1
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Jiang M, Wu W, Xiong Z, Yu X, Ye Z, Wu Z. Targeting autophagy drug discovery: Targets, indications and development trends. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116117. [PMID: 38295689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a vital role in sustaining cellular homeostasis and its alterations have been implicated in the etiology of many diseases. Drugs development targeting autophagy began decades ago and hundreds of agents were developed, some of which are licensed for the clinical usage. However, no existing intervention specifically aimed at modulating autophagy is available. The obstacles that prevent drug developments come from the complexity of the actual impact of autophagy regulators in disease scenarios. With the development and application of new technologies, several promising categories of compounds for autophagy-based therapy have emerged in recent years. In this paper, the autophagy-targeted drugs based on their targets at various hierarchical sites of the autophagic signaling network, e.g., the upstream and downstream of the autophagosome and the autophagic components with enzyme activities are reviewed and analyzed respectively, with special attention paid to those at preclinical or clinical trials. The drugs tailored to specific autophagy alone and combination with drugs/adjuvant therapies widely used in clinical for various diseases treatments are also emphasized. The emerging drug design and development targeting selective autophagy receptors (SARs) and their related proteins, which would be expected to arrest or reverse the progression of disease in various cancers, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders, are critically reviewed. And the challenges and perspective in clinically developing autophagy-targeted drugs and possible combinations with other medicine are considered in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, China Jiliang University, China
| | - Wayne Wu
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Zijie Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, China Jiliang University, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Department of Biology, China Jiliang University, China
| | - Zihong Ye
- Department of Biology, China Jiliang University, China
| | - Zhiping Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, China Jiliang University, China.
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2
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Martignago CCS, Soares-Silva B, Parisi JR, Silva LCSE, Granito RN, Ribeiro AM, Renno ACM, de Sousa LRF, Aguiar ACC. Terpenes extracted from marine sponges with antioxidant activity: a systematic review. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2023; 13:23. [PMID: 37553481 PMCID: PMC10409963 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-023-00387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Marine biodiversity has emerged as a very promising resource of bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites from different sea organisms. The sponge's secondary metabolites demonstrated various bioactivities and potential pharmacological properties. This systematic review of the literature focuses on the advances achieved in the antioxidant potential of marine sponges in vitro. The review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The main inclusion criterion for analysis was articles with identification of compounds from terpene classes that demonstrate antioxidant activity in vitro. Searching in three different databases, two hundred articles were selected. After screening abstracts, titles and evaluating for eligibility of manuscripts 14 articles were included. The most performed analyzes to detect antioxidant activity were scavenging activity 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). It was possible to identify 17 compounds of the terpene class with pronounced antioxidant activity in vitro. Scientific evidence of the studies included in this review was accessed by the GRADE analysis. Terpenes play an important ecological role, moreover these molecules have a pharmaceutical and industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Cristina Santi Martignago
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Soares-Silva
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Julia Risso Parisi
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Lais Caroline Souza E Silva
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Renata Neves Granito
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Mussi Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Muniz Renno
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Lorena Ramos Freitas de Sousa
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Catalão (UFCAT), Av. Dr. Lamartine Pinto de Avelar, 1120 Vila Chaud, Catalão, GO, 75704-020, Brazil.
| | - Anna Caroline Campos Aguiar
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim 136, Edifício Central, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil.
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Ko HJ, Chiou SJ, Tsai CY, Loh JK, Lin XY, Tran TH, Hou CC, Cheng TS, Lai JM, Chang PMH, Wang FS, Su CL, Huang CYF, Hong YR. BMX, a specific HDAC8 inhibitor, with TMZ for advanced CRC therapy: a novel synergic effect to elicit p53-, β-catenin- and MGMT-dependent apoptotic cell death. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:200. [PMID: 36575468 PMCID: PMC9793577 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in treatment, patients with refractory colorectal cancer (CRC) still have poor long-term survival, so there is a need for more effective therapeutic options. METHODS To evaluate the HDAC8 inhibition efficacy as a CRC treatment, we examined the effects of various HDAC8 inhibitors (HDAC8i), including BMX (NBM-T-L-BMX-OS01) in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) or other standard CRC drugs on p53 mutated HT29 cells, as well as wild-type p53 HCT116 and RKO cells. RESULTS We showed that HDAC8i with TMZ cotreatment resulted in HT29 arrest in the S and G2/M phase, whereas HCT116 and RKO arrest in the G0/G1 phase was accompanied by high sub-G1. Subsequently, this combination approach upregulated p53-mediated MGMT inhibition, leading to apoptosis. Furthermore, we observed the cotreatment also enabled triggering of cell senescence and decreased expression of stem cell biomarkers. Mechanistically, we found down-expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1 and c-Myc via GSK3β/β-catenin signaling. Intriguingly, autophagy also contributes to cell death under the opposite status of β-catenin/p62 axis, suggesting that there exists a negative feedback regulation between Wnt/β-catenin and autophagy. Consistently, the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) indicated both apoptotic and autophagy biomarkers in HT29 and RKO were upregulated after treating with BMX. CONCLUSIONS BMX may act as a HDAC8 eraser and in combination with reframed-TMZ generates a remarkable synergic effect, providing a novel therapeutic target for various CRCs. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Jiun Ko
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institutes of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Shean-Jaw Chiou
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Tsai
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Post Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.412027.20000 0004 0620 9374Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Joon-Khim Loh
- grid.412027.20000 0004 0620 9374Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Xin-Yi Lin
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institutes of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Thu-Ha Tran
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11211 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chung Hou
- New Drug Research & Development Center, NatureWise Biotech & Medicals Corporation, Taipei, 112 Taiwan
| | - Tai-Shan Cheng
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11211 Taiwan
| | - Jin-Mei Lai
- grid.256105.50000 0004 1937 1063Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205 Taiwan
| | - Peter Mu-Hsin Chang
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11211 Taiwan ,grid.278247.c0000 0004 0604 5314Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11211 Taiwan
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- grid.412047.40000 0004 0532 3650Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, 62102 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Li Su
- grid.412090.e0000 0001 2158 7670Graduate Program of Nutrition Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 11677 Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F. Huang
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11211 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11211 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institutes of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.412036.20000 0004 0531 9758Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804 Taiwan ,grid.412027.20000 0004 0620 9374Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
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Han X, Du J, Shi D, Li L, Li D, Zhang K, Lin S, Zhu J, Huang Z, Zhou Y, Fang Z. Improving Reporter Gene Assay Methodology for Evaluating the Ability of Compounds to Restore P53 Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213867. [PMID: 36430341 PMCID: PMC9694221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor protein P53 induces cycle arrest and apoptosis by mediating the transcriptional expression of its target genes. Mutations causing conformational abnormalities and post-translational modifications that promote degradation are the main reasons for the loss of P53 function in tumor cells. Reporter gene assays that can scientifically reflect the biological function can help discover the mechanism and therapeutic strategies that restore P53 function. In the reporter gene system of this work, tetracycline-inducible expression of wild-type P53 was used to provide a fully activated state as a 100% activity reference for the objective measurement of biological function. It was confirmed by RT-qPCR, cell viability assay, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis that the above-mentioned reporter gene system could correctly reflect the differences in biological activity between the wild-type and mutants. After that, the system was tentatively used for related mechanism research and compound activity evaluation. Through the tetracycline-induced co-expression of wild-type P53 and mutant P53 in exact proportion, it was observed that the response modes of typical transcriptional response elements (TREs) to dominant negative P53 mutation effect were not exactly the same. Compared to the relative multiple-to-solvent control, the activity percentage relative to the 100% activity reference of wild-type P53 can better reflect the actual influence of the so-called P53 mutant reactivator. Similarly, relative to the 100% activity reference, it can objectively reflect the biological effects caused by the inhibitor of P53 negative factors, such as MDM2. In conclusion, this study provides a 100% activity reference and a reliable calculation model for relevant basic research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinle Han
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University—The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Pathology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Dandan Shi
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Lingjie Li
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Suwen Lin
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University—The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Jingzhong Zhu
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Zoufang Huang
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - You Zhou
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Zhengyu Fang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University—The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Z.F.)
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5
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Potential role of Marine Bioactive Compounds targeting signaling pathways in cancer: A review. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 936:175330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Chaudhry GES, Md Akim A, Sung YY, Sifzizul TMT. Cancer and apoptosis: The apoptotic activity of plant and marine natural products and their potential as targeted cancer therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:842376. [PMID: 36034846 PMCID: PMC9399632 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.842376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactorial, multi-stage disease, including complex cascades of signaling pathways—the cell growth governed by dysregulated and abrupt cell division. Due to the complexity and multi-regulatory cancer progression, cancer is still a challenging disease to treat and survive. The screening of extracts and fractions from plants and marine species might lead to the discovery of more effective compounds for cancer therapeutics. The isolated compounds and reformed analogs were known as future prospective contenders for anti-cancer chemotherapy. For example, Taxol, a potent mitotic inhibitor discovered from Taxus brevifolia, suppresses cell growth and arrest, induces apoptosis, and inhibits proliferation. Similarly, marine sponges show remarkable tumor chemo preventive and chemotherapeutic potential. However, there is limited research to date. Several plants and marine-derived anti-cancer compounds having the property to induce apoptosis have been approved for clinical trials. The anti-cancer activity kills the cell and slows the growth of cancer cells. Among cell death mechanisms, apoptosis induction is a more profound mechanism of cell death triggered by naturally isolated anti-cancer agents. Evading apoptosis is the major hurdle in killing cancer cells, a mechanism mainly regulated as intrinsic and extrinsic. However, it is possible to modify the apoptosis-resistant phenotype of the cell by altering many of these mechanisms. Various extracts and fractions successfully induce apoptosis, cell-cycle modulation, apoptosis, and anti-proliferative activity. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop new anti-cancer drugs of natural origins to reduce the effects on normal cells. Here, we’ve emphasized the most critical elements: i) A better understanding of cancer progression and development and its origins, ii) Molecular strategies to inhibit the cell proliferation/Carcino-genesis, iii) Critical regulators of cancer cell proliferation and development, iv) Signaling Pathways in Apoptosis: Potential Targets for targeted therapeutics, v) Why Apoptosis induction is mandatory for effective chemotherapy, vi) Plants extracts/fractions as potential apoptotic inducers, vii) Marine extracts as Apoptotic inducers, viii) Marine isolated Targeted compounds as Apoptotic inducers (FDA Approved/treatment Phase). This study provides a potential therapeutic option for cancer, although more clinical studies are needed to verify its efficacy in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul-e-Saba Chaudhry
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Gul-e-Saba Chaudhry, ,
| | - Abdah Md Akim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Yeong Yik Sung
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
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Fares Amer N, Luzzatto Knaan T. Natural Products of Marine Origin for the Treatment of Colorectal and Pancreatic Cancers: Mechanisms and Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148048. [PMID: 35887399 PMCID: PMC9323154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignancy of the accessory organs of digestion, and it includes colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic cancer (PC). Worldwide, CRC is the second most common cancer among women and the third most common among men. PC has a poor prognosis and high mortality, with 5-year relative survival of approximately 11.5%. Conventional chemotherapy treatments for these cancers are limited due to severe side effects and the development of drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new and safe drugs for effective treatment of PC and CRC. Historically, natural sources—plants in particular—have played a dominant role in traditional medicine used to treat a wide spectrum of diseases. In recent decades, marine natural products (MNPs) have shown great potential as drugs, but drug leads for treating various types of cancer, including CRC and PC, are scarce. To date, marine-based drugs have been used against leukemia, metastatic breast cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, and ovarian cancer. In this review, we summarized existing studies describing MNPs that were found to have an effect on CRC and PC, and we discussed the potential mechanisms of action of MNPs as well as future prospects for their use in treating these cancers.
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8
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Aengenvoort J, Sekeres M, Proksch P, Fritz G. Targeting Mechanisms of the DNA Damage Response (DDR) and DNA Repair by Natural Compounds to Improve cAT-Triggered Tumor Cell Death. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113567. [PMID: 35684504 PMCID: PMC9182506 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we identified secalonic acid F (SA), 5-epi-nakijiquinone Q (NQ) and 5-epi-ilimaquinone (IQ) as natural compounds (NC) affecting mechanisms of the DNA damage response (DDR). Here, we further characterized their effects on DDR, DNA repair and cytotoxicity if used in mono- and co-treatment with conventional anticancer therapeutics (cAT) (cisplatin (Cis), doxorubicin (Doxo)) in vitro. All three NC influence the phosphorylation level of selected DDR-related factors (i.e., pCHK1, pKAP1, pP53, pRPA32) in mono- and/or co-treatment. Both SA and NQ attenuate the Cis- and Doxo-induced G2/M-phase arrest and effectively stimulate caspase-mediated apoptosis. Notably, SA impacts DNA repair as reflected by enhanced steady-state levels of Cis-(1,2-GpG)-DNA adducts and Doxo-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Moreover, SA decreased the mRNA and protein expression of the homologous recombination (HR)-related DSB repair factors RAD51 and BRCA1. Both SA and NQ promote Cis- and Doxo-induced cytotoxicity in an additive to synergistic manner (CI ≤ 1.0). Summarizing, we conclude that SA promotes cAT-driven caspase-dependent cell death by interfering with DSB repair and DDR-related checkpoint control mechanisms. Hence, SA is considered as the most promising lead compound to evaluate its therapeutic window in forthcoming pre-clinical in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Aengenvoort
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Marlena Sekeres
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.A.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-211-8113022
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9
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Sun J, Li M, Lin T, Wang D, Chen J, Zhang Y, Mu Q, Su H, Wu N, Liu A, Yu Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Yu X, Guo J, Yu W. Cell cycle arrest is an important mechanism of action of compound Kushen injection in the prevention of colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4384. [PMID: 35288618 PMCID: PMC8921286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound Kushen injection (CKI) is the most widely used traditional Chinese medicine preparation for the comprehensive treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) in China, but its underlying molecular mechanisms of action are still unclear. The present study employed a network pharmacology approach, in which we constructed a "bioactive compound-target-pathway" network. Experimental RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis was performed to identify a key "bioactive compound-target-pathway" network for subsequent experimental validation. Cell cycle, proliferation, autophagy, and apoptosis assays and a model of azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in mice were employed to detect the biological effect of CKI on CRC. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were performed to verify the selected targets and pathways. We constructed a predicted network that included 82 bioactive compounds, 34 targets, and 33 pathways and further screened an anti-CRC CKI "biological compound (hesperetin 7-O-rutinoside, genistein 7-O-rutinoside, and trifolirhizin)-target (p53 and checkpoint kinase 1 [CHEK1])" network that targeted the "cell cycle pathway". Validation experiments showed that CKI effectively induced the cell-cycle arrest of CRC cells in vitro and suppressed the development of CRC in vivo by downregulating the expression of p53 and CHEK1. Our findings confirmed that inducing cell-cycle arrest by CKI is an important mechanism of its anti-CRC action, which provides a direct and scientific experimental basis for the clinical application of CKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tingru Lin
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Mu
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huiting Su
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Aiyu Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yimeng Yu
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingzhu Guo
- Department of Pediatric, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Weidong Yu
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Shu Y, Sun X, Ye G, Xu M, Wu Z, Wu C, Li S, Tian J, Han H, Zhang J. DHOK Exerts Anti-Cancer Effect Through Autophagy Inhibition in Colorectal Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:760022. [PMID: 34977014 PMCID: PMC8719673 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.760022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DHOK (14,15β-dihydroxyklaineanone) is a novel diterpene isolated from roots of Eurycoma longifolia Jack, a traditional herb widely applied in Southeast Asia. It is reported that DHOK has cytotoxic effect on cancer cells, but its anti-cancer mechanism has still been not clear. In our study, we first observed that DHOK inhibits cell proliferation of colorectal cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Next, we performed transcriptome sequencing to identify the targets of DHOK and found that autophagy-related signaling pathways are involved under DHOK treatment. Indeed, in DHOK-treated cells, the level of autophagosome marker LC3 and the formation of GFP-LC3 puncta were decreased, indicating the reduction of autophagy. Moreover, confocal microscopy results revealed the lysosomal activity and the formation of autolysosomes are also inhibited. Our western blotting results demonstrated the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway by DHOK, which may be attributed to the enhancement of ERK and AKT activity. Functionally, activation of autophagy attenuated DHOK-caused cell death, indicating that autophagy serves as cell survival. In xenograft mouse model, our results also showed that DHOK activates the mTOR signaling pathway, decreases autophagy level and inhibits the tumorigenesis of colon cancer. Taken together, we revealed the molecular mechanism of DHOK against cancer and our results also demonstrate great potential of DHOK in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Shu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiqin Ye
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Xu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhipan Wu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caixia Wu
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shouxin Li
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingkui Tian
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haote Han
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianbin Zhang, ; Haote Han,
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianbin Zhang, ; Haote Han,
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Natural Merosesquiterpenes Activate the DNA Damage Response via DNA Strand Break Formation and Trigger Apoptotic Cell Death in p53-Wild-type and Mutant Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133282. [PMID: 34209047 PMCID: PMC8268692 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bowel cancer is a serious disease, which affects many people worldwide. Unfortunately, the disease is often diagnosed in an advanced stage, which impairs the chance of survival. Furthermore, resistance to therapy occurs frequently. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches are required to improve cancer therapy. Here, we studied whether merosesquiterpenes might be useful for cancer treatment. These compounds occur in marine sponges and were isolated by our group. We were able to identify three compounds with potent cytotoxic activity in different cell lines established from human large bowel cancer. Our experiments provided evidence that the compounds cause DNA damage and trigger cell death, so-called mitochondrial apoptosis, which was attested in cancer cells with expression of wild-type and mutated p53 tumor suppressor. Finally, we show that merosesquiterpenes also kill intestinal tumor organoids, an ex vivo model of large bowel cancer. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a frequently occurring malignant disease with still low survival rates, highlighting the need for novel therapeutics. Merosesquiterpenes are secondary metabolites from marine sponges, which might be useful as antitumor agents. To address this issue, we made use of a compound library comprising 11 isolated merosesquiterpenes. The most cytotoxic compounds were smenospongine > ilimaquinone ≈ dactylospontriol, as shown in different human CRC cell lines. Alkaline Comet assays and γH2AX immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated DNA strand break formation in CRC cells. Western blot analysis revealed an activation of the DNA damage response with CHK1 phosphorylation, stabilization of p53 and p21, which occurred both in CRC cells with p53 knockout and in p53-mutated CRC cells. This resulted in cell cycle arrest followed by a strong increase in the subG1 population, indicative of apoptosis, and typical morphological alterations. In consistency, cell death measurements showed apoptosis following exposure to merosesquiterpenes. Gene expression studies and analysis of caspase cleavage revealed mitochondrial apoptosis via BAX, BIM, and caspase-9 as the main cell death pathway. Interestingly, the compounds were equally effective in p53-wild-type and p53-mutant CRC cells. Finally, the cytotoxic activity of the merosesquiterpenes was corroborated in intestinal tumor organoids, emphasizing their potential for CRC chemotherapy.
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Zuo W, Kwok HF. Development of Marine-Derived Compounds for Cancer Therapy. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19060342. [PMID: 34203870 PMCID: PMC8232666 DOI: 10.3390/md19060342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has always been a threat to human health with its high morbidity and mortality rates. Traditional therapy, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, plays a key role in cancer treatment. However, it is not able to prevent tumor recurrence, drug resistance and treatment side effects, which makes it a very attractive challenge to search for new effective and specific anticancer drugs. Nature is a valuable source of multiple pharmaceuticals, and most of the anticancer drugs are natural products or derived from them. Marine-derived compounds, such as nucleotides, proteins, peptides and amides, have also shed light on cancer therapy, and they are receiving a fast-growing interest due to their bioactive properties. Their mechanisms contain anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferative and anti-metastasis activities; cell cycle arrest; and induction of apoptosis. This review provides an overview on the development of marine-derived compounds with anticancer properties, both their applications and mechanisms, and discovered technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Zuo
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macao;
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macao;
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Possessing the quinone moiety, ilimaquinone (1), a sponge–derived sesquiterpene quinone, has been hypothesised to express its cytotoxicity through a redox cycling process, yielding active product(s) that can cause DNA damage. To determine the DNA damaging effects of 1 and examine whether a redox transformation may participate in its functions, the DNA damaging properties of 1, the corresponding hydroquinone (2) and hydroquinone triacetates (3) and their 5-epimeric counterparts (4–6) were tested and compared. When incubated directly with plasmid DNA, the hydroquinones were the only active species capable of cleaving the DNA. In cell-based assays, however, the quinones and hydroquinone triacetates were active in the same range as that of the corresponding hydroquinones, and all damaged the cellular DNA in a similar manner. The in situ reduction of 1 and 4 were supported by the decreases in the cytotoxicity when cells were pre-exposed to dicoumarol, an NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) inhibitor. The results confirmed the DNA damaging activities of the ilimaquinones 1 and 4, and indicated the necessity to undergo an in-situ transformation into the active hydroquinones, thereby exerting the DNA damaging properties as parts of the cytotoxic mechanisms.
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Chaudhry GES, Islamiah M, Zafar MN, Bakar K, Aziz NA, Saidin J, Sung YY, Tengku Muhammad TS. Induction of Apoptosis by Acanthaster planci sp., and Diadema setosum sp., Fractions in Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line, HeLa. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:1365-1373. [PMID: 34048163 PMCID: PMC8408404 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.5.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an uncontrolled multiplication of cells. The desire efficacy and severe toxicity of current anticancer drugs urge exploring and investigating a better alternative to existing chemotherapeutics. Natural products of marine origin are excellent sources of potential new drugs of enhanced biological activities. OBJECTIVES Thus, the cytotoxic effects along with investigating the mode of cell death exerted by fractions, AP-9, AP-THR, DS-8 and DS-9 fraction of Acanthaster planci, Diadema setosum sp., on the human cervical cancer cell line, HeLa. METHODS The cytotoxicity of fractions has determined by using an MTS assay. The early and late apoptosis was studied by using the High content Screening (HCS) instrument. RESULTS The four fractions produced effective cytotoxicity effects with IC50 values at 72hr of less than 20 μg/ml in the order of AP-9 > DS-9 > APTHR-9 > DS-8. The fraction s exhibited cytotoxicity via mediating apoptotic mode of cell death. The early apoptosis by exposure of phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and late apoptosis due to the presence of green stain (DNA fragmentation) in treated cells. CONCLUSION The potent bioactive compounds might be responsible for inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and, thus, the potential to be a successful candidate for exploring upcoming chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul-e-Saba Chaudhry
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Murni Islamiah
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | | | - Kamariah Bakar
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Asniza Aziz
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Jasnizat Saidin
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Yeong Yik Sung
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
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15
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Antitumor Effects of a Sesquiterpene Derivative from Marine Sponge in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19050244. [PMID: 33925873 PMCID: PMC8144972 DOI: 10.3390/md19050244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the anti-proliferative effect of ilimaquinone, a sesquiterpene derivative from the marine sponge, in breast cancer cells was investigated. Ilimaquinone inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with IC50 values of 10.6 μM and 13.5 μM, respectively. Non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cells were less sensitive to ilimaquinone than breast cancer cells. Flow cytometric and Western blot analysis showed that ilimaquinone induced S-phase arrest by modulating the expression of p-CDC-2 and p21. Ilimaquinone induces apoptosis, which is accompanied by multiple biological biomarkers, including the downregulation of Akt, ERK, and Bax, upregulation of p38, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased reactive oxygen species generation, and induced autophagy. Collectively, these findings suggest that ilimaquinone causes cell cycle arrest as well as induces apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells.
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16
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Shikov AN, Flisyuk EV, Obluchinskaya ED, Pozharitskaya ON. Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E557. [PMID: 33182407 PMCID: PMC7698100 DOI: 10.3390/md18110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Shikov
- Department of Technology of Pharmacutical Formulations, St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popov, 14a, Saint-Petersburg 197376, Russia;
- Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MMBI RAS), Vladimirskaya, 17, Murmansk 183010, Russia; (E.D.O.); (O.N.P.)
| | - Elena V. Flisyuk
- Department of Technology of Pharmacutical Formulations, St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popov, 14a, Saint-Petersburg 197376, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya
- Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MMBI RAS), Vladimirskaya, 17, Murmansk 183010, Russia; (E.D.O.); (O.N.P.)
| | - Olga N. Pozharitskaya
- Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MMBI RAS), Vladimirskaya, 17, Murmansk 183010, Russia; (E.D.O.); (O.N.P.)
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Xie Q, Liu Y, Li X. The interaction mechanism between autophagy and apoptosis in colon cancer. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100871. [PMID: 32950931 PMCID: PMC7509232 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis play crucial roles in tumorigenesis. Recent studies have shown that autophagy and apoptosis have a cross-talk relationship in anti-tumor therapy. It is well established that apoptosis is one of the main pathways of tumor cell death. While autophagy can occurs in tumors with opposite function: protective autophagy and lethal autophagy. Protective autophagy can inhibit tumor apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs, while lethal autophagy can induce tumor cell apoptosis in cooperation with anticancer drugs. Hence, autophagy and apoptosis have synergistic and antagonistic effects in tumor. Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, colorectal carcinoma has achieved improved clinical efficacy with drug treatment. Nonetheless, increasing drug-resistance limit the treatment efficacy, highlighting the urgency of exploring the molecular events that drive drug resistance. Researchers have found that autophagy is one of the major factors leading to drug resistance in colon cancer. Therefore, elucidating the interaction between autophagy and apoptosis is helpful to improve the efficacy of anticancer drugs in clinical treatment of colorectal cancer. This review attaches great importance to the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis and related factors in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiang Xie
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China,Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518001, PR China,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, PR China,Corresponding author at: The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China.
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Ilimaquinone Induces the Apoptotic Cell Death of Cancer Cells by Reducing Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 1 Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176021. [PMID: 32825675 PMCID: PMC7504051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer cells, aerobic glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is generally preferred for the production of ATP. In many cancers, highly expressed pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) reduces the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) by inducing the phosphorylation of its E1α subunit (PDHA1) and subsequently, shifts the energy metabolism from OxPhos to aerobic glycolysis. Thus, PDK1 has been regarded as a target for anticancer treatment. Here, we report that ilimaquinone (IQ), a sesquiterpene quinone isolated from the marine sponge Smenospongia cerebriformis, might be a novel PDK1 inhibitor. IQ decreased the cell viability of human and murine cancer cells, such as A549, DLD-1, RKO, and LLC cells. The phosphorylation of PDHA1, the substrate of PDK1, was reduced by IQ in the A549 cells. IQ decreased the levels of secretory lactate and increased oxygen consumption. The anticancer effect of IQ was markedly reduced in PDHA1-knockout cells. Computational simulation and biochemical assay revealed that IQ interfered with the ATP binding pocket of PDK1 without affecting the interaction of PDK1 and the E2 subunit of the PDH complex. In addition, similar to other pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitors, IQ induced the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential in the A549 cells. The apoptotic cell death induced by IQ treatment was rescued in the presence of MitoTEMPO, a mitochondrial ROS inhibitor. In conclusion, we suggest that IQ might be a novel candidate for anticancer therapeutics that act via the inhibition of PDK1 activity.
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Ilimaquinone inhibits neovascular age-related macular degeneration through modulation of Wnt/β-catenin and p53 pathways. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105146. [PMID: 32814173 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a common cause of irreversible vision loss in the elderly. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor has been effective in treating pathological ocular neovascularization, but it has limitations including the need for repeated intraocular injections for the maintenance of therapeutic effects in most patients and poor or non-response to this agent in some patients. in vitro cellular studies were conducted using retinal pigment epithelial cell lines (ARPE-19 and hTERT-RPE1), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSMCs). in vivo efficacy of ilimaquinone (IQ) was tested in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization mouse and rabbit models. Tissue distribution study was performed in male C57BL6/J mice. IQ, 4,9-friedodrimane-type sesquiterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge, repressed the expression of angiogenic/inflammatory factors and restored the expression of E-cadherin in retinal pigment epithelial cells by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In addition, it selectively inhibited proliferation and tube formation of HUVECs by activating the p53 pathway. Topical and intraperitoneal administration of IQ significantly reduced choroidal neovascularization in rabbits and mice with laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Notably, IQ by the oral route of exposure was highly permeable to the eyes and suppressed abnormal vascular leakage by downregulation of β-catenin and stabilization of p53 in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that IQ functions through regulation of p53 and Wnt/β-catenin pathways with conceivable advantages over existing cytokine-targeted anti-angiogenic therapies.
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Ilimaquinone Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090296. [PMID: 32825464 PMCID: PMC7555415 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the anti-tumor activity of ilimaquinone (IQ), a sesquiterpene quinone isolated from marine sponge Halichondria sp., in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells, was investigated. IQ suppressed the viability of the OSCC cell lines SCC4 and SCC2095 with IC50 values of 7.5 and 8.5 μM, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that IQ induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in SCC4 cells and modulated the expression of several cell growth-related gene products, including Akt, p38, Mcl-1, and p53. Notably, p53 knockdown caused higher resistance to IQ’s anti-tumor activity. In addition, IQ increased reactive oxygen species generation, which was partially reversed by the addition of antioxidants. Furthermore, it triggered autophagy, as evidenced by acidic organelle formation and LC3B-II and Atg5 expression in SCC4 cells. Pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine or chloroquine partially decreased IQ-induced apoptosis, suggesting that IQ induced protective autophagy. In summary, IQ has potential to be used in OSCC therapy.
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van Stuijvenberg J, Proksch P, Fritz G. Targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) by natural compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115279. [PMID: 31980363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds (NC) are an important source of anticancer drugs. The genomic DNA of tumor cells is a major target of conventional anticancer therapeutics (cAT). DNA damage elicits a complex stress response programme termed DNA damage response (DDR), with the PI3-like kinase ATM and ATR being the key regulators. Since the DDR coordinates mechanisms of DNA repair and apoptosis, hence regulating the balance between death and survival, it is an attractive target of novel anticancer strategies. The aim of the study was to identify natural compounds derived from endophytic fungi, lichens, marine sponges or plants that interfere with mechanisms of the DDR. To this end, the cytotoxic and DDR modulating potency of 296 natural compounds, used alone or in combination with the cAT cisplatin (Cis) and doxorubicin (Doxo) was investigated by fluorescence-based analysis of the ATM/ATR-catalyzed S139 phosphorylation of histone 2AX (γH2AX), a surrogate marker of DNA damage-triggered DDR. After initial screening, a total of ten natural compounds were identified that were toxic in pancreatic carcinoma cells and activated the DDR on their own and/or promoted the DDR if used in combination with cAT. Their mode of action was shown to be independent of drug transport mechanisms. Based on their chemical structures, DDR modulatory activity and published data we suggest the marine NC 5-epi-nakijiquinone Q and 5-epi-ilimaquinone as well as the fungal compound secalonic acid F as most promising NC-based drug candidates for future synthesis of DDR-modulating chemical derivatives and their preclinical in vitro and in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana van Stuijvenberg
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Son Y, An Y, Jung J, Shin S, Park I, Gwak J, Ju BG, Chung YH, Na M, Oh S. Protopine isolated from Nandina domestica induces apoptosis and autophagy in colon cancer cells by stabilizing p53. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1689-1696. [PMID: 30932278 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 plays essential roles in cellular protection mechanisms against a variety of stress stimuli and its activation induces apoptosis or autophagy in certain cancer cells. Here, we identified protopine, an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Nandina domestica, as an activator of the p53 pathway from cell-based natural compound screening based on p53-responsive transcription. Protopine increased the p53-mediated transcriptional activity and promoted p53 phosphorylation at the Ser15 residue, resulting in stabilization of p53 protein. Moreover, protopine up-regulated the expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 and BAX, downstream genes of p53, and inhibited the proliferation of HCT116 colon cancer cells. Apoptosis was elicited by protopine as indicated by caspase-3/7 activation, poly ADP ribose polymerase cleavage, and increased population of Annexin V-FITC-positive cells. Furthermore, protopine induced the formation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) puncta and LC3-II turnover, typical biochemical markers of autophagy, in HCT116 cells. Our findings suggest that protopine exerts its antiproliferative activity by stimulating the p53 pathway and may have potential as a chemopreventive agent for human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younglim Son
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Program, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Younju An
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Program, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeon Jung
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Program, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Shin
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Program, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - InWha Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsug Gwak
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Gun Ju
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Chung
- BK21+, Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - MinKyun Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangtaek Oh
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Program, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Stereo-Selective Pharmacokinetics of Ilimaquinone Epimers Extracted from a Marine Sponge in Rats. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17030171. [PMID: 30884884 PMCID: PMC6472033 DOI: 10.3390/md17030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An ilimquinone (IQ) mixture isolated from Hippiospongia metachromia, consisting of IQ and epi-ilimaquinone (epi-IQ), exerts anti-HIV, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. An HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous determination of the two epimers in rat plasma, separating them using a biphenyl column. Ascorbic acid is added during the sample preparation to ensure the stability of both isomers. The plasma concentrations of the isomers were monitored following intravenous and oral administration of the IQ mixture in rats as well as the individual epimers that were separately orally administered. Compare to IQ, epi-IQ was much more stable in rat plasma, likely due to its configurations of decalin. Both substances decayed in more than bi-exponential pattern, with an elimination rate constant of 1.2 h−1 for IQ and 1.7 h−1 for epi-IQ. The epi-IQ was distributed more widely than IQ by about two-fold. Consequently, the clearance of epi-IQ was greater than that of IQ by about three-fold. The oral absolute bioavailability for IQ was 38%, and, that for epi-IQ, was 13%. Although the systemic exposure of IQ was greater than that of epi-IQ by ~8.7-fold, the clearance of each isomer was similar when administered either orally or intravenously, when normalized for bioavailability. The stereo-specific behavior of the isomers appears to originate from differences in both their tissue distribution and gastrointestinal permeability.
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Son H, Noh K, Kang C, Na M, Oh S, Song IS, Kang W. HPLC-MS/MS analysis of ilimaquinone and its application in a pharmacokinetic study in rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 166:291-294. [PMID: 30684930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ilimaquinone, a metabolite isolated from the marine sponge Hippiospongia metachromia, has antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. A new quantitative analytical method for determination of ilimaquinone in rat plasma using HPLC-MS/MS was developed and validated. Ascorbic acid was added to ensure the stability of ilimaquinone in plasma. After protein precipitation using acetonitrile plus diclofenac as an internal standard, the analytes were chromatographed on a biphenyl column with a mobile phase of methanol and water (8:2, v/v, including 0.1% formic acid). This method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study of ilimaquinone after oral administration in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heebin Son
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Keumhan Noh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Canada
| | - Changhyun Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - MinKyun Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Sangtaek Oh
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, South Korea
| | - Im-Sook Song
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea.
| | - Wonku Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
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Luo S, Li Z, Mao L, Chen S, Sun S. Sodium butyrate induces autophagy in colorectal cancer cells through LKB1/AMPK signaling. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 75:53-63. [PMID: 30362049 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate is produced by the fermentation of undigested dietary fibers and acts as the promising candidate for cancer treatment. However, the mechanism underlying sodium butyrate (NaB)-induced autophagy in colorectal cancer is not yet completely understood. The expressions of LC3-II protein and mRNA were detected by western blot and quantitative RT-PCR in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines HCT-116 and HT-29, respectively. Autolysosome formation was observed by transmission electron microscope. AMPK and LKB1 were inhibited by chemical inhibitor or siRNAs and confirmed by western blot. NaB elevated the protein and mRNA expressions of LC3 in a dose-dependent manner. NaB treatment increased the formation of autolysosome and expression of phosphorylated liver kinase B1 (LKB1), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Treatment with compound C (an inhibitor of AMPK) and siRNA-mediated knockdown of AMPK and LKB1 significantly attenuated NaB-induced autophagy in CRC cells. Collectively, these findings indicated that LKB1 and AMPK are critical for NaB-mediated autophagy and may act as the novel targets for colorectal cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1023 South Sha-Tai Rd, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyin Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1023 South Sha-Tai Rd, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianzhi Mao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1023 South Sha-Tai Rd, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqiang Chen
- Guangzhou Customs District, No.66, Huacheng Avenue, Zhujiang Xincheng, Guangzhou, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1023 South Sha-Tai Rd, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
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An Y, Quan KT, Gwak J, Ju BG, Na M, Oh S. Activation of the p53 pathway with digiferrol isolated from Rubia philippinensis induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy in colon cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:514-522. [PMID: 29842910 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Younju An
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Program, Kookmin University, Seoul, 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Khong Trong Quan
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsug Gwak
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Gun Ju
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - MinKyun Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangtaek Oh
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Program, Kookmin University, Seoul, 136-702, Republic of Korea.
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Simithy J, Fuanta NR, Hobrath JV, Kochanowska-Karamyan A, Hamann MT, Goodwin DC, Calderón AI. Mechanism of irreversible inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis shikimate kinase by ilimaquinone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:731-739. [PMID: 29654976 PMCID: PMC11215815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ilimaquinone (IQ), a marine sponge metabolite, has been considered as a potential therapeutic agent for various diseases due to its broad range of biological activities. We show that IQ irreversibly inactivates Mycobacterium tuberculosis shikimate kinase (MtSK) through covalent modification of the protein. Inactivation occurred with an apparent second-order rate constant of about 60 M-1 s-1. Following reaction with IQ, LC-MS analyses of intact MtSK revealed covalent modification of MtSK by IQ, with the concomitant loss of a methoxy group, suggesting a Michael-addition mechanism. Evaluation of tryptic fragments of IQ-derivatized MtSK by MS/MS demonstrated that Ser and Thr residues were most frequently modified with lesser involvement of Lys and Tyr. In or near the MtSK active site, three residues of the P-loop (K15, S16, and T17) as well as S77, T111, and S44 showed evidence of IQ-dependent derivatization. Accordingly, inclusion of ATP in IQ reactions with MtSK partially protected the enzyme from inactivation and limited IQ-based derivatization of K15 and S16. Additionally, molecular docking models for MtSK-IQ were generated for IQ-derivatized S77 and T111. In the latter, ATP was observed to sterically clash with the IQ moiety. Out of three other enzymes evaluated, lactate dehydrogenase was derivatized and inactivated by IQ, but pyruvate kinase and catalase-peroxidase (KatG) were unaffected. Together, these data suggest that IQ is promiscuous (though not entirely indiscriminant) in its reactivity. As such, the potential of IQ as a lead in the development of antitubercular agents directed against MtSK or other targets is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johayra Simithy
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, 3306 Walker Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ngolui Rene Fuanta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Judith V Hobrath
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Kochanowska-Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University HSC, 1300 S. Coulter, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Mark T Hamann
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Douglas C Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Angela I Calderón
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, 3306 Walker Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Marine Sponge Natural Products with Anticancer Potential: An Updated Review. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15100310. [PMID: 29027954 PMCID: PMC5666418 DOI: 10.3390/md15100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the huge investment into research and the significant effort and advances made in the search for new anticancer drugs in recent decades, cancer cure and treatment continue to be a formidable challenge. Many sources, including plants, animals, and minerals, have been explored in the oncological field because of the possibility of identifying novel molecular therapeutics. Marine sponges are a prolific source of secondary metabolites, a number of which showed intriguing tumor chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties. Recently, Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs derived from marine sponges have been shown to reduce metastatic breast cancer, malignant lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease. The chemopreventive and potential anticancer activity of marine sponge-derived compounds could be explained by multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms, including DNA protection, cell-cycle modulation, apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory activities as well as their ability to chemosensitize cancer cells to traditional antiblastic chemotherapy. The present article aims to depict the multiple mechanisms involved in the chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of marine sponges and critically explore the limitations and challenges associated with the development of marine sponge-based anticancer strategy.
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Qian HR, Shi ZQ, Zhu HP, Gu LH, Wang XF, Yang Y. Interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:62759-62768. [PMID: 28977986 PMCID: PMC5617546 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are two pivotal mechanisms in mediating cell survival and death. Cross-talk of autophagy and apoptosis has been documented in the tumorigenesis and progression of cancer, while the interplay between the two pathways in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not yet been comprehensively summarized. In this study, we outlined the basis of apoptosis and autophagy machinery firstly, and then reviewed the recent evidence in cellular settings or animal studies regarding the interplay between them in CRC. In addition, several key factors that modulate the cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis as well as its significance in clinical practice were discussed. Understanding of the interplay between the cell death mechanisms may benefit the translation of CRC treatment from basic research to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ran Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhao-Qi Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - He-Pan Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Li-Hu Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xian-Fa Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, PR China
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30
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Ruiz-Torres V, Encinar JA, Herranz-López M, Pérez-Sánchez A, Galiano V, Barrajón-Catalán E, Micol V. An Updated Review on Marine Anticancer Compounds: The Use of Virtual Screening for the Discovery of Small-Molecule Cancer Drugs. Molecules 2017; 22:E1037. [PMID: 28644406 PMCID: PMC6152364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine secondary metabolites are a promising source of unexploited drugs that have a wide structural diversity and have shown a variety of biological activities. These compounds are produced in response to the harsh and competitive conditions that occur in the marine environment. Invertebrates are considered to be among the groups with the richest biodiversity. To date, a significant number of marine natural products (MNPs) have been established as antineoplastic drugs. This review gives an overview of MNPs, both in research or clinical stages, from diverse organisms that were reported as being active or potentially active in cancer treatment in the past seventeen years (from January 2000 until April 2017) and describes their putative mechanisms of action. The structural diversity of MNPs is also highlighted and compared with the small-molecule anticancer drugs in clinical use. In addition, this review examines the use of virtual screening for MNP-based drug discovery and reveals that classical approaches for the selection of drug candidates based on ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) filtering may miss potential anticancer lead compounds. Finally, we introduce a novel and publically accessible chemical library of MNPs for virtual screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Ruiz-Torres
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Jose Antonio Encinar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - María Herranz-López
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Almudena Pérez-Sánchez
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Vicente Galiano
- Physics and Computer Architecture Department, Miguel Hernández University, Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Enrique Barrajón-Catalán
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Vicente Micol
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
- CIBER, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III., Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain (CB12/03/30038).
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31
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Anticancer Effects of the Marine Sponge Lipastrotethya sp. Extract on Wild-Type and p53 Knockout HCT116 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:7174858. [PMID: 28127380 PMCID: PMC5239977 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7174858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interest in marine bioresources is increasing in the drug development sector. In particular, marine sponges produce a wide range of unique metabolites that enable them to survive in challenging environments, which makes them attractive sources of candidate pharmaceuticals. In previous study, we investigated over 40 marine specimens collected in Micronesia and provided by the Korean Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, for their antiproliferative effects on various cancer cell lines, and Lipastrotethya sp. extract (LSSE) was found to have a marked antiproliferative effect. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism responsible for its anticancer effect on wild-type p53 (WT) or p53 knockout (KO) HCT116 cells. LSSE inhibited cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death more so in HCT116 p53 KO cells than the WT. HCT116 WT cells treated with LSSE underwent apoptosis associated with the induction of p53 and its target genes. On the other hand, in HCT116 p53 KO cells, LSSE reduced mTOR and Bcl-2 and increased Beclin-1 and LC3-II protein levels, suggesting autophagy induction. These results indicate that the mechanisms responsible for the anticancer effect of LSSE depend on p53 status.
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Boufridi A, Lachkar D, Erpenbeck D, Beniddir MA, Evanno L, Petek S, Debitus C, Poupon E. Ilimaquinone and 5-epi-Ilimaquinone: Beyond a Simple Diastereomeric Ratio, Biosynthetic Considerations from NMR-Based Analysis. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dactylospongia metachromia and Dactylospongia elegans collected from French Polynesia were studied with a particular focus on the variation of the diastereomeric ratio between ilimaquinone (4) and 5-epi-ilimaquinone (5). More than 100 samples, covering an area of 4100 km2, were studied to try to clarify this intriguing issue. Nuclear magnetic resonance appeared as the non-destructive, straightforward technique of choice for a relative quantitative study. A random distribution, unique at that point in nature, is observed and leads to biosynthetic considerations. Biological evaluation of both compounds was also performed and showed moderate discrepancies in cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction.
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Klayman LM, Wedegaertner PB. Inducible Inhibition of Gβγ Reveals Localization-dependent Functions at the Plasma Membrane and Golgi. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1773-1784. [PMID: 27994056 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.750430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins signal at a variety of endomembrane locations, in addition to their canonical function at the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane (PM), where they are activated by cell surface G protein-coupled receptors. Here we focus on βγ signaling at the Golgi, where βγ activates a signaling cascade, ultimately resulting in vesicle fission from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). To develop a novel molecular tool for inhibiting endogenous βγ in a spatial-temporal manner, we take advantage of a lipid association mutant of the widely used βγ inhibitor GRK2ct (GRK2ct-KERE) and the FRB/FKBP heterodimerization system. We show that GRK2ct-KERE cannot inhibit βγ function when expressed in cells, but recruitment to a specific membrane location recovers the ability of GRK2ct-KERE to inhibit βγ signaling. PM-recruited GRK2ct-KERE inhibits lysophosphatidic acid-induced phosphorylation of Akt, whereas Golgi-recruited GRK2ct-KERE inhibits cargo transport from the TGN to the PM. Moreover, we show that Golgi-recruited GRK2ct-KERE inhibits model basolaterally targeted but not apically targeted cargo delivery, for both PM-destined and secretory cargo, providing the first evidence of selectivity in terms of cargo transport regulated by βγ. Last, we show that Golgi fragmentation induced by ilimaquinone and nocodazole is blocked by βγ inhibition, demonstrating that βγ is a key regulator of multiple pathways that impact Golgi morphology. Thus, we have developed a new molecular tool, recruitable GRK2ct-KERE, to modulate βγ signaling at specific subcellular locations, and we demonstrate novel cargo selectivity for βγ regulation of TGN to PM transport and a novel role for βγ in mediating Golgi fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Klayman
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Philip B Wedegaertner
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107.
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Ratovitski EA. Tumor Protein (TP)-p53 Members as Regulators of Autophagy in Tumor Cells upon Marine Drug Exposure. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14080154. [PMID: 27537898 PMCID: PMC4999915 DOI: 10.3390/md14080154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting autophagic pathways might play a critical role in designing novel chemotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of human cancers, and the prevention of tumor-derived chemoresistance. Marine compounds were found to decrease tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Some of them were shown to induce autophagic flux in tumor cells. In this study, we observed that the selected marine life-derived compounds (Chromomycin A2, Psammaplin A, and Ilimaquinone) induce expression of several autophagic signaling intermediates in human squamous cell carcinoma, glioblastoma, and colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro through a transcriptional regulation by tumor protein (TP)-p53 family members. These conclusions were supported by specific qPCR expression analysis, luciferase reporter promoter assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation of promoter sequences bound to the TP53 family proteins, and silencing of the TP53 members in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Ratovitski
- Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Ruocco N, Costantini S, Costantini M. Blue-Print Autophagy: Potential for Cancer Treatment. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14070138. [PMID: 27455284 PMCID: PMC4962028 DOI: 10.3390/md14070138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine environment represents a very rich source of biologically active compounds with pharmacological applications. This is due to its chemical richness, which is claiming considerable attention from the health science communities. In this review we give a general overview on the marine natural products involved in stimulation and inhibition of autophagy (a type of programmed cell death) linked to pharmacological and pathological conditions. Autophagy represents a complex multistep cellular process, wherein a double membrane vesicle (the autophagosome) captures organelles and proteins and delivers them to the lysosome. This natural and destructive mechanism allows the cells to degrade and recycle its cellular components, such as amino acids, monosaccharides, and lipids. Autophagy is an important mechanism used by cells to clear pathogenic organism and deal with stresses. Therefore, it has also been implicated in several diseases, predominantly in cancer. In fact, pharmacological stimulation or inhibition of autophagy have been proposed as approaches to develop new therapeutic treatments of cancers. In conclusion, this blue-print autophagy (so defined because it is induced and/or inhibited by marine natural products) represents a new strategy for the future of biomedicine and of biotechnology in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ruocco
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Naples, Italy.
| | - Susan Costantini
- CROM, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Maria Costantini
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
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36
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Lin JF, Lin YC, Yang SC, Tsai TF, Chen HE, Chou KY, Hwang TIS. Autophagy inhibition enhances RAD001-induced cytotoxicity in human bladder cancer cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:1501-13. [PMID: 27143856 PMCID: PMC4841413 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s95900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), involved in PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, is known to play a central role in regulating the growth of cancer cells. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway enhances tumor survival and proliferation through suppressing autophagy, which sustains energy homeostasis by collecting and recycling cellular components under stress conditions. Conversely, inhibitors of the mTOR pathway such as RAD001 induce autophagy, leading to promotion of tumor survival and limited antitumor efficacy. We thus hypothesized that the use of autophagy inhibitor in combination with mTOR inhibition improves the cytotoxicity of mTOR inhibitors in bladder cancer. Materials and methods The cytotoxicity of RT4, 5637, HT1376, and T24 human bladder cancer cells treated with RAD001 alone or combined with autophagy inhibitors (3-methyladenine (3-MA), bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1), chloroquine, or hydroxychloroquine) was assessed using the WST-8 cell viability kit. The autophagy status in cells was analyzed by the detection of microtubule-associated light chain 3 form II (LC3-II), using immunofluorescent staining and Western blot. Acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) formation in treated cells was determined by acridine orange vital staining. Inhibition of mTOR pathway by RAD001 was monitored by using a homemade quantitative polymerase chain reaction gene array, while phospho-mTOR was detected using Western blot. Induced apoptosis was determined by measurement of caspase 3/7 activity and DNA fragmentation in cells after treatment. Results Advanced bladder cancer cells (5637, HT1376, and T24) were more resistant to RAD001 than RT4. Autophagy flux detected by the expression of LC3-II showed RAD001-induced autophagy. AVO formation was detected in cells treated with RAD001 and was inhibited by the addition of 3-MA or Baf A1. Cotreatment of RAD001 with autophagy inhibitors further reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. Conclusion Our results indicate that simultaneous inhibition of the mTOR and autophagy pathway significantly enhances apoptosis, and it is suggested to be a new therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fan Lin
- Central Laboratory, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chia Lin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Che Yang
- Central Laboratory, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Fu Tsai
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-En Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yu Chou
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Thomas I-Sheng Hwang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhang Y, Yu M, Tian W. Physiological and pathological impact of exosomes of adipose tissue. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:3-13. [PMID: 26776755 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles that have emerged as a new intercellular communication system for transporting proteins and RNAs; recent studies have shown that they play a role in many physiological and pathological processes such as immune regulation, cell differentiation, infection and cancer. By transferring proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs, exosomes act as information vehicles that alter the behavior of recipient cells. Compared to direct cell-cell contact or secreted factors, exosomes can affect recipient cells in more efficient ways. In whole adipose tissues, it has been shown that exosomes exist in supernatants of adipocytes and adipose stromal cells (ADSCs). Adipocyte exosomes are linked to lipid metabolism and obesity-related insulin resistance and exosomes secreted by ADSCs are involved in angiogenesis, immunomodulation and tumor development. This review introduces characteristics of exosomes in adipose tissue, summarizes their functions in different physiological and pathological processes and provides the further insight into potential application of exosomes to disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhang Z, Guo M, Zhao S, Xu W, Shao J, Zhang F, Wu L, Lu Y, Zheng S. The update on transcriptional regulation of autophagy in normal and pathologic cells: A novel therapeutic target. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 74:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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