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Lu C, Wang X, Ma J, Wang M, Liu W, Wang G, Ding Y, Lin Z, Li Y. Chemical substances and their activities in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus: A review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300427. [PMID: 37853667 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Apostichopus japonicus, also known as Stichopus japonicus, with medicinal and food homologous figures, is a globally recognized precious ingredient with extremely high nutritional value. There is no relevant review available through literature search, so this article selects the research articles through the keywords "sea cucumber" and "Apostichopus japonicus (Stichopus japonicus)" in six professional databases, such as Wiley, PubMed, ScienceDirect, ACS, Springer, and Web of Science, from 2000 to the present, summarizing the extraction, isolation, and purification methods for the four major categories (polysaccharides, proteins and peptides, saponins, and other components) of the A. japonicus chemical substances and 10 effective biological activities of A. japonicus. Included are anticoagulation, anticancer/antitumor activities, hematopoiesis, regulation of gut microbiota, and immune regulatory activities that correspond to traditional efficacy. Literature support is provided for the development of medicines and functional foods and related aspects that play a leading role in future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mengtong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangyue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuling Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Lan D, Zhang J, Shang X, Yu L, Xu C, Wang P, Cui L, Cheng N, Sun H, Ran J, Sha L, Yin R, Gao N, Zhao J. Branch distribution pattern and anticoagulant activity of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from Phyllophorella kohkutiensis. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121304. [PMID: 37739534 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS) extracted from Phyllophorella kohkutiensis (PkFCS) is composed of d-GalNAc, d-GlcA, l-Fuc and -SO42-. According to the defined structures revealed by NMR spectra of the branches released by mild acid hydrolysis and oligosaccharides generated by β-eliminative depolymerization, the backbone of PkFCS is CS-E, and the branch types attached to C-3 of d-GlcA include l-Fuc2S4S, l-Fuc3S4S, l-Fuc4S, and the disaccharide α-d-GalNAc-1,2-α-l-Fuc3S4S with the ratio of 43:13:22:22. Notably, novel heptasaccharide and hendecasaccharide were identified that are branched with continuous distribution of the disaccharide. The structural sequences of the oligosaccharides indicate that three unique structural motifs are present in the entire PkFCS polymer, including a motif branched with randomly distributed different sulfated l-Fuc units, a motif containing regular l-Fuc2S4S branches and a motif enriched in α-d-GalNAc-1,2-α-l-Fuc3S4S. This is the first report about the distribution pattern of diverse branches in natural FCS. Natural PkFCS exhibited potent anticoagulant activity on APTT prolonging and anti-iXase activity. Regarding the structurally defined oligosaccharides with sulfated fucosyl side chains, octasaccharide (Pk4b) is the minimum fragment responsible for its anticoagulant activity correlated with anti-iXase. However, further glycosyl modification with a non-sulfated d-GalNAc at the C-2 position of l-Fuc3S4S could significantly decrease the anticoagulant and anti-iXase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaolei Shang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lijuan Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chen Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Pin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lige Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Nanqi Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huifang Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianing Ran
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Le Sha
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ronghua Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Yan C, Qu H, Li X, Feng B. Holothurian Wall Hydrolysate Ameliorates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunocompromised Mice via Regulating Immune Response and Improving Gut Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12583. [PMID: 37628768 PMCID: PMC10454611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Some biologically active compounds isolated from sea cucumbers stimulate the body's immune response by activating immune cells. Immune function is closely related to the integrity intestinal barrier and balanced gut microbiota. However, it is unknown whether the daily administration of holothurian wall hydrolysate (HWH) ameliorated intestinal dysbiosis and barrier injury induced by immunodeficiency. This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effect and the underlying mechanism of HWH in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunocompromised mice. BALB/c mice received CTX (80 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) once a day for 3 days to induce immunodeficiency, and then they received the oral administration of HWH (80 or 240 mg/kg) or levamisole hydrochloride (LH, 40 mg/kg, positive control), respectively, once a day for 7 days. We utilized 16S rRNA sequencing for microbial composition alterations, histopathological analysis for splenic and colonic morphology, Western blotting for expressions of tight junction proteins (TJs), and quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR for measurements of pro-inflammatory cytokines. HWH attenuated the immune organ damage induced by CTX, increased the secretions of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and promoted the recovery of goblet cells and the production of TJs (claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1) in the colon of the immunocompromised mice. Moreover, HWH promoted the growth of beneficial microorganisms such as Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae, Christensenellaceae, and Bifidobacterium, while it suppressed the populations of Ruminococcus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. These results demonstrate that HWH elicits intestinal mucosal immunity, repairs the damage to intestinal mucosal integrity, and normalizes the imbalanced intestinal microbial profiles in immunocompromised mice. It may be helpful to identify the biological activities of HWH to support its potential use in new prebiotics, immunomodulatory agents, and medical additives for intestinal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinli Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (C.Y.); (H.Q.)
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (C.Y.); (H.Q.)
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Cui E, Tang P, Zhu X, Lv M, Wang S, Xue Y, Li C, Zhao S. Network Pharmacology Combined with an Experimental Validation Study to Reveal the Effect and Mechanism of Eucommia ulmoides Leaf Polysaccharide against Immunomodulation. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051062. [PMID: 36900578 PMCID: PMC10001223 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the immuno-enhancing effect of Eucommia ulmoides leaf polysaccharide (ELP) was investigated in immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). To evaluate the immune enhancement mechanism of ELP, the immunoregulation effect of ELP was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. ELP is primarily composed of arabinose (26.61%), galacturonic acid (25.1%), galactose (19.35%), rhamnose (16.13%), and a small amount of glucose (12.9%). At 1000~5000 μg·mL-1, ELP could significantly enhance the proliferation and the phagocytosis of macrophages in vitro. Additionally, ELP could protect immune organs, reduce pathological damage, and reverse the decrease in the hematological indices. Moreover, ELP significantly increased the phagocytic index, enhanced the ear swelling response, augmented the production of inflammatory cytokines, and markedly up-regulated the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA levels. Furthermore, ELP improved phosphorylated p38, ERK1/2, and JNK levels, suggesting that MAPKs might be involved in immunomodulatory effects. The results provide a theoretical foundation for exploring the immune modulation function of ELP as a functional food.
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Zhang Z, Mwizerwa Muhindo E, Wang S, Yun L, Zhang M. Structural characteristics and immunostimulatory activity of sea cucumber tendon polysaccharides in cyclophosphamide-induced Balb/c mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:8627-8642. [PMID: 35894650 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00942k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sea cucumber tendon, one of the main parts of sea cucumber viscera, is widely accepted as a waste residue. In this study, a sea cucumber tendon polysaccharide (SCTPII) was purified from sea cucumber tendons and its primary structures and immunomodulatory activity were investigated. SCTPII is a triple-helix conformation homogeneous polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 3.97 × 106 Da that consists of glucose and fucose with molar ratios of 92.09% and 7.91% with high thermostability. In vivo tests on immunosuppressed Balb/c mice revealed that compared with the model group, the proliferation of T cells and B cells in splenic lymphocytes of mice in the high-dose group was significantly improved by 0.92 times and 5.14 times, respectively. Additionally, SCTPII could improve the proliferation ability and phagocytosis of macrophages, as well as promoting the expression of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ and enhancing the intestinal physical barrier function by increasing the protein expression of claudin-1, occludin, ZO-1 and MUC2. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples was performed, and gene count and α-diversity analysis revealed that SCTPs could improve the microbial community richness. In particular, SCTPs could increase the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Akkermansia and reduce the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group. These results demonstrate that SCPII possesses potential immunoregulatory activities in cyclophosphamide-induced mice by regulating intestinal microbiota diversity and improving immune organs, enhancing the proliferation ability of macrophages and splenocyte proliferation, and enhancing intestinal physical barrier function, which might provide important evidence for the development and utilization of the viscera of sea cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuchi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Esther Mwizerwa Muhindo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Songjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Liyuan Yun
- China-Russia Agricultural Processing Joint Laboratory, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, PR China.
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China. .,China-Russia Agricultural Processing Joint Laboratory, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, PR China.
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Gong PX, Wu YC, Chen X, Zhou ZL, Chen X, Lv SZ, You Y, Li HJ. Immunological effect of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and its oligomers from Holothuria fuscogilva on RAW 264.7 cells. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119362. [PMID: 35422306 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate was obtained from the sea cucumber Holothuria fuscogilva (FCShf). The structure was elucidated by NMR and HILIC-FTMS analysis. FCShf contained a chondroitin core chain [→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1 → 4)-β-D-GlcA-(1→]n, where the sulfation positions were the O-4 or O-6 of the GalNAc residues. The ratio of sulfated and non-sulfated GalNAc at O-6 was 1:2, while the ratio of GalNAc at O-4 was 1:1. 2,4-disulfated-fucose (Fuc2,4S), 4-sulfated-fucose (Fuc4S) and 3,4-disulfated-fucose (Fuc3,4S) were attached to the O-3 of GlcA with a molar ratio of 1.00: 0.62: 1.32. The FCShf could significantly promote the proliferative rate, NO production and neutral red uptake of RAW 264.7 cells within the concentration range of 10-300 μg/mL. Compared with the fucosylation and deacetylation degrees, the molecular weight of FCShf had markedly influence on the activation of RAW 264.7 cells. A decrease in molecular weight dramatically improved the immunoregulatory activities. Furthermore, FCShf activated RAW 264.7 cells through TLR-2/4-NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Xian Gong
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Yan-Chao Wu
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Ze-Lin Zhou
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Shi-Zhong Lv
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Yue You
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Hui-Jing Li
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China; Weihai Huiankang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Weihai 264200, PR China.
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Han NR, Kim KC, Kim JS, Ko SG, Park HJ, Moon PD. The immune-enhancing effects of a mixture of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Angelica gigas Nakai, and Trichosanthes Kirilowii (Maxim.) or its active constituent nodakenin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114893. [PMID: 34875347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A mixture (SH003) of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Angelica gigas Nakai, and Trichosanthes Kirilowii (Maxim.) has beneficial effects against several carcinomas. There have been few reports on an immune-enhancing activity of SH003 and its active constituent nodakenin. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed at identifying the immune-enhancing effect of SH003 and nodakenin. MATERIALS AND METHODS The immune-enhancing effect was evaluated using RAW264.7 macrophages, mouse primary splenocytes, and a cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunosuppression murine model. RESULTS The results show that SH003 or nodakenin stimulated the production levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and nitric oxide (NO) and the expression levels of iNOS in RAW264.7 macrophages. SH003 or nodakenin also enhanced NF-κB p65 activation in RAW264.7 macrophages. SH003 or nodakenin stimulated the production levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, TNF-α, and NO and the expression levels of iNOS in splenocytes. SH003 or nodakenin increased the splenic lymphocyte proliferation and splenic NK cell activity. In addition, SH003 or nodakenin increased the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in the serum and spleen of CP-treated mice, alleviating CP-induced immunosuppression. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results of this study show that SH003 improved immunosuppression through the activation of macrophages, splenocytes, and NK cells. These findings suggest that SH003 could be applied as a potential immunostimulatory agent for a variety of diseases caused or exacerbated by immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ra Han
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea; Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeoung-Cheol Kim
- Majors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Sung Kim
- Majors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Department of Anatomy & Information Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Phil-Dong Moon
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Nam JH, Choi J, Monmai C, Rod-in W, Jang AY, You S, Park WJ. Immune-Enhancing Effects of Crude Polysaccharides from Korean Ginseng Berries on Spleens of Mice with Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:256-262. [PMID: 34949747 PMCID: PMC9628850 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2110.10021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is well known as traditional herbal medicine, and ginseng berries are known to exhibit potential immune-enhancing functions. However, little is known about the in vivo immunomodulatory activity of Korean ginseng berries. In this study, crude Korean ginseng berries polysaccharides (GBP) were isolated and their immunomodulatory activities were investigated using cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppressive BALB/c mice. In CY-treated mice, oral administration of GBP (50-500 mg/kg BW) remarkably increased their spleen sizes and spleen indices and activated NK cell activities. GBP also resulted in the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes (coordinating with ConA: plant mitogen which is known to stimulate T-cell or LPS: endotoxin which binds receptor complex in B cells to promote the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, GBP significantly stimulated mRNA expression levels of immune-associated genes including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in CY-treated mice. These results indicate that GBP is involved in immune effects against CY-induced immunosuppression. Thus, GBP could be developed as an immunomodulation agent for medicinal or functional food application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyun Nam
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongUn Choi
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaiwat Monmai
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Weerawan Rod-in
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - A-yeong Jang
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea,Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea,Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-33-640-2857 Fax: +82-33-640-2850 E-mail:
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Saikosaponin D alleviates DOX-induced cardiac injury in vivo and in vitro. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 79:558-567. [PMID: 34983912 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT As a highly efficient anticancer agent, Doxorubicin (DOX) is used for various cancers' treatment, but DOX-induced oxidative damages contribute to a degenerative irreversible cardiac toxicity. Saikosaponin D (SSD), which is a triterpenoid saponin with many biological activities including anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidant properties, provides protection against pathologic cardiac remodeling and fibrosis. In present study, we investigated the work of SSD for DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and the involved mechanisms. We observed that DOX injection induced cardiac injury, malfunction and decreased survival rate. Besides, DOX treatment increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, myocardium fibrosis and decrease of cardiomyocytes' sizes. Meanwhile, all the effects were notably attenuated by SSD treatment. In vitro, we found that 1μM SSD could enhance the proliferation of H9c2 cells, and inhibit DOX-induced apoptosis. It was found that the levels of MDA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly reduced by improving the activities of the endogenous antioxidative enzymes including catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Furthermore, SSD treatment could downregulate the DOX-induced p38 phosphorylation. Our results suggested that SSD efficiently protected the cardiomyocytes from DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting the excessive oxidative stress via p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Feng G, Laijin S, Chen S, Teng W, Dejian Z, Yin C, Shoudong G. In vitro and in vivo immunoregulatory activity of sulfated fucan from the sea cucumber A. leucoprocta. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:931-938. [PMID: 34363824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo immunoregulatory activity of a water-soluble sulfated fucan AL1-1 from the sea cucumber A. leucoprocta was elucidated. In vitro experiments showed that AL1-1 up-regulated immunostimulatory activities in RAW264.7 cells and that it could successfully promote ROS production and phagocytic activity, increase secretion levels of iNOS, and induce the production of considerable amounts of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-12). We found that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was mainly involved in AL1-1 mediated macrophage activation. AL1-1's in vivo immunomodulatory activity on cyclophosphamide (CY)-treated mice was investigated and it was shown that it could strongly enhance Sig A levels, promote the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the intestine. It could also increase activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX). These results demonstrate that AL1-1 has a significant effect on enhancing in vivo and in vitro immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Feng
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Laijin
- Wenzhou University, Wenzhou Characteristic Food Resources Engineering and Technology Research Center, Wenzhou 325006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Chen
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Teng
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Dejian
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Yin
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guo Shoudong
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, People's Republic of China.
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Ma M, Wang H, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Yang S, Lv Z. The absorption of glycosaminoglycans of different molecular weight obtained from Apostichopus japonicus: an in vitro and in situ study. Food Funct 2021; 12:5551-5562. [PMID: 34008639 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00624j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the absorption and transport of glycosaminoglycan from Apostichopus japonicus (AHG) and its depolymerized derivatives (DAHG-1, DAHG-2, DAHG-3). The AHG and depolymerized AHGs (DAHGs) were characterized by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that there was no significant difference of an AHG primary structure and functional groups during the depolymerization. Meanwhile, AFM observation showed that AHG and DAHGs possessed linear structures. In this study, a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatographic post-column derivatization method was used to investigate the absorption of AHG and DAHGs with the Caco-2 cell model, the M cell model and the intestinal recirculating perfusion. It was found that AHG and DAHGs can be absorbed in the intestine, and their transport involved endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkai Yuan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, People's Republic of China. and Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, People's Republic of China. and Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, People's Republic of China. and Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, People's Republic of China
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12
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Dai J, Chen J, Qi J, Ding M, Liu W, Shao T, Han J, Wang G. Konjac Glucomannan from Amorphophallus konjac enhances immunocompetence of the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:728-735. [PMID: 33598158 PMCID: PMC7866624 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This present study was designed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of Konjac glucomannan (KGM) on immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) treatment. The mice immunodeficiency model was established by CTX. KGM was used to modulate the activities of immunosuppressive mice. It was proved that KGM could promote the proliferation of lymphocyte, thymus, and spleen indices, and alleviate the atrophy of immune organs and weight loss. Besides, in mice serum, the levels of cytokines including TNF-α, IgG, IL-2, and the contents of hemolysin were also increased after treatment with KGM. Furtherly, in nonspecific immunity, KGM could enhance natural killer (NK) cell lethality and pinocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Therefore, all of these results revealed that KGM could improve the reduced immunity of CTX-induced mice via modulation innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Dai
- School of Public HealthWannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re‐evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological MacromoleculesWuhuChina
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Public HealthWannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
| | - Jun Qi
- College of Tea & Food Science and TechnologyAnhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro‐products ProcessingAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Mengru Ding
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re‐evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological MacromoleculesWuhuChina
- School of Pharmacy, Drug Research & Development CenterWannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
| | - Wei Liu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re‐evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological MacromoleculesWuhuChina
- School of Pharmacy, Drug Research & Development CenterWannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
| | - Taili Shao
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re‐evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological MacromoleculesWuhuChina
- School of Pharmacy, Drug Research & Development CenterWannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
| | - Jun Han
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re‐evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological MacromoleculesWuhuChina
- School of Pharmacy, Drug Research & Development CenterWannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
| | - Guodong Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re‐evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological MacromoleculesWuhuChina
- School of Pharmacy, Drug Research & Development CenterWannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
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13
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Nursid M, Patantis G, Dewi AS, Achmad MJ, Sembodo PM, Estuningsih S. Immunnostimulatory activity of Holothuria atra sea cucumber. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e58820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulant is a substance that can stimulate the immune system against pathogenic microbes. Natural products produced by sea cucumbers have the potential to be developed as immunostimulants. This study was aimed to evaluate the imunostimulatory activity of Holothuria atra extract using the phagocytocyte assay of macrophage cells and the differentiation of leukocyte in rats. The samples of H. atra were taken from Halmahera waters, North Maluku, Indonesia. Extraction was carried out with 96% ethanol. Phagocytocyte activity assay was carried out using macrophage cells isolated from Balb/c mice (Mus musculus) using a series of doses 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0; 8.0; 16.0 and 32.0 mg/kg body weight. Leukocyte differentiation test in vivo was conducted using Rattus norvegicus rat treated with H. atra extract for 90 days with the following series of doses: 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight. The results showed that the highest phagocytosis activity was reached at a concentration of 4.0 µg/ml, but it was insignificantly different from the negative control group (p < 0.05). Leukocyte differentiation assay showed that the administration of H. atra extract increased the immune system response in the animals which was characterized by the increasing number of lymphocyte cells. H. atra extract also decreased the number of monocytes and neutrophils, suggesting the suppression of inflammation in the tested rats. Extract administration for 90 days did not cause a hypersensitivity reaction as indicated by the unchanged number of eosinophil and basophil cells. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that H. atra had a potency to develop as an immunostimulant.
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Li H, Yuan Q, Lv K, Ma H, Gao C, Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhao L. Low-molecular-weight fucosylated glycosaminoglycan and its oligosaccharides from sea cucumber as novel anticoagulants: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:117034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Jiang S, Yin H, Qi X, Song W, Shi W, Mou J, Yang J. Immunomodulatory effects of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from Stichopus chloronotus on RAW 264.7 cells. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 251:117088. [PMID: 33142629 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sea cucumbers were nutritional food and traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber Stichopus chloronotus (fCS-Sc), a potential anticoagulant agent and immunological adjuvant, was investigated for its immune activation effects on RAW 264.7 macrophage for the first time. The results indicated that fCS-Sc could significantly promote the proliferation, the pinocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells, and the production of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. The fluorescence labeling assay indicated that fCS-Sc could bind to the macrophage. Moreover, the specific pattern recognition receptor inhibition assays showed that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR2 were involved in the recognition of fCS-Sc. Western blot assays indicated that fCS-Sc could induce degradation of cytoplasm IκB-α, and promotion of NF-κB p65 subunit translocation to nucleus, leading to a functional improvement of macrophage through NF-κB pathway. The results suggested that fCS-Sc might served as a promising candidate of immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China; Innovative Drug Research and Development Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Huanan Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China; Innovative Drug Research and Development Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohui Qi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Weiguo Song
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China; Innovative Drug Research and Development Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Weiwei Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Mou
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China; Weifang Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China; Innovative Drug Research and Development Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Weifang Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China.
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16
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Effects of Polysaccharide from Malus halliana Koehne Flowers in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression and Oxidative Stress on Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1603735. [PMID: 32256944 PMCID: PMC7091559 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1603735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of Malus halliana flower polysaccharide (MHFP) were investigated in this paper. The model of immunosuppressive mice was established by cyclophosphamide, which was treated with different dosages of MHFP (600, 400, and 200 mg/kg·d−1). The results showed that MHFP significantly increased the index of the spleen and thymus and improved the atrophy of immune organs. MHFP enhanced the ability of carbon clearance and phagocytosis of mononuclear phagocytes in mice. Meanwhile, MHFP promoted the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes. MHFP could enhance the content of serum hemolysin and improve the decrease of hemolysin induced by cyclophosphamide. The contents of ACP and LDH in the serum and spleen were determined, indicating that MHFP could enhance the activity of macrophages. MHFP promoted the content of cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) and mRNA expression. At the same time, the pathological changes of the spleen tissue also showed that MHFP could improve the immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide. In addition, MHFP increased the content of SOD, T-AOC, and CAT in the serum and spleen tissue, decreased the level of MDA, and improved the oxidative stress caused by cyclophosphamide. In conclusion, MHFP could effectively improve the immunosuppression and oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide and enhance the immune capacity of mice.
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17
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Dolmatova LS, Dolmatov IY. Different Macrophage Type Triggering as Target of the Action of Biologically Active Substances from Marine Invertebrates. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E37. [PMID: 31906518 PMCID: PMC7024355 DOI: 10.3390/md18010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a fundamental role in the immune system. Depending on the microenvironment stimuli, macrophages can acquire distinct phenotypes characterized with different sets of the markers of their functional activities. Polarization of macrophages towards M1 type (classical activation) is involved in inflammation and the related progression of diseases, while, in contrast, alternatively activated M2 macrophages are associated with the anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Reprogramming macrophages to switch their phenotypes could provide a new therapeutic strategy, and targeting the M1/M2 macrophage balance is a promising current trend in pharmacology. Marine invertebrates are a vast source of the variety of structurally diverse compounds with potent pharmacological activities. For years, a large number of studies concerning the immunomodulatory properties of the marine substances have been run with using some intracellular markers of immune stimulation or suppression irrespective of the possible application of marine compounds in reprogramming of macrophage activation, and only few reports clearly demonstrated the macrophage-polarizing activities of some marine compounds during the last decade. In this review, the data on the immunomodulating effects of the extracts and pure compounds of a variety of chemical structure from species of different classes of marine invertebrates are described with focus on their potential in shifting M1/M2 macrophage balance towards M1 or M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila S. Dolmatova
- V.I. Il‘ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Baltiyskaya 43, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Igor Yu. Dolmatov
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia;
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18
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Bai RB, Zhang YJ, Fan JM, Jia XS, Li D, Wang YP, Zhou J, Yan Q, Hu FD. Immune-enhancement effects of oligosaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula on cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression in mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:3306-3315. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02969a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are the main components of C. pilosula and show excellent immunomodulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Bin Bai
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Ya-Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Jing-Min Fan
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Xu-Seng Jia
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Dai Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Jing Zhou
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Qiao Yan
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Fang-Di Hu
- School of Pharmacy
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
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19
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Gavva C, Patel K, Kudre T, Sharan K, Chilkunda DN. Glycosaminoglycans from fresh water fish processing discard - Isolation, structural characterization, and osteogenic activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 145:558-567. [PMID: 31883888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play an important role in various biological activities. A lot of them are present in fish processing discards from abattoirs and fish processing industries which can serve as a valuable source of GAGs. We have, in this paper, isolated and characterized GAGs from fish processing discard (head) generated from the processing of Labeo rohita (L. rohita) and Piaractus brachypomus (P. brachypomus) and have determined their ability to promote osteogenic activity. Isolated GAGs showed higher amounts of chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) than heparan sulfate (HS). CS/DS from both the fish have a distinct disaccharide composition indicating differences in their structure. Biological activity, in terms of promoting osteogenesis, evaluated in MC3T3-E1 cells and primary cells of the calvaria showed that early mineralization, characterized by alkaline phosphatase staining and activity, and late mineralization, was supported by both the GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Gavva
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI campus, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Kalpana Patel
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI campus, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Tanaji Kudre
- Meat and Marine Sciences, CSIR-CFTRI campus, Mysuru 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI campus, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Kunal Sharan
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI campus, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - D Nandini Chilkunda
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI campus, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India.
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20
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Chen Y, Liu H, Wang Y, Yang S, Yu M, Jiang T, Lv Z. Glycosaminoglycan from Apostichopus japonicus inhibits hepatic glucose production via activating Akt/FoxO1 and inhibiting PKA/CREB signaling pathways in insulin resistant hepatocytes. Food Funct 2019; 10:7565-7575. [PMID: 31687719 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01444f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect and the underlying mechanism of glycosaminoglycan from Apostichopus japonicus (AHG) on hepatic glucose production (HGP) in insulin resistant hepatocytes. Insulin resistance was induced with high glucose (HG) for 24 h in primary hepatocytes. The results showed that AHG exhibited hypoglycemic activity at a relatively low concentration (1 μg mL-1) and revealed non-toxic activity to insulin resistant hepatocytes even at 500 μg mL-1 concentration. The HGP test showed that the treatment of AHG (10 μg mL-1) for 3 h decreased HGP by 25% in insulin resistant hepatocytes. Quantitative PCR and western blot analysis revealed that AHG also ameliorated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). The data revealed the mechanism of AHG in alleviating HGP via activating the Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway and suppressing the PKA/CREB signaling pathway in insulin resistant hepatocytes. This finding suggests that AHG could be a potential marine natural product for the treatment of dysregulating glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Yuanhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mingming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tingfu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhihua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
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21
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Lee WT, Tan BK, Eng SA, Yuen GC, Chan KL, Sim YK, Sulaiman SF, Shu-Chien AC. Black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra Jaeger, 1833) rescues Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected Caenorhabditis elegans via reduction of pathogen virulence factors and enhancement of host immunity. Food Funct 2019; 10:5759-5767. [PMID: 31453615 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01357a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A strategy to circumvent the problem of multidrug resistant pathogens is the discovery of anti-infectives targeting bacterial virulence or host immunity. Black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) is a tropical sea cucumber species traditionally consumed as a remedy for many ailments. There is a paucity of knowledge on the anti-infective capacity of H. atra and the underlying mechanisms involved. The objective of this study is to utilize the Caenorhabditis elegans-P. aeruginosa infection model to elucidate the anti-infective properties of H. atra. A bioactive H. atra extract and subsequently its fraction were shown to have the capability of promoting the survival of C. elegans during a customarily lethal P. aeruginosa infection. The same entities also attenuate the production of elastase, protease, pyocyanin and biofilm in P. aeruginosa. The treatment of infected transgenic lys-7::GFP worms with this H. atra fraction restores the repressed expression of the defense enzyme lys-7, indicating an improved host immunity. QTOF-LCMS analysis revealed the presence of aspidospermatidine, an indole alkaloid, and inosine in this fraction. Collectively, our findings show that H. atra possesses anti-infective properties against P. aeruginosa infection, by inhibiting pathogen virulence and, eventually, reinstating host lys-7 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Lee
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (IPHARM), National Institute of Biotechnology Malaysia, Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, Bukit Gambir, Malaysia
| | - Boon-Khai Tan
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (IPHARM), National Institute of Biotechnology Malaysia, Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, Bukit Gambir, Malaysia
| | - Su-Anne Eng
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Gan Chee Yuen
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kit Lam Chan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yee Kwang Sim
- Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Shaida Fariza Sulaiman
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia. and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (IPHARM), National Institute of Biotechnology Malaysia, Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, Bukit Gambir, Malaysia and School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia. and Centre for Chemical Biology, Sains@USM, Blok B No. 10, Persiaran Bukit Jambul, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
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22
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Zhou TY, Xiang XW, Du M, Zhang LF, Cheng NX, Liu XL, Zheng B, Wen ZS. Protective effect of polysaccharides of sea cucumber Acaudina leucoprocta on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative injury in RAW264.7 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:1133-1140. [PMID: 31419551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the protective effects of polysaccharides of sea cucumber Acaudina leucoprocta (ALP) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced oxidative injury in RAW264.7 cells. Analysis of monosaccharide composition and structure of one fraction from ALP (ALPN) were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectoscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that ALPN contain sulfate groups, which is sulfated polysaccharides. The results from MTT assay indicated that ALPN could markedly increase viability of cells compared with RAW264.7 cells exposed to H2O2. Moreover, ALPN significantly increased the levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), decreased the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in RAW264.7 cells. The data from RT-PCR showed that ALPN (300 μg/mL) could increase the gene expression levels of SOD1 and GPX1. ALPN could also observably increase the protein expression level of Nrf2 and decrease the protein expression level of Keap1 with western blot. Collectively, this study suggested that polysaccharides of sea cucumber Acaudina leucoprocta (ALP) could effectively protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative injury. This protection mechanism may be related to activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Wei Xiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Du
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Fang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Xue Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Lin Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Marine Development Research Institute, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Shun Wen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China.
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Comparison of chain conformation properties of bio-active fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from two different sea cucumbers. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Bi M, Qiao X, Zhang H, Wu H, Gao Z, Zhou H, Shi M, Wang Y, Yang J, Hu J, Liang W, Liu Y, Qiao X, Zhang S, Zhao Z. Effect of inhibiting ACAT-1 expression on the growth and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:1548-1556. [PMID: 31423222 PMCID: PMC6607388 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that acetyl-CoA acetryltransferase 1 (ACAT-1) may mediate tumor development and metastasis. However, the specific function served by ACAT-1 in lung cancer is not well understood. Therefore, the present study initially verified that ACAT-1 was overexpressed in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tissues compared with non-LLC mice and that this overexpression promoted the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of these LLC samples. Western blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry allowed the present study to determine that the ACAT-1 inhibitor avasimibe significantly reduced the expression of ACAT-1 in LLC compared with LLC cells that are not treated with avasimibe (P<0.05). A combination of Cell Counting Kit-8 and wound healing assays demonstrated that downregulating ACAT-1 expression sufficiently inhibited the proliferation of LLC cells. Avasimibe promoted LLC cell apoptosis as assessed by a Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining assay. Furthermore, avasimibe inhibited tumor growth in vivo and improved immune responses, with tissue biopsies from LLC model mice exhibiting higher levels of ACAT-1 compared with in healthy controls. Altogether, the results of the present study reveal that avasimibe may inhibit the progression of LLC by downregulating the expression of ACAT-1, which may thus be a potential novel therapeutic target for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghong Bi
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Xuxu Qiao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Huazhang Wu
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyuan Gao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Hairong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Mohan Shi
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Jingru Yang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Weichen Liang
- Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Xujie Qiao
- Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Zhibiao Zhao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
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Liu H, Yan Y, Zhang F, Wu Q. The Immuno-Enhancement Effects of Tubiechong (Eupolyphaga sinensis) Lyophilized Powder in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice. Immunol Invest 2019; 48:844-859. [PMID: 30917711 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1588291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tubiechong (Eupolyphaga sinensis) is an important material used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, the immunoregulation effects of E. sinensis Lyophilized Powder (ESL) are unclear. The in vivo study thus designed to elucidate the immuno-enhancement effects of ESL in immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). Mice were treated with three doses of ESL (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg). Compared with model group, ESL notably increased the immune organ index, mononuclear macrophages function and the level of nature killer cell (NK) (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was also improved (p < 0.05). The level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were enhanced (p < 0.05), while malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and nitrogen monoxide (NO) were reduced (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Meanwhile, cluster determinant (CD)3+ T cell, CD4+ T cell and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were increased (p < 0.01). The cytokines secretion such as interleukin (IL)-2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were notably increased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), and IL-6 and IL-16 were also enhanced (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ESL significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), up-regulated the B cell lymphoma-2 protein (Bcl-2) expression and decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in spleen tissues (p < 0.05). In brief, all these findings suggest that ESL could effectively improve immune functions via modulating oxidative systems and innate immune cells. Abbreviations: TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine; ESL: Eupolyphaga sinensis Lyophilized Powder; CCl4: Carbon tetrachloride; ERK: Extracellular regulated protein kinases; CTX: Cyclophosphamide; DTH: Delayed type hypersensitivity; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; CAT: Catalase; MDA: Malonyldialdehyde; NO: Nitrogen monoxide; NK: Nature killer cell; CD: Cluster determinant interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Bax: Bcl-2 associated X protein; Bcl-2: B cell lymphoma-2 protein; Th1: Type-1 helper; Th2: Type-2 helper; FAMEs: Fatty acid methyl esters; DNFB: 2,4 - Dinitrofluorobenzene; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay; MAPK: Mitogen activated protein kinase; Cyt-c: Cytochrome c; SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids; SDS-PAGE: Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yunliang Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Fengling Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Qiaofeng Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China
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26
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Wang H, Xu L, Yu M, Wang Y, Jiang T, Yang S, Lv Z. Glycosaminoglycan from Apostichopus japonicus induces immunomodulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-treated mice and in macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:229-237. [PMID: 30797007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to systematically elucidate the immunomodulation effect of glycosaminoglycan from Apostichopus japonicus (AHG) in cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppression model and potential mechanism responsible for the activation of macrophages. The results showed that the treatment with AHG could increase natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, carbon clearance and marker enzymes activities in CY-induced immunosuppression mice, indicating that the innate immunity experienced recovery to some extent. Moreover, CY-induced reductions in thymus and spleen indices, serum levels of cytokines, immunoglobulins and hemolysin, as well as the ratio of spleen lymphocyte subsets were recovered by AHG, suggesting that AHG could improve the adaptive immunity through cellular immunity and humoral immunity. Delightedly, it was found that AHG at 10 mg/kg body weight could restore the CY-induced immunosuppression in mice to normal level on both innate and adaptive immunity. Furthermore, AHG also promoted both the expression of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18 and MCP-1 protein and related mRNA in macrophages. It was revealed that AHG activated macrophages through the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-B (NF-κB). In conclusion, AHG exerts remarkable immunomodulatory activities in both innate and adaptive immune system. These findings should have great value for further study on the immunopotentiating mechanisms of this biomacromolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Mingming Yu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Yuanhong Wang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Tingfu Jiang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Zhihua Lv
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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