharmacological Use of Pectins and Pectin-Containing Substances: Recent Achievements and Prospects. PHARMACOPHORE 2023. [DOI: 10.51847/j34k56lsvr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Current Advancements in Pectin: Extraction, Properties and Multifunctional Applications. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172683. [PMID: 36076865 PMCID: PMC9455162 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is a heterogeneous hydrocolloid present in the primary cell wall and middle lamella in all dicotyledonous plants, more commonly in the outer fruit coat or peel as compared to the inner matrix. Presently, citrus fruits and apple fruits are the main sources for commercial extraction of pectin, but ongoing research on pectin extraction from alternate fruit sources and fruit wastes from processing industries will be of great help in waste product reduction and enhancing the production of pectin. Pectin shows multifunctional applications including in the food industry, the health and pharmaceutical sector, and in packaging regimes. Pectin is commonly utilized in the food industry as an additive in foods such as jams, jellies, low calorie foods, stabilizing acidified milk products, thickener and emulsifier. Pectin is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of medicines that reduce blood cholesterol level and cure gastrointestinal disorders, as well as in cancer treatment. Pectin also finds use in numerous other industries, such as in the preparation of edible films and coatings, paper substitutes and foams. Due to these varied uses of pectin in different applications, there is a great necessity to explore other non-conventional sources or modify existing sources to obtain pectin with desired quality attributes to some extent by rational modifications of pectin with chemical and enzymatic treatments.
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Pfeifer L, van Erven G, Sinclair EA, Duarte CM, Kabel MA, Classen B. Profiling the cell walls of seagrasses from A (Amphibolis) to Z (Zostera). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:63. [PMID: 35120456 PMCID: PMC8815203 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polyphyletic group of seagrasses shows an evolutionary history from early monocotyledonous land plants to the marine environment. Seagrasses form important coastal ecosystems worldwide and large amounts of seagrass detritus washed on beaches might also be valuable bioeconomical resources. Despite this importance and potential, little is known about adaptation of these angiosperms to the marine environment and their cell walls. RESULTS We investigated polysaccharide composition of nine seagrass species from the Mediterranean, Red Sea and eastern Indian Ocean. Sequential extraction revealed a similar seagrass cell wall polysaccharide composition to terrestrial angiosperms: arabinogalactans, pectins and different hemicelluloses, especially xylans and/or xyloglucans. However, the pectic fractions were characterized by the monosaccharide apiose, suggesting unusual apiogalacturonans are a common feature of seagrass cell walls. Detailed analyses of four representative species identified differences between organs and species in their constituent monosaccharide composition and lignin content and structure. Rhizomes were richer in glucosyl units compared to leaves and roots. Enhalus had high apiosyl and arabinosyl abundance, while two Australian species of Amphibolis and Posidonia, were characterized by high amounts of xylosyl residues. Interestingly, the latter two species contained appreciable amounts of lignin, especially in roots and rhizomes whereas Zostera and Enhalus were lignin-free. Lignin structure in Amphibolis was characterized by a higher syringyl content compared to that of Posidonia. CONCLUSIONS Our investigations give a first comprehensive overview on cell wall composition across seagrass families, which will help understanding adaptation to a marine environment in the evolutionary context and evaluating the potential of seagrass in biorefinery incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A. Sinclair
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Bartlau N, Wichels A, Krohne G, Adriaenssens EM, Heins A, Fuchs BM, Amann R, Moraru C. Highly diverse flavobacterial phages isolated from North Sea spring blooms. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:555-568. [PMID: 34475519 PMCID: PMC8776804 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is generally recognized that phages are a mortality factor for their bacterial hosts. This could be particularly true in spring phytoplankton blooms, which are known to be closely followed by a highly specialized bacterial community. We hypothesized that phages modulate these dense heterotrophic bacteria successions following phytoplankton blooms. In this study, we focused on Flavobacteriia, because they are main responders during these blooms and have an important role in the degradation of polysaccharides. A cultivation-based approach was used, obtaining 44 lytic flavobacterial phages (flavophages), representing twelve new species from two viral realms. Taxonomic analysis allowed us to delineate ten new phage genera and ten new families, from which nine and four, respectively, had no previously cultivated representatives. Genomic analysis predicted various life styles and genomic replication strategies. A likely eukaryote-associated host habitat was reflected in the gene content of some of the flavophages. Detection in cellular metagenomes and by direct-plating showed that part of these phages were actively replicating in the environment during the 2018 spring bloom. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas spacers and re-isolation during two consecutive years suggested that, at least part of the new flavophages are stable components of the microbial community in the North Sea. Together, our results indicate that these diverse flavophages have the potential to modulate their respective host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bartlau
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Antje Wichels
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Heligoland, Germany
| | - Georg Krohne
- Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Anneke Heins
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Amann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Cristina Moraru
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
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Mettwally WSA, Ragab TIM, Hamdy AHA, Helmy WA, Hassan SA. Preliminary study on the possible impact of Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forss.) den Hartog acidic polysaccharide fractions against TAA induced liver failure. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111502. [PMID: 33756156 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The water-soluble acidic polysaccharide from Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forss.) den Hartog was successfully extracted, fractionated and purified. The phytochemical profile of the two water-soluble fractions (F1 and F2), were detected using different analytic techniques. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 22 saccharide. Acidic polysaccharide, galacturonic and glucuronic acid were the most abundant. Moreover, paper chromatography and electrophoresis also performed as a preliminary chemical characterization of the polymer. The hepatoprotective activity of the fractions against thioacetamide (TAA) induced liver failure; antioxidant potential and preliminary immunomodulatory activity were assigned in-vivo. The results revealed a potent competence to improve the liver function profile (ALT, AST, total bilirubin, total glyceride, etc.) and a remarkable improvement in liver architecture in comparison to the challenged intoxicated groups. Moreover, they showed high anti-oxidative properties and a promising immunomodulatory influence via Il6. These findings provide new insight into the possible role of polysaccharide purified two fractions in the treatment of acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa S A Mettwally
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Tamer I M Ragab
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Abdel-Hamid A Hamdy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Helmy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Sohair Aly Hassan
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical Industry Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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Pfeifer L, Classen B. The Cell Wall of Seagrasses: Fascinating, Peculiar and a Blank Canvas for Future Research. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:588754. [PMID: 33193541 PMCID: PMC7644952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.588754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Seegrasses are a polyphyletic group of angiosperm plants, which evolved from early monocotyledonous land plants and returned to the marine environment around 140 million years ago. Today, seagrasses comprise the five families Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Posidoniaceae, Cymodoceaceae, and Ruppiaceae and form important coastal ecosystems worldwide. Despite of this ecological importance, the existing literature on adaption of these angiosperms to the marine environment and especially their cell wall composition is limited up to now. A unique feature described for some seagrasses is the occurrence of polyanionic, low-methylated pectins mainly composed of galacturonic acid and apiose (apiogalacturonans). Furthermore, sulfated galactans have been detected in some species. Recently, arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), highly glycosylated proteins of the cell wall of land plants, have been isolated for the first time from a seagrass of the baltic sea. Obviously, seagrass cell walls are characterized by new combinations of structural polysaccharide and glycoprotein elements known from macroalgae and angiosperm land plants. In this review, current knowledge on cell walls of seagrasses is summarized and suggestions for future investigations are given.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birgit Classen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Zaitseva O, Khudyakov A, Sergushkina M, Solomina O, Polezhaeva T. Pectins as a universal medicine. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Biochemical Reconstruction of a Metabolic Pathway from a Marine Bacterium Reveals Its Mechanism of Pectin Depolymerization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 85:AEM.02114-18. [PMID: 30341080 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02114-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is a complex uronic acid-containing polysaccharide typically found in plant cell walls, though forms of pectin are also found in marine diatoms and seagrasses. Genetic loci that target pectin have recently been identified in two phyla of marine bacteria. These loci appear to encode a pectin saccharification pathway that is distinct from the canonical pathway typically associated with phytopathogenic terrestrial bacteria. However, very few components of the marine pectin metabolism pathway have been experimentally validated. Here, we biochemically reconstructed the pectin saccharification pathway from a marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. in vitro and show that it results in the production of galacturonate and the key metabolic intermediate 5-keto-4-deoxyuronate (DKI). We demonstrate the sequential de-esterification and depolymerization of pectin into oligosaccharides and the synergistic action of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) to fully degrade these oligosaccharides into monosaccharides. Furthermore, we show that this pathway relies on enzymes belonging to GH family 105 to carry out the equivalent chemistry afforded by an exolytic polysaccharide lyase (PL) and KdgF in the canonical pectin pathway. Finally, we synthesize our findings into a model of marine pectin degradation and compare it with the canonical pathway. Our results underline the shifting view of pectin as a solely terrestrial polysaccharide and highlight the importance of marine pectin as a carbon source for suitably adapted marine heterotrophs. This alternate pathway has the potential to be exploited in the growing field of biofuel production from plant waste.IMPORTANCE Marine polysaccharides, found in the cell walls of seaweeds and other marine macrophytes, represent a vast sink of photosynthetically fixed carbon. As such, their breakdown by marine microbes contributes significantly to global carbon cycling. Pectin is an abundant polysaccharide found in the cell walls of terrestrial plants, but it has recently been reported that some marine bacteria possess the genetic capacity to degrade it. In this study, we biochemically characterized seven key enzymes from a marine bacterium that, together, fully degrade the backbone of pectin into its constituent monosaccharides. Our findings highlight the importance of pectin as a marine carbon source available to bacteria that possess this pathway. The characterized enzymes also have the potential to be utilized in the production of biofuels from plant waste.
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Celus M, Kyomugasho C, Van Loey AM, Grauwet T, Hendrickx ME. Influence of Pectin Structural Properties on Interactions with Divalent Cations and Its Associated Functionalities. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1576-1594. [PMID: 33350138 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pectin is an anionic cell wall polysaccharide which is known to interact with divalent cations via its nonmethylesterified galacturonic acid units. Due to its cation-binding capacity, extracted pectin is frequently used for several purposes, such as a gelling agent in food products or as a biosorbent to remove toxic metals from waste water. Pectin can, however, possess a large variability in molecular structure, which influences its cation-binding capacity. Besides the pectin structure, several extrinsic factors, such as cation type or pH, have been shown to define the cation binding of pectin. This review paper focuses on the research progress in the field of pectin-divalent cation interactions and associated functional properties. In addition, it addresses the main research gaps and challenges in order to clearly understand the influence of pectin structural properties on its divalent cation-binding capacity and associated functionalities. This review reveals that many factors, including pectin molecular structure and extrinsic factors, influence pectin-cation interactions and its associated functionalities, which makes it difficult to predict the pectin-cation-binding capacity. Despite the limited information available, determination of the cation-binding capacity of pectins with distinct structural properties using equilibrium adsorption experiments or isothermal titration calorimetry is a promising tool to gain fundamental insights into pectin-cation interactions. These insights can then be used in targeted pectin structural modification, in order to optimize the cation-binding capacity and to promote pectin-cation interactions, for instance for a structure build-up in food products without compromising the mineral nutrition value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miete Celus
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clare Kyomugasho
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann M Van Loey
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tara Grauwet
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc E Hendrickx
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Lee H, Golicz AA, Bayer PE, Severn-Ellis AA, Chan CKK, Batley J, Kendrick GA, Edwards D. Genomic comparison of two independent seagrass lineages reveals habitat-driven convergent evolution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3689-3702. [PMID: 29912443 PMCID: PMC6022596 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that live fully submerged in the sea. They evolved from land plant ancestors, with multiple species representing at least three independent return-to-the-sea events. This raises the question of whether these marine angiosperms followed the same adaptation pathway to allow them to live and reproduce under the hostile marine conditions. To compare the basis of marine adaptation between seagrass lineages, we generated genomic data for Halophila ovalis and compared this with recently published genomes for two members of Zosteraceae, as well as genomes of five non-marine plant species (Arabidopsis, Oryza sativa, Phoenix dactylifera, Musa acuminata, and Spirodela polyrhiza). Halophila and Zosteraceae represent two independent seagrass lineages separated by around 30 million years. Genes that were lost or conserved in both lineages were identified. All three species lost genes associated with ethylene and terpenoid biosynthesis, and retained genes related to salinity adaptation, such as those for osmoregulation. In contrast, the loss of the NADH dehydrogenase-like complex is unique to H. ovalis. Through comparison of two independent return-to-the-sea events, this study further describes marine adaptation characteristics common to seagrass families, identifies species-specific gene loss, and provides molecular evidence for convergent evolution in seagrass lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- HueyTyng Lee
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | - Agnieszka A Golicz
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Philipp E Bayer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | - Gary A Kendrick
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
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Lara-Espinoza C, Carvajal-Millán E, Balandrán-Quintana R, López-Franco Y, Rascón-Chu A. Pectin and Pectin-Based Composite Materials: Beyond Food Texture. Molecules 2018; 23:E942. [PMID: 29670040 PMCID: PMC6017442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectins are plant cell wall natural heteropolysaccharides composed mainly of α-1-4 d-galacturonic acid units, which may or may not be methyl esterified, possesses neutral sugars branching that harbor functional moieties. Physicochemical features as pH, temperature, ions concentration, and cosolute presence, affect directly the extraction yield and gelling capacity of pectins. The chemical and structural features of this polysaccharide enables its interaction with a wide range of molecules, a property that scientists profit from to form new composite matrices for target/controlled delivery of therapeutic molecules, genes or cells. Considered a prebiotic dietary fiber, pectins meetmany regulations easily, regarding health applications within the pharmaceutical industry as a raw material and as an agent for the prevention of cancer. Thus, this review lists many emergent pectin-based composite materials which will probably palliate the impact of obesity, diabetes and heart disease, aid to forestall actual epidemics, expand the ken of food additives and food products design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lara-Espinoza
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Carvajal-Millán
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - René Balandrán-Quintana
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Yolanda López-Franco
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Agustín Rascón-Chu
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
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Wang S, Vincent T, Faur C, Guibal E. Algal Foams Applied in Fixed-Bed Process for Lead(II) Removal Using Recirculation or One-Pass Modes. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E315. [PMID: 29039806 PMCID: PMC5666423 DOI: 10.3390/md15100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of brown algae into biopolymer beads or foams for metal sorption has been previously reported. However, the direct use of these biomasses for preparing foams is a new approach. In this study, two kinds of porous foams were prepared by ionotropic gelation using algal biomass (AB, Laminaria digitata) or alginate (as the reference) and applied for Pb(II) sorption. These foams (manufactured as macroporous discs) were packed in filtration holders (simulating fixed-bed column) and the system was operated in either a recirculation or a one-pass mode. Sorption isotherms, uptake kinetics and sorbent reuse were studied in the recirculation mode (analogous to batch system). In the one-pass mode (continuous fixed-bed system), the influence of parameters such as flow rate, feed metal concentration and bed height were investigated on both sorption and desorption. In addition, the effect of Cu(II) on Pb(II) recovery from binary solutions was also studied in terms of both sorption and desorption. Sorption isotherms are well fitted by the Langmuir equation while the pseudo-second order rate equation described well both sorption and desorption kinetic profiles. The study of material regeneration confirms that the reuse of the foams was feasible with a small mass loss, even after 9 cycles. In the one-pass mode, for alginate foams, a slower flow rate led to a smaller saturation volume, while the effect of flow rate was less marked for AB foams. Competitive study suggests that the foams have a preference for Pb(II) over Cu(II) but cannot selectively remove Pb(II) from the binary solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengye Wang
- IMT Mines Alès, Materials Research Center, 6 Avenue de Clavières, F-30319 Alès CEDEX, France.
| | - Thierry Vincent
- IMT Mines Alès, Materials Research Center, 6 Avenue de Clavières, F-30319 Alès CEDEX, France.
| | - Catherine Faur
- European Institute of Membranes, IEM (UMR-5635, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Eric Guibal
- IMT Mines Alès, Materials Research Center, 6 Avenue de Clavières, F-30319 Alès CEDEX, France.
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Maphosa Y, Jideani VA, Adeyi O. Effect of soluble dietary fibres from Bambara groundnut varieties on the stability of orange oil beverage emulsion. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/20421338.2016.1263436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Maphosa
- Department of Food Technology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Victoria A. Jideani
- Department of Food Technology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Oladayo Adeyi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
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Khozhaenko E, Kovalev V, Podkorytova E, Khotimchenko M. Removal of the metal ions from aqueous solutions by nanoscaled low molecular pectin isolated from seagrass Phyllospadix iwatensis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:913-921. [PMID: 26848015 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pectins from sea grasses are considered as promising substances with pronounced metal-binding activity. Due to the high molecular weight and heterogeneous structure, the use of pectins for removal of metal ions is difficult. Technology of directed pectin degradation was developed and homogenous degraded nanoscaled pectin polymers were synthesized. Experimental samples of degraded pectin isolated from Phyllospadix iwatensis were tested for their metal binding activity in comparison with native pectin from this seagrass and commercial citrus pectin. The metal uptake of all pectin compounds was highest within the pH range from 4.0 to 6.0. The Langmuir, Freundlich and BET sorption models were applied to describe the isotherms and constants. Results showed that depolymerized pectin exerts highest lead and cadmium binding activity with pronounced affinity. All pectin compounds were suggested to be favorable sorbents. Therefore, it can be concluded that degraded pectin is a prospective material for creation of metal-removing water treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Khozhaenko
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, 8, Sukhanova str., Vladivostok 690091, Russia; A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17, Palchevskgo str., Vladivostok 690059, Russia
| | - Valeri Kovalev
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17, Palchevskgo str., Vladivostok 690059, Russia
| | - Elena Podkorytova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17, Palchevskgo str., Vladivostok 690059, Russia
| | - Maksim Khotimchenko
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, 8, Sukhanova str., Vladivostok 690091, Russia; A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17, Palchevskgo str., Vladivostok 690059, Russia.
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21
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Lee H, Golicz AA, Bayer PE, Jiao Y, Tang H, Paterson AH, Sablok G, Krishnaraj RR, Chan CKK, Batley J, Kendrick GA, Larkum AWD, Ralph PJ, Edwards D. The Genome of a Southern Hemisphere Seagrass Species (Zostera muelleri). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:272-83. [PMID: 27373688 PMCID: PMC5074622 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that evolved from land plants but returned to the sea around 140 million years ago during the early evolution of monocotyledonous plants. They successfully adapted to abiotic stresses associated with growth in the marine environment, and today, seagrasses are distributed in coastal waters worldwide. Seagrass meadows are an important oceanic carbon sink and provide food and breeding grounds for diverse marine species. Here, we report the assembly and characterization of the Zostera muelleri genome, a southern hemisphere temperate species. Multiple genes were lost or modified in Z. muelleri compared with terrestrial or floating aquatic plants that are associated with their adaptation to life in the ocean. These include genes for hormone biosynthesis and signaling and cell wall catabolism. There is evidence of whole-genome duplication in Z. muelleri; however, an ancient pan-commelinid duplication event is absent, highlighting the early divergence of this species from the main monocot lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- HueyTyng Lee
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (H.T.L., A.A.G., R.R.K., J.B., D.E.);School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.T.L., P.E.B., C.-K.K.C., J.B., G.A.K., D.E.);State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (Y.J.);Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Y.J., A.H.P.);Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (H.T.); andPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (G.S., A.W.D.L., P.J.R.)
| | - Agnieszka A Golicz
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (H.T.L., A.A.G., R.R.K., J.B., D.E.);School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.T.L., P.E.B., C.-K.K.C., J.B., G.A.K., D.E.);State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (Y.J.);Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Y.J., A.H.P.);Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (H.T.); andPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (G.S., A.W.D.L., P.J.R.)
| | - Philipp E Bayer
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (H.T.L., A.A.G., R.R.K., J.B., D.E.);School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.T.L., P.E.B., C.-K.K.C., J.B., G.A.K., D.E.);State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (Y.J.);Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Y.J., A.H.P.);Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (H.T.); andPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (G.S., A.W.D.L., P.J.R.)
| | - Yuannian Jiao
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (H.T.L., A.A.G., R.R.K., J.B., D.E.);School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.T.L., P.E.B., C.-K.K.C., J.B., G.A.K., D.E.);State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (Y.J.);Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Y.J., A.H.P.);Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (H.T.); andPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (G.S., A.W.D.L., P.J.R.)
| | - Haibao Tang
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (H.T.L., A.A.G., R.R.K., J.B., D.E.);School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.T.L., P.E.B., C.-K.K.C., J.B., G.A.K., D.E.);State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (Y.J.);Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Y.J., A.H.P.);Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (H.T.); andPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (G.S., A.W.D.L., P.J.R.)
| | - Andrew H Paterson
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (H.T.L., A.A.G., R.R.K., J.B., D.E.);School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.T.L., P.E.B., C.-K.K.C., J.B., G.A.K., D.E.);State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (Y.J.);Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Y.J., A.H.P.);Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (H.T.); andPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (G.S., A.W.D.L., P.J.R.)
| | - Gaurav Sablok
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (H.T.L., A.A.G., R.R.K., J.B., D.E.);School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.T.L., P.E.B., C.-K.K.C., J.B., G.A.K., D.E.);State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (Y.J.);Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Y.J., A.H.P.);Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (H.T.); andPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (G.S., A.W.D.L., P.J.R.)
| | - Rahul R Krishnaraj
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (H.T.L., A.A.G., R.R.K., J.B., D.E.);School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.T.L., P.E.B., C.-K.K.C., J.B., G.A.K., D.E.);State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (Y.J.);Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Y.J., A.H.P.);Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (H.T.); andPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (G.S., A.W.D.L., P.J.R.)
| | - Chon-Kit Kenneth Chan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (H.T.L., A.A.G., R.R.K., J.B., D.E.);School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.T.L., P.E.B., C.-K.K.C., J.B., G.A.K., D.E.);State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (Y.J.);Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Y.J., A.H.P.);Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (H.T.); andPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (G.S., A.W.D.L., P.J.R.)
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (H.T.L., A.A.G., R.R.K., J.B., D.E.);School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.T.L., P.E.B., C.-K.K.C., J.B., G.A.K., D.E.);State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (Y.J.);Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Y.J., A.H.P.);Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (H.T.); andPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (G.S., A.W.D.L., P.J.R.)
| | - Gary A Kendrick
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (H.T.L., A.A.G., R.R.K., J.B., D.E.);School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.T.L., P.E.B., C.-K.K.C., J.B., G.A.K., D.E.);State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (Y.J.);Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Y.J., A.H.P.);Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (H.T.); andPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (G.S., A.W.D.L., P.J.R.)
| | - Anthony W D Larkum
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (H.T.L., A.A.G., R.R.K., J.B., D.E.);School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.T.L., P.E.B., C.-K.K.C., J.B., G.A.K., D.E.);State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (Y.J.);Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Y.J., A.H.P.);Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (H.T.); andPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (G.S., A.W.D.L., P.J.R.)
| | - Peter J Ralph
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (H.T.L., A.A.G., R.R.K., J.B., D.E.);School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.T.L., P.E.B., C.-K.K.C., J.B., G.A.K., D.E.);State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (Y.J.);Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Y.J., A.H.P.);Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (H.T.); andPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (G.S., A.W.D.L., P.J.R.)
| | - David Edwards
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (H.T.L., A.A.G., R.R.K., J.B., D.E.);School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.T.L., P.E.B., C.-K.K.C., J.B., G.A.K., D.E.);State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (Y.J.);Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Y.J., A.H.P.);Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (H.T.); andPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (G.S., A.W.D.L., P.J.R.)
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Kwak JY, Seok JK, Suh HJ, Choi YH, Hong SS, Kim DS, Boo YC. Antimelanogenic effects of luteolin 7-sulfate isolated from Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:501-11. [PMID: 26914711 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal deposition of melanin may cause an aesthetic skin problem; therefore, the control of unwanted excessive melanin synthesis is the major goal of cosmetic research. OBJECTIVES To identify novel tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitors from marine plants and examine their cellular antimelanogenic effects. METHODS The extracts of 50 marine plants endemic to Korea were screened against human TYR. Active constituents were then isolated from the selected plant extracts that showed potential and their chemical structures elucidated. Furthermore, their antimelanogenic effects were examined using murine melanoma B16/F10 cells and human epidermal melanocytes (HEM). RESULTS Among the tested extracts, that of Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino exhibited the strongest human TYR inhibitory activity. The active constituents were purified from the butanol fraction of the P. iwatensis extract and identified as hispidulin 7-sulfate and luteolin 7-sulfate. Luteolin 7-sulfate inhibited human TYR more strongly than hispidulin 7-sulfate, luteolin, hispidulin and arbutin. Furthermore, luteolin 7-sulfate showed lower cytotoxicity than luteolin in both B16/F10 cells and HEM. Luteolin 7-sulfate attenuated cellular melanin synthesis more effectively in B16/F10 cells and HEM stimulated by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and l-tyrosine than arbutin. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that luteolin 7-sulfate isolated from P. iwatensis is a human TYR inhibitor with advantageous antimelanogenic properties, and would be useful for development as a therapeutic agent for the control of unwanted skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Kwak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680, Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Korea
| | - J K Seok
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680, Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Korea
| | - H-J Suh
- Gyeongbuk Natural Color Industry Institute, 181, Cheonmun-ro, Yeongcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38896, Korea
| | - Y-H Choi
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion, 147, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Korea
| | - S S Hong
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion, 147, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Korea
| | - D S Kim
- Korea Marine Ecology Institute, 60, Centum jungang-ro, Haeundae-gu, Busan, 48059, Korea
| | - Y C Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680, Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Korea. .,Ruby Crown Co., Ltd, Kyungpook National University Business Incubation Center, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
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23
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Maphosa Y, Jideani VA. Physicochemical characteristics of Bambara groundnut dietary fibres extracted using wet milling. S AFR J SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2016/20150126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract The objectives of this study were to extract soluble and insoluble dietary fibres from four Bambara groundnut (BGN) varieties (black-eye, brown-eye, brown and red) using the wet milling method and evaluate their physicochemical properties. The swelling capacities of brown-eye (6.5 g/mL) and black-eye (6.2 g/mL) fibres were higher (p≤0.05) than those of red (6.0 g/mL) and brown (5.5 g/mL) fibres while the water holding capacities of black-eye and brown-eye fibres (2.84 g and 2.83 g water/g sample) were higher (p≤0.05) than those of brown and red fibres. The bulk densities of insoluble dietary fibres (IDFs) and soluble dietary fibres (SDFs) ranged between 0.57 g/mL (red) to 0.67 g/mL (brown-eye) and 0.46 g/mL (brown-eye) to 0.57 g/mL (black-eye), respectively. The oil binding capacities (OBCs) of SDFs ranged between 2.78 g oil/g sample (brown) and 4.03 g oil/g sample (brown-eye) while the OBC of all IDFs did not differ (p>0.05), ranging between 1.52 g oil/g sample (brown) and 1.40 g oil/g sample (brown-eye and black-eye). Black-eye and brown-eye dietary fibres had higher phenolic and total sugar content. The findings of this study indicate the potential of BGN fibres in food systems as fat replacers, emulsion stabilisers, water binders, bulking agents, thickeners and nutritional additives.
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Werner J, Ferrer M, Michel G, Mann AJ, Huang S, Juarez S, Ciordia S, Albar JP, Alcaide M, La Cono V, Yakimov MM, Antunes A, Taborda M, da Costa MS, Hai T, Glöckner FO, Golyshina OV, Golyshin PN, Teeling H. Halorhabdus tiamatea: proteogenomics and glycosidase activity measurements identify the first cultivated euryarchaeon from a deep-sea anoxic brine lake as potential polysaccharide degrader. Environ Microbiol 2014; 16:2525-37. [PMID: 24428220 PMCID: PMC4257568 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Euryarchaea from the genus Halorhabdus have been found in hypersaline habitats worldwide, yet are represented by only two isolates: Halorhabdus utahensis AX-2(T) from the shallow Great Salt Lake of Utah, and Halorhabdus tiamatea SARL4B(T) from the Shaban deep-sea hypersaline anoxic lake (DHAL) in the Red Sea. We sequenced the H. tiamatea genome to elucidate its niche adaptations. Among sequenced archaea, H. tiamatea features the highest number of glycoside hydrolases, the majority of which were expressed in proteome experiments. Annotations and glycosidase activity measurements suggested an adaptation towards recalcitrant algal and plant-derived hemicelluloses. Glycosidase activities were higher at 2% than at 0% or 5% oxygen, supporting a preference for low-oxygen conditions. Likewise, proteomics indicated quinone-mediated electron transport at 2% oxygen, but a notable stress response at 5% oxygen. Halorhabdus tiamatea furthermore encodes proteins characteristic for thermophiles and light-dependent enzymes (e.g. bacteriorhodopsin), suggesting that H. tiamatea evolution was mostly not governed by a cold, dark, anoxic deep-sea habitat. Using enrichment and metagenomics, we could demonstrate presence of similar glycoside hydrolase-rich Halorhabdus members in the Mediterranean DHAL Medee, which supports that Halorhabdus species can occupy a distinct niche as polysaccharide degraders in hypersaline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Werner
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Bremen, Germany
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Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal habitat differentiation and different transcriptional responses during pectin metabolism in Alishewanella species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6351-61. [PMID: 23934491 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02350-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alishewanella species are expected to have high adaptability to diverse environments because they are isolated from different natural habitats. To investigate how the evolutionary history of Alishewanella species is reflected in their genomes, we performed comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses of A. jeotgali, A. aestuarii, and A. agri, which were isolated from fermented seafood, tidal flat sediment, and soil, respectively. Genomic islands with variable GC contents indicated that invasion of prophage and transposition events occurred in A. jeotgali and A. agri but not in A. aestuarii. Habitat differentiation of A. agri from a marine environment to a terrestrial environment was proposed because the species-specific genes of A. agri were similar to those of soil bacteria, whereas those of A. jeotgali and A. aestuarii were more closely related to marine bacteria. Comparative transcriptomic analysis with pectin as a sole carbon source revealed different transcriptional responses in Alishewanella species, especially in oxidative stress-, methylglyoxal detoxification-, membrane maintenance-, and protease/chaperone activity-related genes. Transcriptomic and experimental data demonstrated that A. agri had a higher pectin degradation rate and more resistance to oxidative stress under pectin-amended conditions than the other 2 Alishewanella species. However, expression patterns of genes in the pectin metabolic pathway and of glyoxylate bypass genes were similar among all 3 Alishewanella species. Our comparative genomic and transcriptomic data revealed that Alishewanella species have evolved through horizontal gene transfer and habitat differentiation and that pectin degradation pathways in Alishewanella species are highly conserved, although stress responses of each Alishewanella species differed under pectin culture conditions.
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