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Chang CY, Yang PX, Yu TL, Lee CL. Cordyceps cicadae NTTU 868 Mycelia Fermented with Deep Ocean Water Minerals Prevents D-Galactose-Induced Memory Deficits by Inhibiting Oxidative Inflammatory Factors and Aging-Related Risk Factors. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081968. [PMID: 37111188 PMCID: PMC10145131 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps cicadae, a medicinal fungus that is abundant in bioactive compounds such as N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (HEA) and polysaccharides, possesses remarkable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and nerve damage recovery properties. Deep ocean water (DOW) contains minerals that can be absorbed and transformed into organic forms by fungi fermentation. Recent studies have shown that culturing C. cicadae in DOW can enhance its therapeutic benefits by increasing the levels of bioactive compounds and minerals' bioavailibility. In this study, we investigated the effects of DOW-cultured C. cicadae (DCC) on brain damage and memory impairment induced by D-galactose in rats. Our results indicate that DCC and its metabolite HEA can improve memory ability and exhibit potent antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging in D-galactose-induced aging rats (p < 0.05). Additionally, DCC can mitigate the expression of inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), thereby preventing brain aging. Furthermore, DCC showed a significant decrease in the expression of the aging-related proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and presenilin 1 (PS1). By reducing brain oxidation and aging-related factors, DOW-cultured C. cicadae demonstrate enhanced anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects, making it a promising therapeutic agent for preventing and treating age-related brain damage and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Chang
- Marine Industry and Engineer Research Center, National Academy of Marine Research, Kaohsiung 806614, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Xin Yang
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Luen Yu
- Marine Industry and Engineer Research Center, National Academy of Marine Research, Kaohsiung 806614, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan
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Lee CY, Lee CL. Comparison of the Improvement Effect of Deep Ocean Water with Different Mineral Composition on the High Fat Diet-Induced Blood Lipid and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Mouse Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051732. [PMID: 34065270 PMCID: PMC8160870 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated lipid droplets in liver cause nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Deep ocean water (DOW) containing high levels of magnesium, calcium, and potassium, etc. was proven to suppress hepatic lipid in obese rats fed high fat diet in the previous study. However, the effect of mineral compositions of DOW on the prevention of NAFLD is still unclear. This study removed calcium and potassium from DOW for modulating the mineral composition, and further compared the effects of DOW (D1(Mg + Ca + K)), DOW with low potassium (D2(Mg + Ca)), and DOW with low calcium and potassium (D3(Mg)) on the prevention of NAFLD in the mice model fed with high fat diet. In these results, DOW with high magnesium levels reduced serum and liver triglyceride and cholesterol levels and serum AST and ALT activities. However, when the calcium and/or potassium minerals were removed from DOW, the effects of reduction of triglyceride level, inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) expressions, and activation of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase activities would be weaker. In conclusion, DOW including magnesium, calcium and potassium minerals has the strongest preventive effect on NAFLD in a mouse model by increasing the antioxidant system and inhibiting fatty acid biosynthesis.
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Chen PC, Lee YC, Jao HY, Wang CP, Jacobs A, Hu K, Chen J, Lo CS, Lee HJ. Supplementation of nanofiltrated deep ocean water ameliorate the progression of osteoporosis in ovariectomized rat via regulating osteoblast differentiation. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13236. [PMID: 32478434 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium was reported to be necessary for bone formation. Previous study indicated nanofiltrated deep ocean water (DOW) rich in magnesium. This study investigated the potential mechanisms of DOW in ameliorating osteoporosis. Briefly, female Sprague-Dawley rat was ovariectomized and fed with 0.35, 0.7, or 1.4 ml/kg of DOW daily for 8 weeks. In the results, DOW increased bone density, decreased trabecular bone loss, and decreased bone adiposity. DOW improved bone mass by examining structure in micro-computed tomography. About 0.35 and 0.7 ml/kg of DOW can increase protein expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), an essential transcription factor for regulating osteoblast differentiation, by 9.4% or 12.9%. In human osteoblast, DOW increased the levels of osteocalcin, RUNX2, and alkaline phosphatase; all the proteins can regulate osteoblast differentiation. Considering the results of in vivo and in vitro study, DOW can ameliorate ovareictomy-caused osteoporosis via regulating the osteoblast differentiation, thereby, maintenance of bone structure. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In addition to calcium, magnesium is essential to promoting the deposition of calcium in bones and regulating its transport; it may also slow the progression of osteoporosis. Nanofiltrated DOW contains abundant magnesium along with several microelements and peptides. In this study, a product was developed for decelerating osteoporosis by using an estrogen depletion model. DOW regulates osteoblast differentiation and thus prevents osteoporosis. This finding provides an alternative healthy source of bone supplements. In addition to tablets or capsules, aqueous supplements can be produced to achieve osteoporosis prevention. This finding is beneficial to the health-care industry for developing sustainable supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chen Chen
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lee
- Department of Nutrition Therapy, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yu Jao
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ping Wang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Kevin Hu
- Pacific Deep Ocean Biotech Co. Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jordan Chen
- Pacific Deep Ocean Biotech Co. Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Shen Lo
- Department of Orthopaediology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Jane Lee
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Pacific Deep Ocean Biotech Co. Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Medical College, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Hsu GSW, Lu YF, Hsu SY. Effects of electrolysis time and electric potential on chlorine generation of electrolyzed deep ocean water. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25:759-765. [PMID: 28987351 PMCID: PMC9328868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolyzed water is a sustainable disinfectant, which can comply with food safety regulations and is environmentally friendly. A two-factor central composite design was adopted for studying the effects of electrolysis time and electric potential on the chlorine generation efficiency of electrolyzed deep ocean water (DOW). DOW was electrolyzed in a glass electrolyzing cell equipped with platinum-plated titanium anode and cathode. The results showed that chlorine concentration reached maximal level in the batch process. Prolonged electrolysis reduced chlorine concentration in the electrolyte and was detrimental to electrolysis efficiency, especially under high electric potential conditions. Therefore, the optimal choice of electrolysis time depends on the electrolyzable chloride in DOW and cell potential adopted for electrolysis. The higher the electric potential, the faster the chlorine level reaches its maximum, but the lower the electric efficiency will be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoo-Shyng Wang Hsu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Fa Lu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shun-Yao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Hung YP, Lee CL. Higher Anti-Liver Fibrosis Effect of Cordyceps militaris-Fermented Product Cultured with Deep Ocean Water via Inhibiting Proinflammatory Factors and Fibrosis-Related Factors Expressions. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15060168. [PMID: 28594374 PMCID: PMC5484118 DOI: 10.3390/md15060168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep ocean water (DOW) has been shown to enhance the functional components of fungi, resulting in increased health benefits. Therefore, using DOW for culturing fungi can enhance the cordycepin and adenosine of Cordyceps militaris (CM) and its protective effects on the liver. In this study, the antiliver fibrosis effects and mechanisms of ultrapure water-cultured CM (UCM), DOW-cultured CM (DCM), synthetic water-cultured CM, DOW, cordycepin, and adenosine were compared in the liver fibrosis mice induced by intraperitoneal injections of thioacetamide (TAA). The results indicated that DCM exhibited superior performance in reducing liver collagen accumulation, mitigating liver injuries, inhibiting proinflammatory factors and fibrosis-related factor (TGF-β1, Smad2/3, α-SMA, COL1A1) expression compared with UCM. DOW, cordycepin, and adenosine also performed antiliver fibrosis effect. Therefore, because DCM is rich in DOW and functional components, it can achieve anti-liver fibrosis effects through multiple pathways. These ameliorative effects are considerably superior to those of UCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Hung
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Lin Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
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Shi Y, Yang S, Lee DY, Lee C. Increasing anti-Aβ-induced neurotoxicity ability of Antrodia camphorata-fermented product with deep ocean water supplementary. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:4690-4701. [PMID: 26919329 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antrodia camphorata is proven to probably inhibit the neurotoxicity of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), known as a risk factor toward the development of Alzheimer's disease. Deep ocean water (DOW), drawn from an ocean depth of more than 200 m, has proven to stimulate the growth and metabolite biosynthesis of fungi owing to its rich minerals and trace elements. Based on these advantages of DOW, this study used statistical response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the effects of DOW on the growth and anti-Aβ-induced neurocytotoxicity ability of A. camphorata. RESULTS The results showed that DOW was useful for increasing the biomass of A. camphorata and enhancing its neuroprotective capability. The anti-Aβ40-induced neurocytotoxicity ability of filtrate was increased via raising the mycelium-secreted components. Furthermore, the anti-Aβ40-induced neurocytotoxicity ability of mycelium was also increased by the DOW-stimulated intracellular antioxidants. Using 80% DOW concentration, initial pH 3.3 and 20% inoculum size as the optimal culture conditions of A. camphorata significantly stimulated the biomass and mycelium-mediated Aβ40-induced cell viability from 302 ± 14 mg per 100 mL and 49.2 ± 2.2% to 452 ± 33 mg per 100 mL and 65.0 ± 7.4% respectively. CONCLUSION This study indicated that DOW could be used as a promising supplementary for the production of A. camphorata secondary metabolites with strong antioxidant activity to protect neuron cells from damage based on Aβ stimulation cytotoxicity. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeuching Shi
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, 950, Taiwan
| | - Shuyuan Yang
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, 950, Taiwan
| | - David Yuewei Lee
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Chunlin Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, 950, Taiwan.
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Hsu GSW, Hsu SY. Effects of electrode gap and electric potential on chlorine generation of electrolyzed deep ocean water. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:575-578. [PMID: 28911563 PMCID: PMC9336669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolyzed water is a sustainable disinfectant, which can comply with food safety regulations and is environmentally friendly. A two-factor central composite design was adopted for studying the effects of electrode gap and electric potential on chlorine generation efficiency of electrolyzed deep ocean water. Deep ocean water was electrolyzed in a glass electrolyzing cell equipped with platinum-plated titanium anode and cathode. Results showed high electric efficiency at a low cell potential, and a high current density and high chlorine concentration at a high cell potential and low electrode gap. Current efficiency of the system was not significantly affected by electrode gap and electric potential. A small electrode gap reduced the required cell potential and resulted in high energy efficiency. The optimal choice of electrode gap and cell potential depends on the chlorine level of the electrolyzed deep ocean water to be produced, and a small electrode gap is preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoo-Shyng Wang Hsu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Hsinchuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shun-Yao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lung TY, Liao LY, Wang JJ, Wei BL, Huang PY, Lee CL. Metals of Deep Ocean Water Increase the Anti-Adipogenesis Effect of Monascus-Fermented Product via Modulating the Monascin and Ankaflavin Production. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14060106. [PMID: 27240384 PMCID: PMC4926065 DOI: 10.3390/md14060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep ocean water (DOW) obtained from a depth of more than 200 m includes abundant nutrients and minerals. DOW was proven to positively increase monascin (MS) and ankaflavin (AK) production and the anti-adipogenesis effect of Monascus-fermented red mold dioscorea (RMD). However, the influences that the major metals in DOW have on Monascus secondary metabolite biosynthesis and anti-adipogenesis remain unknown. Therefore, the major metals in DOW were used as the culture water to produce RMD. The secondary metabolites production and anti-adipogenesis effect of RMD cultured with various individual metal waters were investigated. In the results, the addition of water with Mg, Ca, Zn, and Fe increased MS and AK production and inhibited mycotoxin citrinin (CT). However, the positive influence may be contributed to the regulation of pigment biosynthesis. Furthermore, in the results of cell testing, higher lipogenesis inhibition was seen in the treatments of various ethanol extracts of RMD cultured with water containing Mg, K, Zn, and Fe than in those of RMD cultured with ultra-pure water. In conclusion, various individual metals resulted in different effects on MS and AK productions as well as the anti-adipogenesis effect of RMD, but the specific metals contained in DOW may cause synergistic or comprehensive effects that increase the significantly positive influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ying Lung
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Ya Liao
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Jye Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan.
| | - Bai-Luh Wei
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Yi Huang
- Water Resource Division, Stone and Resource Industry R&D Center, Hualian 973, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Lin Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
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Hsu GSW, Hsia CW, Hsu SY. Effects of process conditions on chlorine generation and storage stability of electrolyzed deep ocean water. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:735-741. [PMID: 28911490 PMCID: PMC9345460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolyzed water is a sustainable disinfectant, which can comply with food safety regulations and is environmentally friendly. We investigated the effects of platinum plating of electrode, electrode size, cell potential, and additional stirring on electrolysis properties of deep ocean water (DOW) and DOW concentration products. We also studied the relationships between quality properties of electrolyzed DOW and their storage stability. Results indicated that concentrating DOW to 1.7 times increased chlorine level in the electrolyzed DOW without affecting electric and current efficiencies of the electrolysis process. Increasing magnesium and potassium levels in DOW decreased chlorine level in the electrolyzed DOW as well as electric and current efficiencies of the electrolysis process. Additional stirring could not increase electrolysis efficiency of small electrolyzer. Large electrode, high electric potential and/or small electrolyzing cell increased chlorine production rate but decreased electric and current efficiencies. High electrolysis intensity decreased storage stability of the electrolyzed seawater and the effects of electrolysis on DOW gradually subsided in storage. DOW has similar electrolysis properties to surface seawater, but its purity and stability are better. Therefore, electrolyzed DOW should have better potential for applications on postharvest cleaning and disinfection of ready-to-eat fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoo-Shyng Wang Hsu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Hsinchuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Hsia
- Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Hsinchuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Yao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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