1
|
Salas R, Murphy E, Doohan R, Tillmann U, Thomas OP. Production of the dinoflagellate Amphidoma languida in a large scale photobioreactor and structure elucidation of its main metabolite AZA-39. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102471. [PMID: 37544671 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish contamination with azaspiracids (AZA) is a major and recurrent problem for the Irish shellfish industry. Amphidoma languida, a small thecate dinoflagellate of the family Amphidomataceae, is widely distributed in Irish coastal waters and is one of the identified source species of azaspiracids. Irish and North Sea strains of Am. languida have been found to produce as major metabolites AZA-38 and -39 whose structures have only been provisionally elucidated by mass spectrometry and their toxic potential is currently unknown. In order to provide pure AZA-38 and -39 for subsequent structural and toxicological analyses, we present the first successful large-scale culture of Am. languida. A 180 L in house prototype bioreactor was used for culture growth and harvesting in semi-continuous mode for two months. Two different runs of the photobiorector with different light and pH setting showed the highest toxin yield at higher light intensity and slightly higher pH. AZA-38 and -39 cell quota were measured throughout the complete growth cycle with AZA-39 cell quota increasing in proportion to AZA-38 at late stationary to senescence phase. Over two experiments a total of 700 L of culture was harvested yielding 0.45 mg of pure AZA-39. The structure of AZA-39 was elucidated through NMR data analyses, which led to a revision of the structure proposed previously by mass spectrometry. While the spirotetrahydrofuran/tetrahydrofuran of rings A and B has been confirmed by NMR for AZA-39, a methyl is still present in position C-14 and the carboxylic acid chain is different from the structure proposed initially.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Salas
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, H91 R673, Co. Galway, Ireland.
| | - Elliot Murphy
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, H91 R673, Co. Galway, Ireland; School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Roisin Doohan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peña LF, González-Andrés P, Parte LG, Escribano R, Guerra J, Barbero A, López E. Continuous Flow Chemistry: A Novel Technology for the Synthesis of Marine Drugs. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:402. [PMID: 37504932 PMCID: PMC10381277 DOI: 10.3390/md21070402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this perspective, we showcase the benefits of continuous flow chemistry and photochemistry and how these valuable tools have contributed to the synthesis of organic scaffolds from the marine environment. These technologies have not only facilitated previously described synthetic pathways, but also opened new opportunities in the preparation of novel organic molecules with remarkable pharmacological properties which can be used in drug discovery programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Peña
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Paula González-Andrés
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Lucía G Parte
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl Escribano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Guerra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Asunción Barbero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Enol López
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang Z, Qiu J, Wang G, Ji Y, Hess P, Li A. Development of an Efficient Extraction Method for Harvesting Gymnodimine-A from Large-Scale Cultures of Karenia selliformis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:793. [PMID: 34822577 PMCID: PMC8621799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnodimine-A (GYM-A) is a fast-acting microalgal toxin and its production of certified materials requires an efficient harvesting technology from the large-scale cultures of toxigenic microalgae. In this study the recoveries of GYM-A were compared between several liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) treatments including solvents, ratios and stirring times to optimize the LLE technique for harvesting GYM-A from Karenia selliformis cultures, of which the dichloromethane was selected as the extractant and added to microalgal cultures at the ratio 55 mL L-1 (5.5%, v/v). The recovery of GYM-A obtained by the LLE technique was also compared with filtration and centrifugation methods. The stability of GYM-A in culture media were also tested under different pH conditions. Results showed that both the conventional filter filtration and centrifugation methods led to fragmentation of microalgal cells and loss of GYM-A in the harvesting processes. A total of 5.1 µg of GYM-A were obtained from 2 L of K. selliformis cultures with a satisfactory recovery of 88%. Interestingly, GYM-A obviously degraded in the culture media with the initial pH 8.2 and the adjusted pH of 7.0 after 7 days, but there was no obvious degradation in the acidic medium at pH 5.0. Therefore, the LLE method developed here permits the collection of large-volume cultures of K. selliformis and the high-efficiency extraction of GYM-A. This work provides a simple and valuable technique for harvesting toxins from large-scale cultures of GYM-producing microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guixiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Menguy E, Dumontet V, Coulombier N, Meriot V, Déan LL, Barthelemy V, Jauffrais T. A method to assess algicidal activity of microalgal extracts coupling microalgae produced in stirred closed photobioreactor operating in continuous with pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry. MethodsX 2020; 7:101037. [PMID: 32923376 PMCID: PMC7475119 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe in the present study a quick and reliable method based on chlorophyll a fluorescence to assess putative algicidal effect of different microalgal extracts. We couple microalgal production under chemostat cultivation mode to continuously produce a given microalgae species (e.g. Dunaliella salina in this study) at a stable physiological state to ease comparison between extracts tested; with a non-destructive method based on chlorophyll a fluorescence. Pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry was used to assess over time the effect of different microalgal crude extracts on the efficiency of the photosystem II (PSII) of a tested microalgae (Dunaliella salina). • Microalgal production at stationary phase in stirred closed photobioreactor (PBR) operating in continuous have stable photophysiological parameters, which is a prerequisite to compare the impact of different algicidal compounds. • The combination of both methods, allows to quickly assess the algicidal effect of diverse microalgal (crude) extracts on the PSII efficiency of a tested microalgae. • The method may be used to identify and isolate algicidal molecules affecting algal PSII using a bio-guided isolation protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Menguy
- Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, 98897 Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Vincent Dumontet
- Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, UPR 2301, ICSN, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Vincent Meriot
- ADECAL Technopole, 1 bis rue Berthelot, 98846 Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Loïc Le Déan
- Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, 98897 Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Vanille Barthelemy
- Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, 98897 Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Thierry Jauffrais
- Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, 98897 Noumea, New Caledonia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Effects of Temperature, Growth Media, and Photoperiod on Growth and Toxin Production of Azadinium spinosum. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17090489. [PMID: 31443393 PMCID: PMC6780083 DOI: 10.3390/md17090489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZAs) are microalgal toxins that can accumulate in shellfish and lead to human intoxications. To facilitate their study and subsequent biomonitoring, purification from microalgae rather than shellfish is preferable; however, challenges remain with respect to maximizing toxin yields. The impacts of temperature, growth media, and photoperiod on cell densities and toxin production in Azadinium spinosum were investigated. Final cell densities were similar at 10 and 18 °C, while toxin cell quotas were higher (~3.5-fold) at 10 °C. A comparison of culture media showed higher cell densities and AZA cell quotas (2.5-5-fold) in f10k compared to f/2 and L1 media. Photoperiod also showed differences, with lower cell densities in the 8:16 L:D treatment, while toxin cell quotas were similar for 12:12 and 8:16 L:D treatments but slightly lower for the 16:8 L:D treatment. AZA1, -2 and -33 were detected during the exponential phase, while some known and new AZAs were only detected once the stationary phase was reached. These compounds were additionally detected in field water samples during an AZA event.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lewis NI, Bates SS, Quilliam MA. Production of domoic acid from large-scale cultures of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries: A feasibility study. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:58-63. [PMID: 30420017 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The commercial demand for domoic acid (DA), the phycotoxin responsible for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, is currently met by extraction from a diminishing supply of stockpiled contaminated mussels (Mytilus edulis). As this supply becomes scarce, a more reliable source is needed. Purification of the toxin from an algal source would be easier and more economical than from shellfish tissue if algal growth and yield of toxin were maximized. This project was initiated to determine if DA could be produced using large-scale semi-continuous algal cultures, which should reduce labour and shorten the time required for biomass production. Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries was grown in 300-L fibreglass photobioreactors called a Brite-Box™. The effect of temperature and nutrient depletion on the yield of DA by P. multiseries was examined. A decline in maximum cell number without a substantial increase in cellular DA was associated with increased temperature. Maximum total cellular DA (8.8 pg cell-1) was achieved at 20 °C. Semi-continuous culture of P. multiseries is accompanied by increasing amounts of DA lost to the medium. The process was deemed to be feasible for growing P. multiseries but methods to recover this extracellular DA are necessary for this process to be economical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy I Lewis
- National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Stephen S Bates
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, P.O. Box 5030, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 9B6, Canada.
| | - Michael A Quilliam
- National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Molina-Miras A, López-Rosales L, Sánchez-Mirón A, Cerón-García MC, Seoane-Parra S, García-Camacho F, Molina-Grima E. Long-term culture of the marine dinoflagellate microalga Amphidinium carterae in an indoor LED-lighted raceway photobioreactor: Production of carotenoids and fatty acids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 265:257-267. [PMID: 29902658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of the long-term (>170 days) culture of a dinoflagellate microalga in a raceway photobioreactor is demonstrated for the first time. Amphidinium carterae was chosen for this study as it is producer of interesting high-value compounds. Repeated semicontinuous culture provided to be a robust operational mode. Different concentration levels of the f/2 medium nutrients (i.e. f/2×1-3) were assayed. The composition f/2×3 (N:P = 5), combined with a sinusoidal irradiance pattern (L/D = 24:0) with a 570 µE m-2 s-1 daily mean irradiance, maximized the biomass productivity (2.5 g m-2 day-1) and production rate of the valuable carotenoid peridinin (19.4 ± 1.35 mg m-2 L-1 with nearly 1% of the biomass d.w.). Several carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were also present in significant percentages in the harvested biomass (EPA, 1.69 ± 0.31% d.w.; DHA, 3.47 ± 0.24% d.w.), which had an average P-molar formulate of C40.7O21.2H73.9N3.9S0.3P1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Molina-Miras
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - L López-Rosales
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - A Sánchez-Mirón
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; Research Center in Agrifood Biotechnology (BITAL), University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M C Cerón-García
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; Research Center in Agrifood Biotechnology (BITAL), University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - S Seoane-Parra
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - F García-Camacho
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; Research Center in Agrifood Biotechnology (BITAL), University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - E Molina-Grima
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; Research Center in Agrifood Biotechnology (BITAL), University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
López-Rosales L, Sánchez-Mirón A, García-Camacho F, Place AR, Chisti Y, Molina-Grima E. Pilot-scale outdoor photobioreactor culture of the marine dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum: Production of a karlotoxins-rich extract. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 253:94-104. [PMID: 29331827 PMCID: PMC6446550 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A pilot-scale bioprocess was developed for the production of karlotoxin-enriched extracts of the marine algal dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum. A bubble column and a flat-panel photobioreactors (80-281 L) were used for comparative assessment of growth. Flow hydrodynamics and energy dissipation rates (EDR) in the bioreactors were characterized through robust computational fluid dynamic simulations. All cultures were conducted monoseptically outdoors. Bubble column (maximum cell productivity in semicontinuous operation of 58 × 103 cell mL-1 day-1) proved to be a better culture system for this alga. In both reactors, the local EDR near the headspace, and in the sparger zone, were more than one order of magnitude higher than the average value in the whole reactor (=4 × 10-3 W kg-1). Extraction of the culture and further purification resulted in the desired KTXs extracts. Apparently, the alga produced three congeners KTXs: KmTx-10 and its sulfated derivative (sulfo-KmTx-10) and KmTx-12. All congeners possessed hemolytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L López-Rosales
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - A Sánchez-Mirón
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - F García-Camacho
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - A R Place
- Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - E Molina-Grima
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Miles CO, Kilcoyne J, McCarron P, Giddings SD, Waaler T, Rundberget T, Samdal IA, Løvberg KE. Selective Extraction and Purification of Azaspiracids from Blue Mussels ( Mytilus edulis) Using Boric Acid Gel. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2962-2969. [PMID: 29502403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Azaspiracids belong to a family of more than 50 polyether toxins originating from marine dinoflagellates such as Azadinium spinosum. All of the azaspiracids reported thus far contain a 21,22-dihydroxy group. Boric acid gel can bind selectively to compounds containing vic-diols or α-hydroxycarboxylic acids via formation of reversible boronate complexes. Here we report use of the gel to selectively capture and release azaspiracids from extracts of blue mussels. Analysis of the extracts and fractions by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) showed that this procedure resulted in an excellent cleanup of the azaspiracids in the extract. Analysis by enzyme-linked immunoasorbent assay (ELISA) and LC-MS indicated that most azaspiracid analogues were recovered in good yield by this procedure. The capacity of boric acid gel for azaspiracids was at least 50 μg/g, making this procedure suitable for use in the early stages of preparative purification of azaspiracids. In addition to its potential for concentration of dilute samples, the extensive cleanup provided by boric acid gel fractionation of azaspiracids in mussel samples almost eliminated matrix effects during subsequent LC-MS and could be expected to reduce matrix effects during ELISA analysis. The method may therefore prove useful for quantitative analysis of azaspiracids as part of monitoring programs. Although LC-MS data showed that okadaic acid analogues also bound to the gel, this was much less efficient than for azaspiracids under the conditions used. The boric acid gel methodology is potentially applicable to other important groups of natural toxins containing diols including ciguatoxins, palytoxins, pectenotoxins, tetrodotoxin, trichothecenes, and toxin glycosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum , N-0106 Oslo , Norway
- Measurement Science and Standards , National Research Council , 1411 Oxford Street , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 , Canada
| | - Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co., Galway H91 R673 , Ireland
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Measurement Science and Standards , National Research Council , 1411 Oxford Street , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 , Canada
| | - Sabrina D Giddings
- Measurement Science and Standards , National Research Council , 1411 Oxford Street , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 , Canada
| | - Thor Waaler
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum , N-0106 Oslo , Norway
| | - Thomas Rundberget
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum , N-0106 Oslo , Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research , N-0349 Oslo , Norway
| | - Ingunn A Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum , N-0106 Oslo , Norway
| | - Kjersti E Løvberg
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum , N-0106 Oslo , Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Assunção J, Guedes AC, Malcata FX. Biotechnological and Pharmacological Applications of Biotoxins and Other Bioactive Molecules from Dinoflagellates. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E393. [PMID: 29261163 PMCID: PMC5742853 DOI: 10.3390/md15120393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-lasting interest in bioactive molecules (namely toxins) produced by (microalga) dinoflagellates has risen in recent years. Exhibiting wide diversity and complexity, said compounds are well-recognized for their biological features, with great potential for use as pharmaceutical therapies and biological research probes. Unfortunately, provision of those compounds is still far from sufficient, especially in view of an increasing demand for preclinical testing. Despite the difficulties to establish dinoflagellate cultures and obtain reasonable productivities of such compounds, intensive research has permitted a number of advances in the field. This paper accordingly reviews the characteristics of some of the most important biotoxins (and other bioactive substances) produced by dinoflagellates. It also presents and discusses (to some length) the main advances pertaining to dinoflagellate production, from bench to large scale-with an emphasis on material published since the latest review available on the subject. Such advances encompass improvements in nutrient formulation and light supply as major operational conditions; they have permitted adaptation of classical designs, and aided the development of novel configurations for dinoflagellate growth-even though shearing-related issues remain a major challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Assunção
- LEPABE-Laboratory of Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - A Catarina Guedes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, P-4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - F Xavier Malcata
- LEPABE-Laboratory of Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen J, Wang Y, Pan L, Shen H, Fu D, Fu B, Sun C, Zheng L. Separation and purification of two minor typical diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins from harmful marine microalgae via combined liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2906-2913. [PMID: 28513110 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel method was developed for the purification of two typical diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins from toxin-producing marine microalgae using macroporous resin, high-speed countercurrent chromatography-mass spectrometry, and semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytical high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for identification and purity analysis of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 because they exhibit no visible or ultraviolet absorption. First, four kinds of macroporous resins were investigated, and HP-20 macroporous resin was selected for the preenrichment and cleanup of the two target toxins. Second, the resin-purified sample was further purified using high-speed countercurrent chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer. The purities of the obtained okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 were 89.0 and 83.0%, respectively, as determined through analytical high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Finally, further purification was carried out using semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, and the purities of the final okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 products were both over 98.0% based on the analytical high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry chromatograms and fraction spectra. This work demonstrates that the proposed purification process is a powerful method for the preparation of high-purity okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 from toxin-producing marine microalgae. Moreover, it is particularly important for the purification and preparation of minor toxins that exhibit no visible or ultraviolet absorption from harmful marine algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Chen
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanlong Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao Technology University of Shandong, Qingdao, China
| | - Huihui Shen
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Fu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China
| | - Boqiang Fu
- Division of Medical and Biological Measurements Laboratory of Biological Analysis and Cell Technology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Berdalet E, Fleming LE, Gowen R, Davidson K, Hess P, Backer LC, Moore SK, Hoagland P, Enevoldsen H. Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century. JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM 2015; 2015:10.1017/S0025315415001733. [PMID: 26692586 PMCID: PMC4676275 DOI: 10.1017/s0025315415001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal blooms are a natural part of the seasonal cycle of photosynthetic organisms in marine ecosystems. They are key components of the structure and dynamics of the oceans and thus sustain the benefits that humans obtain from these aquatic environments. However, some microalgal blooms can cause harm to humans and other organisms. These harmful algal blooms (HABs) have direct impacts on human health and negative influences on human wellbeing, mainly through their consequences to coastal ecosystem services (fisheries, tourism and recreation) and other marine organisms and environments. HABs are natural phenomena, but these events can be favoured by anthropogenic pressures in coastal areas. Global warming and associated changes in the oceans could affect HAB occurrences and toxicity as well, although forecasting the possible trends is still speculative and requires intensive multidisciplinary research. At the beginning of the 21st century, with expanding human populations, particularly in coastal and developing countries, mitigating HABs impacts on human health and wellbeing is becoming a more pressing public health need. The available tools to address this global challenge include maintaining intensive, multidisciplinary and collaborative scientific research, and strengthening the coordination with stakeholders, policymakers and the general public. Here we provide an overview of different aspects of the HABs phenomena, an important element of the intrinsic links between oceans and human health and wellbeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Berdalet
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lora E Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Richard Gowen
- Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK ; Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, BP21105, Rue de l'lle d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Lorraine C Backer
- National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Highway NE, MS F-60, Chamblee, GA 30341
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Joint Office for Science Support. Visiting Scientist at Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Porter Hoagland
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Henrik Enevoldsen
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Krock B, Tillmann U, Potvin É, Jeong HJ, Drebing W, Kilcoyne J, Al-Jorani A, Twiner MJ, Göthel Q, Köck M. Structure Elucidation and in Vitro Toxicity of New Azaspiracids Isolated from the Marine Dinoflagellate Azadinium poporum. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6687-702. [PMID: 26528990 PMCID: PMC4663548 DOI: 10.3390/md13116687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two strains of Azadinium poporum, one from the Korean West coast and the other from the North Sea, were mass cultured for isolation of new azaspiracids. Approximately 0.9 mg of pure AZA-36 (1) and 1.3 mg of pure AZA-37 (2) were isolated from the Korean (870 L) and North Sea (120 L) strains, respectively. The structures were determined to be 3-hydroxy-8-methyl-39-demethyl-azaspiracid-1 (1) and 3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-39-demethyl-azaspiracid-1 (2) by ¹H- and (13)C-NMR. Using the Jurkat T lymphocyte cell toxicity assay, (1) and (2) were found to be 6- and 3-fold less toxic than AZA-1, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Krock
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; E-Mails: (U.T.); (W.D.); (Q.G.)
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; E-Mails: (U.T.); (W.D.); (Q.G.)
| | - Éric Potvin
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Wolfgang Drebing
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; E-Mails: (U.T.); (W.D.); (Q.G.)
| | - Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, H91 R673, Ireland; E-Mail:
| | - Ahmed Al-Jorani
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan, Dearborn, MI 48202, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.-J.); (M.J.T.)
| | - Michael J. Twiner
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan, Dearborn, MI 48202, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.-J.); (M.J.T.)
| | - Qun Göthel
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; E-Mails: (U.T.); (W.D.); (Q.G.)
| | - Matthias Köck
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; E-Mails: (U.T.); (W.D.); (Q.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Characterization of ovatoxin-h, a new ovatoxin analog, and evaluation of chromatographic columns for ovatoxin analysis and purification. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1388:87-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
15
|
Kilcoyne J, Nulty C, Jauffrais T, McCarron P, Herve F, Foley B, Rise F, Crain S, Wilkins AL, Twiner MJ, Hess P, Miles CO. Isolation, structure elucidation, relative LC-MS response, and in vitro toxicity of azaspiracids from the dinoflagellate Azadinium spinosum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:2465-2474. [PMID: 25356854 DOI: 10.1021/np500555k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We identified three new azaspiracids (AZAs) with molecular weights of 715, 815, and 829 (AZA33 (3), AZA34 (4), and AZA35, respectively) in mussels, seawater, and Azadinium spinosum culture. Approximately 700 μg of 3 and 250 μg of 4 were isolated from a bulk culture of A. spinosum, and their structures determined by MS and NMR spectroscopy. These compounds differ significantly at the carboxyl end of the molecule from known AZA analogues and therefore provide valuable information on structure-activity relationships. Initial toxicological assessment was performed using an in vitro model system based on Jurkat T lymphocyte cytotoxicity, and the potencies of 3 and 4 were found to be 0.22- and 5.5-fold that of AZA1 (1), respectively. Thus, major changes in the carboxyl end of 1 resulted in significant changes in toxicity. In mussel extracts, 3 was detected at low levels, whereas 4 and AZA35 were detected only at extremely low levels or not at all. The structures of 3 and 4 are consistent with AZAs being biosynthetically assembled from the amino end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute , Rinville, Oranmore, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Orellana G, Vanden Bussche J, Van Meulebroek L, Vandegehuchte M, Janssen C, Vanhaecke L. Validation of a confirmatory method for lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish using UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5303-12. [PMID: 24939136 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilic marine toxins are produced by harmful microalgae and can accumulate in edible filter feeders such as shellfish, leading to an introduction of toxins into the human food chain, causing different poisoning effects. During the last years, analytical methods, based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have been consolidated by interlaboratory validations. However, the main drawback of LC-MS/MS methods remains the limited number of compounds that can be analyzed in a single run. Due to the targeted nature of these methods, only known toxins, previously considered during method optimization, will be detected. Therefore in this study, a method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap MS) was developed. Its quantitative performance was evaluated for confirmatory analysis of regulated lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish flesh according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), yessotoxin (YTX), and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX-1) were quantified using matrix-matched calibration curves (MMS). For all compounds, the reproducibility ranged from 2.9 to 4.9 %, repeatability from 2.9 to 4.9 %, and recoveries from 82.9 to 113 % at the three different spiked levels. In addition, confirmatory identification of the compounds was effectively performed by the presence of a second diagnostic ion ((13)C). In conclusion, UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap MS permitted more accurate and faster detection of the target toxins than previously described LC-MS/MS methods. Furthermore, HRMS allows to retrospectively screen for many analogues and metabolites using its full-scan capabilities but also untargeted screening through the use of metabolomics software.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Orellana
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brissard C, Herrenknecht C, Séchet V, Hervé F, Pisapia F, Harcouet J, Lémée R, Chomérat N, Hess P, Amzil Z. Complex toxin profile of French Mediterranean Ostreopsis cf. ovata strains, seafood accumulation and ovatoxins prepurification. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2851-76. [PMID: 24828292 PMCID: PMC4052321 DOI: 10.3390/md12052851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostreopsis cf. ovata produces palytoxin analogues including ovatoxins (OVTXs) and a putative palytoxin (p-PLTX), which can accumulate in marine organisms and may possibly lead to food intoxication. However, purified ovatoxins are not widely available and their toxicities are still unknown. The aim of this study was to improve understanding of the ecophysiology of Ostreopsis cf. ovata and its toxin production as well as to optimize the purification process for ovatoxin. During Ostreopsis blooms in 2011 and 2012 in Villefranche-sur-Mer (France, NW Mediterranean Sea), microalgae epiphytic cells and marine organisms were collected and analyzed both by LC-MS/MS and hemolysis assay. Results obtained with these two methods were comparable, suggesting ovatoxins have hemolytic properties. An average of 223 μg·kg-1 of palytoxin equivalent of whole flesh was found, thus exceeding the threshold of 30 μg·kg-1 in shellfish recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Ostreopsis cells showed the same toxin profile both in situ and in laboratory culture, with ovatoxin-a (OVTX-a) being the most abundant analogue (~50%), followed by OVTX-b (~15%), p-PLTX (12%), OVTX-d (8%), OVTX-c (5%) and OVTX-e (4%). Ostreopsis cf. ovata produced up to 2 g of biomass per L of culture, with a maximum concentration of 300 pg PLTX equivalent cell-1. Thus, an approximate amount of 10 mg of PLTX-group toxins may be produced with 10 L of this strain. Toxin extracts obtained from collected biomass were purified using different techniques such as liquid-liquid partition or size exclusion. Among these methods, open-column chromatography with Sephadex LH20 phase yielded the best results with a cleanup efficiency of 93% and recovery of about 85%, representing an increase of toxin percentage by 13 fold. Hence, this purification step should be incorporated into future isolation exercises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charline Brissard
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes F-44311, France.
| | - Christine Herrenknecht
- Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (LUNAM), University of Nantes, MMS EA2160, Pharmacy Faculty, 9 rue Bias, Nantes F-44035, France.
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes F-44311, France.
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes F-44311, France.
| | - Francesco Pisapia
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes F-44311, France.
| | - Jocelyn Harcouet
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes F-44311, France.
| | - Rodolphe Lémée
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, Villefranche/mer F-06230, France.
| | - Nicolas Chomérat
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressource de Bretagne Occitentale (LER-BO), Marine Biological Station, BP 40537, Concarneau F-29185, France.
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes F-44311, France.
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes F-44311, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zendong Z, Herrenknecht C, Abadie E, Brissard C, Tixier C, Mondeguer F, Séchet V, Amzil Z, Hess P. Extended evaluation of polymeric and lipophilic sorbents for passive sampling of marine toxins. Toxicon 2014; 91:57-68. [PMID: 24709758 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Marine biotoxins are algal metabolites that can accumulate in fish or shellfish and render these foodstuffs unfit for human consumption. These toxins, released into seawater during algal occurrences, can be monitored through passive sampling. Acetone, methanol and isopropanol were evaluated for their efficiency in extracting toxins from algal biomass. Isopropanol was chosen for further experiments thanks to a slightly higher recovery and no artifact formation. Comparison of Oasis HLB, Strata-X, BondElut C18 and HP-20 sorbent materials in SPE-mode led to the choice of Oasis HLB, HP-20 and Strata-X. These three sorbents were separately exposed as passive samplers for 24 h to seawater spiked with algal extracts containing known amounts of okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracids (AZAs), pinnatoxin-G (PnTX-G), 13-desmethyl spirolide-C (SPX1) and palytoxins (PlTXs). Low density polyethylene (LDPE) and silicone rubber (PDMS) strips were tested in parallel on similar mixtures of spiked natural seawater for 24 h. These strips gave significantly lower recoveries than the polymeric sorbents. Irrespective of the toxin group, the adsorption rate of toxins on HP-20 was slower than on Oasis HLB and Strata-X. However, HP-20 and Strata-X gave somewhat higher recoveries after 24 h exposure. Irrespective of the sorbent tested, recoveries were generally highest for cyclic imines and OA group toxins, slightly lower for AZAs, and the lowest for palytoxins. Trials in re-circulated closed tanks with mussels exposed to Vulcanodinium rugosum or Prorocentrum lima allowed for further evaluation of passive samplers. In these experiments with different sorbent materials competing for toxins in the same container, Strata-X accumulated toxins faster than Oasis HLB, and HP-20, and to higher levels. The deployment of these three sorbents at Ingril French Mediterranean lagoon to detect PnTX-G in the water column showed accumulation of higher levels on HP-20 and Oasis HLB compared to Strata-X. This study has significantly extended the range of sorbents for passive sampling of marine toxins. In particular, sorbents were included that had previously been evaluated for polyhalogenated contaminants, pharmaceuticals, phytochemicals or veterinary residues. Moreover, this study has for the first time demonstrated the usefulness of the polymeric Oasis HLB and Strata-X sorbents in laboratory and field studies for various microalgal toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zita Zendong
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Christine Herrenknecht
- LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Eric Abadie
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Languedoc-Roussillon, Av. Jean Monnet, 34203 Sète, France
| | - Charline Brissard
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Céline Tixier
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Biogéochimie des Contaminants Organiques, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Florence Mondeguer
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Percopo I, Siano R, Rossi R, Soprano V, Sarno D, Zingone A. A new potentially toxic Azadinium species (Dinophyceae) from the Mediterranean Sea, A. dexteroporum sp. nov. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2013; 49:950-966. [PMID: 27007318 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new photosynthetic planktonic marine dinoflagellate, Azadinium dexteroporum sp. nov., is described from the Gulf of Naples (South Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean Sea). The plate formula of the species, Po, cp, X, 4', 3a, 6″, 6C, 5?S, 6‴ and 2″″, is typical for this recently described genus. Azadinium dexteroporum is the smallest rep-resentative of the genus (8.5 μm average length, 6.2 μm average width) and shares the presence of a small antapical spine with the type species A. spinosum and with A. polongum. However, it differs from all other Azadinium species for the markedly asymmetrical Po plate and the position of the ventral pore, which is located at the right posterior end of the Po plate. Another peculiarity of A. dexteroporum is the pronounced concavity of the second intercalary plate (2a), which appears collapsed with respect to the other plates. Phylogenetic analyses based on the large subunit 28S rDNA (D1/D2) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS rDNA) support the attribution of A. dexteroporum to the genus Azadinium and its separation from the other known species. LC/MS-TOF analysis shows that Azadinium dex-teroporum produces azaspiracids in low amounts. Some of them have the same molecular weight as known compounds such as azaspiracid-3 and -7 and Compound 3 from Amphidoma languida, as well as similar fragmentation patterns in some cases. This is the first finding of a species producing azapiracids in the Mediterranean Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Percopo
- Taxonomy and Identification of Marine Phytoplankton Service, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Raffaele Siano
- IFREMER, Centre de Brest, DYNECO/Pelagos, ZI de la Pointe du Diable CS 170, Plouzané, 29280, France
| | - Rachele Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici, Naples, 80055, Italy
| | - Vittorio Soprano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici, Naples, 80055, Italy
| | - Diana Sarno
- Taxonomy and Identification of Marine Phytoplankton Service, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Ecology and Evolution of Plankton Laboratory, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, 80121, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jauffrais T, Kilcoyne J, Herrenknecht C, Truquet P, Séchet V, Miles CO, Hess P. Dissolved azaspiracids are absorbed and metabolized by blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Toxicon 2013; 65:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
21
|
Jauffrais T, Contreras A, Herrenknecht C, Truquet P, Séchet V, Tillmann U, Hess P. Effect of Azadinium spinosum on the feeding behaviour and azaspiracid accumulation of Mytilus edulis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 124-125:179-187. [PMID: 22982497 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Azadinium spinosum, a small toxic dinoflagellate, was recently isolated and identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins (AZAs). Previous experiments related to AZA accumulation in blue mussels upon direct feeding with A. spinosum revealed increased mussel mortality and had negative effects on the thickness of the digestive gland tubules. Therefore we conducted follow up experiments in order to study effects of A. spinosum on mussel feeding behaviour. Individual assessment of mussel feeding time activity (FTA), clearance rate (CR), filtration rate (TFR), absorption rate (AR), faeces and pseudofaeces production were carried out on mussel fed either toxic (A. spinosum) or non-toxic (Isochrisis aff. galbana (T-Iso)) diets. Furthermore, AZA accumulation and biotransformation in mussels were followed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A. spinosum had a significant effect on mussel feeding behaviour compared to T-Iso: CR was lower by a factor of 6, FTA by a factor of 5, TFR by a factor of 3 and AR even decreased to negative values for the last day of exposure. Even so, a rapid AZA accumulation was observed during the first hours of the trial; less than 6h of feeding were required to reach AZA concentration in mussel above regulatory level. In consistence with physiological observations, AZA concentration of about 200 μg kg(-1) did not increase further until the end of the study. AZA bioconversion was also found to be a fast process: after 3h of exposure AZA17, -19 and AZA7-10 were already found, with a proportion of AZA17 equal to AZA2. These results show a negative effect of A. spinosum on blue mussel feeding activity and indicate a possible regulation of AZA uptake by decreasing filtration and increasing pseudofaeces production.
Collapse
|