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Liu CF, Zhang XF, Yu TL, Lee CL. Utilizing deep ocean water in yeast fermentation for enhanced mineral-rich biomass production and fermentative regulation by proteomics modulation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31031. [PMID: 38778955 PMCID: PMC11109828 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep Ocean Water (DOW) is rich in minerals and serves as a natural source of nutrients. However, due to the inorganic nature of these minerals, cultivating yeast in DOW could aid in the fermentation process, and simultaneously, the yeast can assimilate the minerals from DOW, resulting in a mineral-enriched yeast biomass. Focusing on three DOW sources off the eastern coast of Taiwan (TT-1, HL-1, HL-2), we fermented various yeast strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of DOW on yeast growth, alcohol dehydrogenase activity, and the biological absorption of mineral ions by the yeast. Additionally, this research employs two-dimensional electrophoresis techniques to examine how the absorbed minerals influence the regulation of yeast proteins, thereby affecting biomass and metabolism. In the result, S. cerevisiae BCRC 21689 demonstrated a remarkable ability to bio-absorb minerals such as magnesium, calcium, potassium, and zinc from DOW, enhancing its growth and fermentation performance. Proteomic analysis revealed significant shifts in the expression of 21 proteins related to glycolytic and energy metabolism, alcohol metabolism, and growth regulation, all influenced by DOW's mineral-rich environment. This indicates that DOW's mineral content is a key factor in upregulating essential enzymes in glycolytic metabolism and alcohol dehydrogenase. An increase in proteins involved in synthesis and folding processes was also observed, leading to a substantial increase in yeast biomass. This study underscores the potential of DOW as a natural enhancer in yeast fermentation processes, enriching the yeast with diverse minerals and modulating proteomic expression to optimize yeast growth and fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Feng Liu
- Continuing Education Program of Food Biotechnology Applications, National Taiwan University, Taitung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Xuan-Fang Zhang
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Sec. 2, University Rd., Taitung, 95092, Taitung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsai-Luen Yu
- Marine Industry and Engineer Research Center, National Academy of Marine Research, Kaohsiung, 806614, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Lin Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Sec. 2, University Rd., Taitung, 95092, Taitung, Taiwan, ROC
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Chang CY, Yang PX, Yu TL, Lee CL. Cordyceps cicadae NTTU 868 Mycelia Fermented with Deep Ocean Water Minerals Prevents D-Galactose-Induced Memory Deficits by Inhibiting Oxidative Inflammatory Factors and Aging-Related Risk Factors. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081968. [PMID: 37111188 PMCID: PMC10145131 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps cicadae, a medicinal fungus that is abundant in bioactive compounds such as N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (HEA) and polysaccharides, possesses remarkable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and nerve damage recovery properties. Deep ocean water (DOW) contains minerals that can be absorbed and transformed into organic forms by fungi fermentation. Recent studies have shown that culturing C. cicadae in DOW can enhance its therapeutic benefits by increasing the levels of bioactive compounds and minerals' bioavailibility. In this study, we investigated the effects of DOW-cultured C. cicadae (DCC) on brain damage and memory impairment induced by D-galactose in rats. Our results indicate that DCC and its metabolite HEA can improve memory ability and exhibit potent antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging in D-galactose-induced aging rats (p < 0.05). Additionally, DCC can mitigate the expression of inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), thereby preventing brain aging. Furthermore, DCC showed a significant decrease in the expression of the aging-related proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and presenilin 1 (PS1). By reducing brain oxidation and aging-related factors, DOW-cultured C. cicadae demonstrate enhanced anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects, making it a promising therapeutic agent for preventing and treating age-related brain damage and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Chang
- Marine Industry and Engineer Research Center, National Academy of Marine Research, Kaohsiung 806614, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Xin Yang
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Luen Yu
- Marine Industry and Engineer Research Center, National Academy of Marine Research, Kaohsiung 806614, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan
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Premkumar J, Thottiam Vasudevan R. Bioingredients: functional properties and health impacts. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Deep Sea Water Improves Abnormalities in Lipid Metabolism through Lipolysis and Fatty Acid Oxidation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15120386. [PMID: 29232925 PMCID: PMC5742846 DOI: 10.3390/md15120386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep sea water (DSW) is a natural marine resource that has been utilized for food, agriculture, cosmetics, and medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate whether DSW has beneficial lipid metabolic effects in an animal model. Our previous in vitro study indicated that DSW significantly decreased the intracellular triglyceride and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. DSW also inhibited the gene levels of adipocyte differentiation, lipogenesis, and adipocytokines, and up-regulated gene levels of lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. In the present study, the results showed that body weight, liver, adipose tissue, hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol, and serum parameters in the high-fat diet (HFD) + DSW groups were significantly lower compared to the HFD group. Moreover, the fecal output of total lipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol in the HFD + DSW groups was significantly higher than that of the HFD group. Regarding gene expression, DSW significantly increased the gene levels of lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation, and decreased the gene levels of adipocytokine in the adipose tissue of rats with HFD-induced obesity. These results indicate a potential molecular mechanism by which DSW can suppress obesity in rats with HFD-induced obesity through lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation.
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Chao HC, Tsai PF, Lee SC, Lin YS, Wu MC. Effects of Myricetin-Containing Ethanol Solution on High-Fat Diet Induced Obese Rats. J Food Sci 2017; 82:1947-1952. [PMID: 28675777 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myricetin is a natural flavonol widely occurring in wines. Many beneficial effects of myricetin in alcoholic beverages have been reported before, but never including anti-obesity. In the present study, we fed obese male Sprague-Dawley rats with ethanol solutions containing various concentrations of myricetin and found that myricetin may maintain the food intake while reduce the weight-gain, feed efficiency, level of blood lipids, adipocyte size, and weight and size of the perirenal and epididymal adipose tissues (P < 0.01). Our experiment data also show that the anti-obesity effect may be associated with the upregulation of adropin and β-endorphin levels. Based on the above-described findings, we propose the potential for myricetin-containing alcoholic beverages to be developed into anti-obesity health food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Chin Chao
- Dept. of Food Science, National Pingtung Univ. of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Feng Tsai
- Graduate Inst. of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan Univ., P.O. Box 23-14, Taipei City, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chi Lee
- Orthopedic Dept., Kaohsiung Veterans Hospital Pingtung Branch, NO. 1. Anping Lane 1. Jausheng Rd., Neipu Shiang, Pingtung, 91245, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Shenn Lin
- Dept. of Agribusiness Management, National Pingtung Univ. of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Wu
- Dept. of Food Science, National Pingtung Univ. of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
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Lin CH, Lin TH, Pan TM. Alleviation of metabolic syndrome by monascin and ankaflavin: the perspective of Monascus functional foods. Food Funct 2017; 8:2102-2109. [PMID: 28608901 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The metabolites of Monascus with multiple benefits are popular subjects for the development of functional foods. The yellow pigments, monascin and ankaflavin, which are the constituent metabolites of M. purpureus, M. pilosus and M. ruber, are becoming the focus of research on Monascus. Monascin and ankaflavin are azaphilone compounds with similar structures that exhibit multiple beneficial effects including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, immunomodulation, attenuation of Alzheimer's disease risk factor, and anti-tumorigenic effects. Monascin and ankaflavin not only possess pleiotropic bioactivities, but are also more potent than monacolin K in lowering lipid levels and have lower toxicity. Monascin and ankaflavin act as the activators of PPARγ agonist/Nrf-2 that subsequently ameliorate metabolic syndrome. Following the intensive exploration of Monascus bioactivities in recent years, the focus of research on Monascus-functional foods has shifted from whole fermented products/extracts to specific bioactive compounds. Therefore, the production of monascin and ankaflavin is an important topic with respect to Monascus-functional foods. Although several genomic studies have paved the way for understanding the production of secondary metabolites in Monascus, efforts are still required to effectively manipulate the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites with genetic engineering and/or culture techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hui Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, No. 369, Sec. 2, University Rd., Taitung City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsing Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, No. 369, Sec. 2, University Rd., Taitung City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Pan
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hung YP, Lee CL. Higher Anti-Liver Fibrosis Effect of Cordyceps militaris-Fermented Product Cultured with Deep Ocean Water via Inhibiting Proinflammatory Factors and Fibrosis-Related Factors Expressions. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15060168. [PMID: 28594374 PMCID: PMC5484118 DOI: 10.3390/md15060168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep ocean water (DOW) has been shown to enhance the functional components of fungi, resulting in increased health benefits. Therefore, using DOW for culturing fungi can enhance the cordycepin and adenosine of Cordyceps militaris (CM) and its protective effects on the liver. In this study, the antiliver fibrosis effects and mechanisms of ultrapure water-cultured CM (UCM), DOW-cultured CM (DCM), synthetic water-cultured CM, DOW, cordycepin, and adenosine were compared in the liver fibrosis mice induced by intraperitoneal injections of thioacetamide (TAA). The results indicated that DCM exhibited superior performance in reducing liver collagen accumulation, mitigating liver injuries, inhibiting proinflammatory factors and fibrosis-related factor (TGF-β1, Smad2/3, α-SMA, COL1A1) expression compared with UCM. DOW, cordycepin, and adenosine also performed antiliver fibrosis effect. Therefore, because DCM is rich in DOW and functional components, it can achieve anti-liver fibrosis effects through multiple pathways. These ameliorative effects are considerably superior to those of UCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Hung
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Lin Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
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Shi Y, Yang S, Lee DY, Lee C. Increasing anti-Aβ-induced neurotoxicity ability of Antrodia camphorata-fermented product with deep ocean water supplementary. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:4690-4701. [PMID: 26919329 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antrodia camphorata is proven to probably inhibit the neurotoxicity of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), known as a risk factor toward the development of Alzheimer's disease. Deep ocean water (DOW), drawn from an ocean depth of more than 200 m, has proven to stimulate the growth and metabolite biosynthesis of fungi owing to its rich minerals and trace elements. Based on these advantages of DOW, this study used statistical response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the effects of DOW on the growth and anti-Aβ-induced neurocytotoxicity ability of A. camphorata. RESULTS The results showed that DOW was useful for increasing the biomass of A. camphorata and enhancing its neuroprotective capability. The anti-Aβ40-induced neurocytotoxicity ability of filtrate was increased via raising the mycelium-secreted components. Furthermore, the anti-Aβ40-induced neurocytotoxicity ability of mycelium was also increased by the DOW-stimulated intracellular antioxidants. Using 80% DOW concentration, initial pH 3.3 and 20% inoculum size as the optimal culture conditions of A. camphorata significantly stimulated the biomass and mycelium-mediated Aβ40-induced cell viability from 302 ± 14 mg per 100 mL and 49.2 ± 2.2% to 452 ± 33 mg per 100 mL and 65.0 ± 7.4% respectively. CONCLUSION This study indicated that DOW could be used as a promising supplementary for the production of A. camphorata secondary metabolites with strong antioxidant activity to protect neuron cells from damage based on Aβ stimulation cytotoxicity. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeuching Shi
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, 950, Taiwan
| | - Shuyuan Yang
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, 950, Taiwan
| | - David Yuewei Lee
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Chunlin Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, 950, Taiwan.
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Lin CH, Chen YH, Tsai TY, Pan TM. Effects of deep sea water and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 on hypercholesterolemia hamsters gut microbiota. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:321-329. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Lung TY, Liao LY, Wang JJ, Wei BL, Huang PY, Lee CL. Metals of Deep Ocean Water Increase the Anti-Adipogenesis Effect of Monascus-Fermented Product via Modulating the Monascin and Ankaflavin Production. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14060106. [PMID: 27240384 PMCID: PMC4926065 DOI: 10.3390/md14060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep ocean water (DOW) obtained from a depth of more than 200 m includes abundant nutrients and minerals. DOW was proven to positively increase monascin (MS) and ankaflavin (AK) production and the anti-adipogenesis effect of Monascus-fermented red mold dioscorea (RMD). However, the influences that the major metals in DOW have on Monascus secondary metabolite biosynthesis and anti-adipogenesis remain unknown. Therefore, the major metals in DOW were used as the culture water to produce RMD. The secondary metabolites production and anti-adipogenesis effect of RMD cultured with various individual metal waters were investigated. In the results, the addition of water with Mg, Ca, Zn, and Fe increased MS and AK production and inhibited mycotoxin citrinin (CT). However, the positive influence may be contributed to the regulation of pigment biosynthesis. Furthermore, in the results of cell testing, higher lipogenesis inhibition was seen in the treatments of various ethanol extracts of RMD cultured with water containing Mg, K, Zn, and Fe than in those of RMD cultured with ultra-pure water. In conclusion, various individual metals resulted in different effects on MS and AK productions as well as the anti-adipogenesis effect of RMD, but the specific metals contained in DOW may cause synergistic or comprehensive effects that increase the significantly positive influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ying Lung
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Ya Liao
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Jye Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan.
| | - Bai-Luh Wei
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Yi Huang
- Water Resource Division, Stone and Resource Industry R&D Center, Hualian 973, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Lin Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
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Hung YP, Wang JJ, Wei BL, Lee CL. Effect of the salts of deep ocean water on the production of cordycepin and adenosine of Cordyceps militaris-fermented product. AMB Express 2015; 5:140. [PMID: 26272480 PMCID: PMC4536243 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is a type of entomogenous fungi and has been widely used as a medicinal fungus in Asia. Cordycepin produced by C. militaris has also been found to protect the liver. Moreover, deep ocean water (DOW) was proven to increase the functional compounds of functional fungi-fermented products. However, the regulation of the metals in DOW is still unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of DOW and certain major ions on the production of cordycepin and adenosine of C. militaris. The results indicated that, compared with using ultra-pure water (UPW), using DOW to cultivate C. militaris in a submerged culture increases the production of biomass and adenosine (p < 0.05). In the results of solid culture, the concentration of DOW exhibits a dose effect on cordycepin production. DOW contains ions that can improve the effectiveness of cordycepin, such as Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+, Fe2+, and NO3−, whereas the ion Cl− features an inhibitory effect. Moreover, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Fe2+, and SO42−can increase the production of adenosine, whereas Cl− cannot. However, the synthetic water made from various types of sodium salts (MgCl2, NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, FeCl2) had nearly the same effect on cordycepin production as that of DOW.
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Lee YS, Choi BK, Lee HJ, Lee DR, Cheng J, Lee WK, Yang SH, Suh JW. Monascus pilosus-fermented black soybean inhibits lipid accumulation in adipocytes and in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Lee CL. The advantages of deep ocean water for the development of functional fermentation food. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2523-31. [PMID: 25661817 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Deep ocean water (DOW) is obtained from 600 m below the sea surface. In recent years, DOW has been applied in the development of fermentation biotechnologies and functional foods. DOW is rich in trace minerals, comprises multiple physiological and health functions, and is able to promote microbe growth; therefore, the application of DOW directly benefits the development of the fermentation industry and functional foods. This study integrated the current health functions and applications of DOW with the latest results from studies related to fermentation biotechnology. Subsequently, the influence of applying DOW in fermented functional food development and the effects in health function improvements were summarized. According to the previous studies, the main reasons for the increased effect of fermented functional foods through the application of DOW are increased generation of functional metabolite contents in the microbes, intrinsic health functions of DOW, and the microbial use of mechanisms of converting the absorbed inorganic ions into highly bioavailable organic ions for the human body. These combined advantages not only enhance the health functions of fermentation products but also provide fermentation products with the intrinsic health functions of DOW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Sec. 2, University Rd., Taitung, 950, Taiwan, Republic of China,
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