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Widanarni W, Gustilatov M, Ekasari J, Julyantoro PGS, Waturangi DE, Sukenda S. Unveiling the positive impact of biofloc culture on Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection of Pacific white shrimp by reducing quorum sensing and virulence gene expression and enhancing immunity. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13932. [PMID: 38373053 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate and unveil the positive impact of biofloc culture on Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection of Pacific white shrimp by reducing quorum sensing (QS) and virulence gene expression and enhancing shrimp's immunity. The shrimp with an average body weight of 0.50 ± 0.09 g were reared in containers with a volume of 2.5 L, 21 units, and a density of 20 shrimp L-1. The shrimp were cultured for 5 days, with each treatment including biofloc system maintenance with a C/N ratio of 10 and a control treatment without biofloc, followed by a challenge test through immersion using V. parahaemolyticus at densities of 103, 105, and 107 CFU mL-1 initially. The results of the in vitro experiment showed that biofloc suspension can inhibit and disperse biofilm formation, as well as reduce the exo-enzyme activity (amylase, protease, and chitinase) of V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, the biofloc treatment significantly reduced the expression of the QS regulatory gene OpaR, the PirB toxin gene, and the virulence factor genes T6SS1 and T6SS2 in both in vitro and in vivo. The biofloc system also increased the expression of shrimp immunity-related genes (LGBP, proPO, SP, and PE) and the survival rate of white shrimp challenged with V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widanarni Widanarni
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhamad Gustilatov
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Julie Ekasari
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Pande Gde Sasmita Julyantoro
- Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, University of Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | | | - Sukenda Sukenda
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
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Le TN, Dinh TT, Mai-Hoang TD, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Tran-Van H. Serine protease inhibitor 3 (Serpin3) from Penaeus vannamei selectively interacts with Vibrio parahaemolyticus PirA vp. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13935. [PMID: 38403934 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) represents a significant challenge in the field of shrimp aquaculture. This disease is primarily caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains harbouring the pVA1 plasmid encoding the PirAvp and PirBvp toxins. To combat this epidemic and mitigate its devastating consequences, it is crucial to identify and characterize the receptors responsible for the binding of these pathogenic toxins. Our studied discovered that Penaeus vannamei's Serine protease inhibitor 3 (PvSerpin3) derived from shrimp hepatopancreatic tissues could bind to recombinant PirAvp , confirming its role as a novel PirAvp -binding protein (PA BP). Through comprehensive computational methods, we revealed two truncated PirAvp -binding proteins derived from PvSerpin3 called Serpin3(13) and Serpin3(22), which had higher affinity to PirAvp than the full-length PvSerpin3. The PA BP genes were amplified from a cDNA library that was reversed from total RNA extracted from shrimp, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Three PA BP inclusion bodies were refolded to obtain the soluble form, and the recovery efficacy was found to be 100% for Serpin3 and Serpin3(13), while Serpin3(22) had a recovery efficacy of roundly 50%. Co-Immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and dot blot assays substantiated the interaction of these recombinant PA BPs with both recombinant PirAvp and VPAHPND (XN89)-producing natural toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Nguyen Le
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Thuan-Thien Dinh
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Thuy-Dung Mai-Hoang
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli
- VetCore Facility for Research, Proteomics Facility, Veterinary Medicine University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hieu Tran-Van
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
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Jeon MY, Han JE, Lee DG, Cho YL, Jang JH, Lee J, Park JG, Kwon DH, Park SY, Kim W, Lee K, Kim JH, Lee NK. Novel sandwich immunoassay detects a shrimp AHPND-causing binary PirAB Vp toxin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1294801. [PMID: 38089817 PMCID: PMC10711049 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1294801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The binary PirA/PirB toxin expressed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (PirABVp) is a virulent complex that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimps, affecting the global shrimp farming industry. AHPND is currently diagnosed by detecting pirA and pirB genes by PCR; however, several V. parahaemolyticus strains do not produce the two toxins as proteins. Thus, an immunoassay using antibodies may be the most effective tool for detecting toxin molecules. In this study, we report a sandwich ELISA-based immunoassay for the detection of PirABVp. Methods We utilized a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library to select scFvs against the PirA or PirB subunits. Phage display panning rounds were conducted to screen and identify scFv antibodies directed against each recombinant toxin subunit. Selected scFvs were converted into IgGs to develop a sandwich immunoassay to detect recombinant and bacterial PirABVp. Results Antibodies produced as IgG forms showed sub-nanomolar to nanomolar affinities (KD), and a pair of anti-PirA antibody as a capture and anti-PirB antibody as a detector showed a limit of detection of 201.7 ng/mL for recombinant PirABVp. The developed immunoassay detected PirABVp in the protein lysates of AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus (VpAHPND) and showed a significant detectability in moribund or dead shrimp infected with a VpAHPND virulent strain compared to that in non-infected shrimp. Discussion These results indicate that the developed immunoassay is a reliable method for diagnosing AHPND by detecting PirABVp at the protein level and could be further utilized to accurately determine the virulence of extant or newly identified VpAHPND in the global shrimp culture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Young Jeon
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Eun Han
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gwang Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Lai Cho
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Jang
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwook Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Gil Park
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyung Kwon
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Young Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wantae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunglee Lee
- Cetacean Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Kyung Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Prashar A, Kinkar OU, Kumar A, Hadapad AB, Makde RD, Hire RS. Crystal structures of PirA and PirB toxins from Photorhabdus akhurstii subsp. akhurstii K-1. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 162:104014. [PMID: 37778713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
PirAB binary toxin from Photorhabdus is toxic to the larvae of dipteran and lepidopteran insect pests. However, the 3-D structures and their toxicity mechanism are not yet fully understood. Here we report the crystal structures of PirA and PirB proteins from Photorhabdus akhurstii subsp. akhurstii K-1 at 1.6 and 2.1 Å, respectively. PirA comprises of eight β-strands depicting jelly-roll topology while PirB folds into two distinct domains, an N-terminal domain (PirB-N) made up of seven α-helices and a C-terminal domain (PirB-C) consists of ten β-strands. Despite the low sequence identity, PirA adopts similar architecture as domain III and PirB shared similar architecture as domain I/II of the Cry δ-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, respectively. However, PirA shows significant structural variations as compared to domain III of lepidopteran and dipteran specific Cry toxins (Cry1Aa and Cry11Ba) suggesting its role in virulence among range of insect pests and hence, in receptor binding. High structural resemblance between PirB-N and domain I of Cry toxin raises the possibility that the putative PirAB binary toxin may mimic the toxicity mechanism of the Cry protein, particularly its ability to perform pore formation. The mixture of independently purified PirA and PirB proteins are not toxic to insects. However, PirA-PirB protein complex purified from expression of pir operon with non-coding Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) sequences found toxic to Galleria mellonella larvae with LD50 value of 1.62 μg/larva. This suggests that toxic conformation of PirA and PirB are achieved in-vivo with the help of ERIC sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Prashar
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Omkar U Kinkar
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India; Beamline Development and Application Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Beamline Development and Application Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ashok B Hadapad
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ravindra D Makde
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India; Beamline Development and Application Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ramesh S Hire
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India.
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Wang HC, Lin SJ, Wang HC, Kumar R, Le PT, Leu JH. A bacterial binary toxin system that kills both insects and aquatic crustaceans: Photorhabdus insect-related toxins A and B. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011330. [PMID: 37141203 PMCID: PMC10159206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photorhabdus insect-related toxins A and B (PirA and PirB) were first recognized as insecticidal toxins from Photorhabdus luminescens. However, subsequent studies showed that their homologs from Vibrio parahaemolyticus also play critical roles in the pathogenesis of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimps. Based on the structural features of the PirA/PirB toxins, it was suggested that they might function in the same way as a Bacillus thuringiensis Cry pore-forming toxin. However, unlike Cry toxins, studies on the PirA/PirB toxins are still scarce, and their cytotoxic mechanism remains to be clarified. In this review, based on our studies of V. parahaemolyticus PirAvp/PirBvp, we summarize the current understanding of the gene locations, expression control, activation, and cytotoxic mechanism of this type of toxin. Given the important role these toxins play in aquatic disease and their potential use in pest control applications, we also suggest further topics for research. We hope the information presented here will be helpful for future PirA/PirB studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ching Wang
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shin-Jen Lin
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ramya Kumar
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Phuoc Thien Le
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiann-Horng Leu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Hernández-Cabanyero C, Carrascosa E, Jiménez S, Fouz B. Exploring the Effect of Functional Diets Containing Phytobiotic Compounds in Whiteleg Shrimp Health: Resistance to Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrotic Disease Caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081354. [PMID: 37106917 PMCID: PMC10135097 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis (AHPND) is an emerging severe disease caused by strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VpAHPND) in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Mitigating its negative impact, and at the same time minimizing antibiotics treatments, is the major challenge in shrimp aquaculture. A sustainable strategy could be to include immunostimulants in diet. Phytobiotics, harmless plant extracts with immunostimulatory and biocidal activities, are promising candidates. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of two diets (E and F) supplemented with phytobiotics (functional diets) in terms of protecting shrimp against AHPND. For this purpose, groups of animals were fed functional or control diets for 4 and 5 weeks and, subsequently, they were challenged with VpAHPND by immersion. We compared the mortality in infected groups and estimated the percentage of carriers by using a specific qPCR in hepatopancreas tissue. The results showed that mortality was significantly lower in the group fed functional diet E and, after a 5-week feeding schedule. This group also showed the lowest percentage of carriers. The pathological effects were also reduced with diet F. Thus, feeding shrimp with phytobiotic-enriched diets in critical periods will be highly beneficial because it increases the host's resistance to AHPND pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Hernández-Cabanyero
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Carrascosa
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Jiménez
- IGUSOL ADVANCE, S.A. Pol. Ind. Lentiscares. C/La Losa, 7, 26370 Navarrete, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Belén Fouz
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Lange MD, Abernathy J, Rawles AA, Zhang D, Shoemaker CA, Bader TJ, Beck BH. Transcriptome analysis of Pacific white shrimp (Liptopenaeus vannamei) after exposure to recombinant Vibrio parahaemolyticus PirA and PirB proteins. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108502. [PMID: 36565998 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in marine and estuarine environments and is endemic among the global shrimp aquaculture industry. V. parahaemolyticus proteins PirA and PirB have been determined to be major virulence factors that contribute significantly to the development of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. Our previous work had demonstrated the lethality of recombinant PirA and PirB proteins to Pacific white shrimp (Liptopenaeus vannamei). To understand the host response to these proteins, recombinant PirA and PirB proteins were administered using a reverse gavage method and individual shrimp were then sampled over time. Shrimp hepatopancreas libraries were generated and RNA sequencing was performed on the control and recombinant PirA/B-treated samples. Differentially expressed genes were identified among the assayed time points. Differentially expressed genes that were co-expressed at the later time points (2-, 4- and 6-h) were also identified and gene associations were established to predict functional physiological networks. Our analysis reveals that the recombinant PirA and PirB proteins have likely initiated an early host response involving several cell survival signaling and innate immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Jason Abernathy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Anna A Rawles
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - Dunhua Zhang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Craig A Shoemaker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Troy J Bader
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
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Gu X, Liu M, Wang B, Jiang K, Wang L. Identification and Expression Analysis of an Interacting Protein (LvFABP) that Mediates Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND Toxin Action. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940405. [PMID: 35860240 PMCID: PMC9289683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing AHPND (VPAHPND) is the most serious disease affecting shrimp farming. The PirAvp and PirBvp toxins of VPAHPND are known virulence factors. However, the corresponding target protein in shrimp that mediates their action has not been identified. By screening yeast two-hybrid cDNA libraries from intestine, stomach, and hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei, the protein with the largest increase in gene expression in shrimp hepatopancreas in response to VPAHPND challenge was identified and designated LvFABP. Analysis revealed high sequence homology of the LvFABP gene and a lipocalin/cytosolic fatty acid binding gene. Yeast two-hybrid pairwise analysis, GST-pull down assay, and far-western blot assay were performed to determine the interaction between LvFABP and PirBvp. LvFABP was able to directly bind to PirBvp. The expression of LvFABP in the hepatopancreas was significantly higher at P23 and P27 developmental stages of L. vannamei. RNA interference (RNAi) of LvFABP reduced the mortality, histopathological signs of AHPND in the hepatopancreas, and the number of virulent VPAHPND bacteria in the intestine, stomach, and hepatopancreas after VPAHPND challenge. We concluded that the LvFABP was involved in AHPND pathogenesis and acted as a VPAHPND toxin interacting protein. This is the first identification of VPAHPND toxin interacting protein from the shrimp digestive system by yeast two-hybrid library screening and were confirmed by in vitro protein interaction verification and in vivo challenge experiments. This study provides novel insight into the contributions of LvFABP towards AHPND pathogenesis in shrimp. The findings could inform AHPND preventative measures in shrimp farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Gu
- Chinese Academy Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Disease Control in Mariculture, Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Baojie Wang
- Chinese Academy Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keyong Jiang
- Chinese Academy Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Chinese Academy Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Wang,
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Soto-Rodriguez SA, Lozano-Olvera R, Ramos-Clamont Montfort G, Zenteno E, Sánchez-Salgado JL, Vibanco-Pérez N, Aguilar Rendón KG. New Insights into the Mechanism of Action of PirAB from Vibrio Parahaemolyticus. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040243. [PMID: 35448852 PMCID: PMC9030326 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PirAB toxins secreted by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) harbor the pVA1 virulence plasmid, which causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), an emerging disease in Penaeid shrimp that can cause 70–100% mortality and that has resulted in great economic losses since its first appearance. The cytotoxic effect of PirABVp on the epithelial cells of the shrimp hepatopancreas (Hp) has been extensively documented. New insights into the biological role of the PirBVp subunit show that it has lectin-like activity and recognizes mucin-like O-glycosidic structures in the shrimp Hp. The search for toxin receptors can lead to a better understanding of the infection mechanisms of the pathogen and the prevention of the host disease by blocking toxin–receptor interactions using a mimetic antagonist. There is also evidence that Vp AHPND changes the community structure of the microbiota in the surrounding water, resulting in a significant reduction of several bacterial taxa, especially Neptuniibacter spp. Considering these findings, the PirABvp toxin could exhibit a dual role of damaging the shrimp Hp while killing the surrounding bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A. Soto-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Unidad de Acuacultura y Manejo Ambiental, Av. Sábalo-Cerritos S/N A.P. 711, Mazatlán 82112, Sinaloa, Mexico; (R.L.-O.); (K.G.A.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rodolfo Lozano-Olvera
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Unidad de Acuacultura y Manejo Ambiental, Av. Sábalo-Cerritos S/N A.P. 711, Mazatlán 82112, Sinaloa, Mexico; (R.L.-O.); (K.G.A.R.)
| | - Gabriela Ramos-Clamont Montfort
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico, Mexico; (E.Z.); (J.L.S.-S.)
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Salgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico, Mexico; (E.Z.); (J.L.S.-S.)
| | - Norberto Vibanco-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura, Tepic 63190, Nayarit, Mexico;
| | - Karla G. Aguilar Rendón
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Unidad de Acuacultura y Manejo Ambiental, Av. Sábalo-Cerritos S/N A.P. 711, Mazatlán 82112, Sinaloa, Mexico; (R.L.-O.); (K.G.A.R.)
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10
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Expression of the AHPND Toxins PirA vp and PirB vp Is Regulated by Components of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus Quorum Sensing (QS) System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052889. [PMID: 35270031 PMCID: PMC8911003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp is caused by Vibrio strains that harbor a pVA1-like plasmid containing the pirA and pirB genes. It is also known that the production of the PirA and PirB proteins, which are the key factors that drive the observed symptoms of AHPND, can be influenced by environmental conditions and that this leads to changes in the virulence of the bacteria. However, to our knowledge, the mechanisms involved in regulating the expression of the pirA/pirB genes have not previously been investigated. In this study, we show that in the AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus 3HP strain, the pirAvp and pirBvp genes are highly expressed in the early log phase of the growth curve. Subsequently, the expression of the PirAvp and PirBvp proteins continues throughout the log phase. When we compared mutant strains with a deletion or substitution in two of the quorum sensing (QS) master regulators, luxO and/or opaR (luxOD47E, ΔopaR, ΔluxO, and ΔopaRΔluxO), our results suggested that expression of the pirAvp and pirBvp genes was related to the QS system, with luxO acting as a negative regulator of pirAvp and pirBvp without any mediation by opaRvp. In the promoter region of the pirAvp/pirBvp operon, we also identified a putative consensus binding site for the QS transcriptional regulator AphB. Real-time PCR further showed that aphBvp was negatively controlled by LuxOvp, and that its expression paralleled the expression patterns of pirAvp and pirBvp. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that AphBvp could bind to this predicted region, even though another QS transcriptional regulator, AphAvp, could not. Taken together, these findings suggest that the QS system may regulate pirAvp/pirBvp expression through AphBvp.
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11
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Bao S, Gao S, Zhang M, Wang Y. Characterization of toxicity and structure of PirAB vc -like proteins that are structurally almost identical to shrimp AHPND-causing PirAB toxin. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:315-326. [PMID: 34802159 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PirAB is a binary toxic protein that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp. Their closest homologs, PirAvc -like and PirBvc -like proteins, are encoded by two adjacent genes on a non-pVH plasmid from a Vibrio campbellii strain. Herein, PirABvc -like protein caused neither abnormalities nor death in shrimp postlarvae (Litopenaeus vannamei); furthermore, typical AHPND clinical signs were not observed. PirAvc -like protein corresponds to Cry toxin domain III (ligand-binding domain) and likely binds to N-acetylgalactosamine. The C-terminal and N-terminal of PirBvc -like resemble Cry toxin domain II (receptor-binding domain) and domain I (pore-forming domain), respectively. PirAvc -like and PirBvc -like proteins are structurally similar to PirA and PirB, respectively. Subtle structural differences between PirAvc -like protein and PirA appear to be involved in ligand-binding and binary protein complex formation. The difference in virulence of PirABvc -like and PirAB may result from the specific binding of the protein complex to distinct host receptors. These results shed light on the potential functions and host receptors of PirABvc -like proteins and their relationship with PirAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiming Bao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangshuang Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
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12
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Characterization of the Novel Phage vB_VpaP_FE11 and Its Potential Role in Controlling Vibrio parahaemolyticus Biofilms. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020264. [PMID: 35215857 PMCID: PMC8879856 DOI: 10.3390/v14020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus causes aquatic vibriosis. Its biofilm protects it from antibiotics; therefore, a new different method is needed to control V. parahaemolyticus for food safety. Phage therapy represents an alternative strategy to control biofilms. In this study, the lytic Vibrio phage vB_VpaP_FE11 (FE11) was isolated from the sewers of Guangzhou Huangsha Aquatic Market. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that FE11 has a typical podovirus morphology. Its optimal stability temperature and pH range were found to be 20–50 °C and 5–10 °C, respectively. It was completely inactivated following ultraviolet irradiation for 20 min. Its latent period is 10 min and burst size is 37 plaque forming units/cell. Its double-stranded DNA genome is 43,397 bp long, with a G + C content of 49.24% and 50 predicted protein-coding genes. As a lytic phage, FE11 not only prevented the formation of biofilms but also could destroy the formed biofilms effectively. Overall, phage vB_VpaP_FE11 is a potential biological control agent against V. parahaemolyticus and the biofilm it produces.
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13
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Ong JH, Wong WL, Wong FC, Chai TT. Targeting PirA vp and PirB vp Toxins of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with Oilseed Peptides: An In Silico Approach. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1211. [PMID: 34680792 PMCID: PMC8532646 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by PirAvp- and PirBvp-releasing Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains, has resulted in massive mortality in shrimp aquaculture. Excessive use of antibiotics for AHPND management has led to antibiotic resistance, highlighting the urgency to search for alternatives. Using an in silico approach, we aimed to discover PirAvp/PirBvp-binding peptides from oilseed meals as alternatives to antibiotics. To search for peptides that remain intact in the shrimp digestive tract, and therefore would be available for toxin binding, we focused on peptides released from tryptic hydrolysis of 37 major proteins from seeds of hemp, pumpkin, rape, sesame, and sunflower. This yielded 809 peptides. Further screening led to 24 peptides predicted as being non-toxic to shrimp, fish, and humans, with thermal stability and low water solubility. Molecular docking on the 24 peptides revealed six dual-target peptides capable of binding to key regions responsible for complex formation on both PirAvp and PirBvp. The peptides (ISYVVQGMGISGR, LTFVVHGHALMGK, QSLGVPPQLGNACNLDNLDVLQPTETIK, ISTINSQTLPILSQLR, PQFLVGASSILR, and VQVVNHMGQK) are 1139-2977 Da in mass and 10-28 residues in length. Such peptides are potential candidates for the future development of peptide-based anti-AHPND agents which potentially mitigate V. parahaemolyticus pathogenesis by intercepting PirAvp/PirBvp complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe-Hui Ong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia; (J.-H.O.); (F.-C.W.)
| | - Wey-Lim Wong
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia;
- Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia; (J.-H.O.); (F.-C.W.)
- Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia; (J.-H.O.); (F.-C.W.)
- Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia
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14
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De Los Santos MV, Sánchez-Salgado JL, Pereyra A, Zenteno E, Vibanco-Pérez N, Ramos-Clamont Montfort G, Soto-Rodriguez SA. The Vibrio parahaemolyticus subunit toxin PirB vp recognizes glycoproteins on the epithelium of the Penaeus vannamei hepatopancreas. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 257:110673. [PMID: 34530120 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus toxin PirABvp is the major virulence factor exotoxin that contributes to the disruption of the hepatopancreatic epithelium in acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in shrimp. The PirBvp subunit is a lectin that recognizes amino sugars; however, its potential role in recognition of the hepatopancreas has not been identified. In the present work, we identified the cellular receptor for PirBvp in the shrimp hepatopancreas. A ligand blot assay of hepatopancreas lysate showed that the PirBvp subunit recognizes two glycoprotein bands of 60 and 70 kDa (Gc60 and Gc70). The hepatopancreas lysate was fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, and the three main fractions obtained contained the recognized Gc60 and Gc70 protein bands. LC-MS/MS indicated that beta-hexosaminidases subunit beta and mucin-like 5 AC corresponded to the 60 and 70 kDa bands, respectively, which seem to be expressed in the epithelial cells of the hepatopancreas. Endoglycosidase treatment of hepatopancreas lysate with the O-glycosidase from Enterococcus faecalis, inhibits the binding of PirBvp. Altogether, these results suggest the relevance of the interaction of PirBvp with the hepatopancreas in the pathogenesis of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Victorio De Los Santos
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura, Tepic, Nayarit 63190, Mexico; Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Unidad de Acuacultura y Manejo Ambiental, Av. Sábalo-Cerritos S/N A.P. 711, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82112, Mexico.
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Salgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Ali Pereyra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Norberto Vibanco-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura, Tepic, Nayarit 63190, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Ramos-Clamont Montfort
- Laboratorio de Función y Funcionalidad de Proteínas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, A.P. 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Sonia A Soto-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Unidad de Acuacultura y Manejo Ambiental, Av. Sábalo-Cerritos S/N A.P. 711, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82112, Mexico.
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15
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Kumar V, Roy S, Behera BK, Bossier P, Das BK. Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND): Virulence, Pathogenesis and Mitigation Strategies in Shrimp Aquaculture. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:524. [PMID: 34437395 PMCID: PMC8402356 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimp, as a high-protein animal food commodity, are one of the fastest growing food producing sectors in the world. It has emerged as a highly traded seafood product, currently exceeding 8 MT of high value. However, disease outbreaks, which are considered as the primary cause of production loss in shrimp farming, have moved to the forefront in recent years and brought socio-economic and environmental unsustainability to the shrimp aquaculture industry. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by Vibrio spp., is a relatively new farmed penaeid shrimp bacterial disease. The shrimp production in AHPND affected regions has dropped to ~60%, and the disease has caused a global loss of USD 43 billion to the shrimp farming industry. The conventional approaches, such as antibiotics and disinfectants, often applied for the mitigation or cure of AHPND, have had limited success. Additionally, their usage has been associated with alteration of host gut microbiota and immunity and development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens. For example, the Mexico AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus strain (13-306D/4 and 13-511/A1) were reported to carry tetB gene coding for tetracycline resistance gene, and V. campbellii from China was found to carry multiple antibiotic resistance genes. As a consequence, there is an urgent need to thoroughly understand the virulence mechanism of AHPND-causing Vibrio spp. and develop novel management strategies to control AHPND in shrimp aquaculture, that will be crucially important to ensure food security in the future and offer economic stability to farmers. In this review, the most important findings of AHPND are highlighted, discussed and put in perspective, and some directions for future research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India; (S.R.); (B.K.B.); (B.K.D.)
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Suvra Roy
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India; (S.R.); (B.K.B.); (B.K.D.)
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India; (S.R.); (B.K.B.); (B.K.D.)
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India; (S.R.); (B.K.B.); (B.K.D.)
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16
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Mai HN, Caro LFA, Cruz-Flores R, White BN, Dhar AK. Differentially Expressed Genes in Hepatopancreas of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease Tolerant and Susceptible Shrimp ( Penaeus vannamei). Front Immunol 2021; 12:634152. [PMID: 34054803 PMCID: PMC8155527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a lethal disease in marine shrimp that has caused large-scale mortalities in shrimp aquaculture in Asia and the Americas. The etiologic agent is a pathogenic Vibrio sp. carrying binary toxin genes, pirA and pirB in plasmid DNA. Developing AHPND tolerant shrimp lines is one of the prophylactic approaches to combat this disease. A selected genetic line of Penaeus vannamei was found to be tolerant to AHPND during screening for disease resistance. The mRNA expression of twelve immune and metabolic genes known to be involved in bacterial pathogenesis were measured by quantitative RT-PCR in two populations of shrimp, namely P1 that showed susceptibility to AHPND, and P2 that showed tolerance to AHPND. Among these genes, the mRNA expression of chymotrypsin A (ChyA) and serine protease (SP), genes that are involved in metabolism, and crustin-P (CRSTP) and prophenol oxidase activation system 2 (PPAE2), genes involved in bacterial pathogenesis in shrimp, showed differential expression between the two populations. The differential expression of these genes shed light on the mechanism of tolerance against AHPND and these genes can potentially serve as candidate markers for tolerance/susceptibility to AHPND in P. vannamei. This is the first report of a comparison of the mRNA expression profiles of AHPND tolerant and susceptible lines of P. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung N Mai
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Luis Fernando Aranguren Caro
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Roberto Cruz-Flores
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Brenda Noble White
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Arun K Dhar
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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17
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Zhang D, Bader TJ, Lange MD, Shoemaker CA, Beck BH. Toxicity of recombinant PirA and PirB derived from Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shrimp. Microb Pathog 2021; 155:104886. [PMID: 33915208 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by emerging strains of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus, is of concern in shrimp aquaculture. Secreted proteins PirA and PirB, encoded by a plasmid harbored in V. parahaemolyticus, were determined to be the major virulence factors that induce AHPND. To better understand pathogenesis associated with PirA and PirB, recombinant proteins rPirA and rPirB were produced to evaluate their relative toxicities in shrimp. By challenging shrimp at concentration of 3 μM with reverse gavage method, rPirA and rPirB (approximately 0.4 and 1.5 μg per g of body weight, respectively) caused 27.8 ± 7.8% and 33.3 ± 13.6% mortality, respectively; combination of 3 μM rPirA and rPirB resulted in 88.9 ± 7.9% mortality. Analysis of protein mobility in native gel revealed that rPirB was apparently in the form of monomer while rPirA was oligomerized as an octamer-like macromolecule, suggesting that inter- and intra-molecular interactions between rPirA and rPirB enhanced the toxic effect. An attempt to block or reduce rPirA activity with a putative receptor, N-acetyl-galactosamine, was unsuccessful, implying that remodeling analysis of PirA molecule, such as the octamer observed in this study, is necessary. Results of this study provided new insight into toxic mechanism of PirA and PirB and shall help design strategic antitoxin methods against AHPND in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunhua Zhang
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA.
| | - Troy J Bader
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
| | - Miles D Lange
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
| | - Craig A Shoemaker
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
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18
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Tran PTN, Kumar V, Bossier P. Do acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease-causing PirAB VP toxins aggravate vibriosis? Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1919-1932. [PMID: 32799621 PMCID: PMC8284973 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1811778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative marine bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important aquatic pathogen and has been demonstrated to be the causative agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrotic disease (AHPND) in shrimp aquaculture. The AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus strains contain a pVA1 plasmid encoding the binary PirAVP and PirBVP toxins, are the primary virulence factor that mediates AHPND and mortality in shrimp. Since PirABVP toxins are secreted extracellularly, one can hypothesize that PirABVP toxins would aggravate vibriosis in the aquatic environment. To address this, in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted. Germ-free Artemia franciscana were co-challenged with PirABVP toxins and 10 Vibrio spp. The in vivo results showed that PirABVP toxin interact synergistically with MM30 (a quorum sensing AI-2 deficient mutant) and V. alginolyticus AQ13-91, aggravating vibriosis. However, co-challenge by PirABVP toxins and V. campbellii LMG21363, V. parahaemolyticus CAIM170, V. proteolyticus LMG10942, and V. anguillarum NB10 worked antagonistically, increasing the survival of Artemia larvae. The in vitro results showed that the addition of PirABVP toxins significantly modulated the production of the virulence factors of studied Vibrio spp. Yet these in vitro results did not help to explain the in vivo results. Hence it appears that PirABVP toxins can aggravate vibriosis. However, the dynamics of interaction is strain dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thi Ngoc Tran
- Lab of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Lab of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium.,ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
| | - Peter Bossier
- Lab of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
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19
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Nguyen-Phuoc KH, Duong ND, Phan TV, Do KYT, Nguyen NTT, Tran TL, Tran-Van H. Generation and evaluation of polyclonal antibodies specific for ToxA from Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 10:23-32. [PMID: 33681394 PMCID: PMC7936389 DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2020.38774.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) is a newly emerging shrimp disease with mortality up to 100 percent caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus which carries a plasmid encoding for two toxins, ToxA and ToxB. In 2013, the Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) estimated shrimp farming decline in Asia accounted for 1-billion US dollar lost. Currently, diagnosis using PCR method does not meet the demand of in situ detection, which is based on antigen-antibody interaction, has not been developed yet. In this present study, we proceeded to create the toxin and its antibody for lateral flow development. First, recombinant toxin ToxA was generated by gene manipulation. After that, purified ToxA was used to immunize rabbits. Finally, antisera from rabbits and protein-A purified antibodies were evaluated for titer, specificity, and detection threshold. Results showed that recombinant ToxA was overexpressed in soluble fraction at 37oC with 1mM IPTG. Purification by affinity chromatography was able to isolate recombinant ToxA with the purity up to 94.49%. In ELISA experiment, the immunized antisera reached a titer of up to 1/5,210,000 with 1µg/ml of antigen, and detection threshold was 100ng recombinant toxin. After purification, the detection threshold of purified polyclonal antibodies was 25ng toxin per dot. These results laid a groundwork for the development of AHPND detection kit based on antigen - antibody interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khai-Hoan Nguyen-Phuoc
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,First authorship shared
| | - Ngoc-Diem Duong
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,First authorship shared
| | - Thach Van Phan
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Thuoc Linh Tran
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Hieu Tran-Van
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
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20
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Zheng Z, Li R, Aweya JJ, Yao D, Wang F, Li S, Tuan TN, Zhang Y. The PirB toxin protein from Vibrio parahaemolyticus induces apoptosis in hemocytes of Penaeus vannamei. Virulence 2021; 12:481-492. [PMID: 33487106 PMCID: PMC7834086 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1872171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a major debilitating disease that causes massive shrimp death resulting in substantial economic losses in shrimp aquaculture. The Pir toxin proteins secreted by a unique strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus play an essential role in the pathogenesis of AHPND. At present, most studies on the effects of Pir toxin proteins in shrimp focus on digestive tissues or organs such as hepatopancreas, stomach, etc., with none on the immune organs. In the present study, two recombinant Pir toxin proteins (rPirA and rPirB) of V. parahaemolyticus were expressed with rPirB shown to enter shrimp hemocytes. Employing pull-down and LC-MS/MS analysis, GST-rPirB was found to interact with 13 proteins in hemocytes, including histone H3 and histone H4 and among which histone H4 had the highest protein score. Further analysis using GST pull-down and Far-Western blot analysis revealed that rPirB could interact with histone H4. In addition, using the purified nucleosome protein from Drosophila S2 cells, it was found that PirB protein could specifically bind to histones. When flow cytometry was applied, it was observed that the interaction between PirB and histones in shrimp hemocytes induces apoptosis, which results in the dephosphorylation of Serine 10 in histone H3. Collectively, the current study shows that in addition to its effect on the digestive tract of shrimp, the PirB toxin protein interacts with histones to affect the phosphorylation of histone H3-S10, thereby inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zheng
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University , Shantou, China.,STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University , Shantou, China
| | - Ruiwei Li
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University , Shantou, China.,STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University , Shantou, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University , Shantou, China.,STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University , Shantou, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University , Shantou, China.,STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University , Shantou, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University , Shantou, China.,STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University , Shantou, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University , Shantou, China.,STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University , Shantou, China
| | - Tran Ngoc Tuan
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University , Shantou, China.,STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University , Shantou, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University , Shantou, China.,STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University , Shantou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory , Guangzhou, China
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21
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Passive Immunization with Recombinant Antibody VLRB-PirA vp/PirB vp-Enriched Feeds against Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infection in Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010055. [PMID: 33467013 PMCID: PMC7829966 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is the bacterium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which secretes toxins into the gastrointestinal tract of its host. Vibrio parahaemolyticus toxins A and B (PirAvp/PirBvp) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease, and are, therefore, the focus of studies developing treatments for AHPND. We previously produced recombinant antibodies based on the hagfish variable lymphocyte receptor B (VLRB) capable of neutralizing some viruses, suggesting that this type of antibody may have a potential application for treatment of AHPND. Here, recombinant PirAvp/PirBvp, produced using a bacterial expression system, were used as antigens to screen a hagfish VLRB cDNA library to obtain PirAvp/PirBvp-specific antibodies. A cell line secreting these antibodies was established by screening and cloning the DNA extracted from hagfish B cells. Supernatants collected from cells secreting the PirAvp/PirBvp antibodies were collected and concentrated, and used to passively immunize shrimp to neutralize the toxins PirAvp or PirBvp associated with AHPND. Briefly, 10 μg of PirAvp and PirBvp antibodies, 7C12 and 9G10, respectively, were mixed with the shrimp feed, and fed to shrimp for three days consecutive days prior to experimentally infecting the shrimp with V. parahaemolyticus (containing toxins A and B), and resulting mortalities recorded for six days. Results showed significantly higher level of survival in shrimp fed with the PirBvp-9G10 antibody (60%) compared to the group fed the PirAvp-7C12 antibody (3%) and the control group (0%). This suggests that VLRB antibodies may be a suitable alternative to immunoglobulin-based antibodies, as passive immunization treatments for effective management of AHPND outbreaks within shrimp farms.
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22
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Antibacterial Activity of Bacillus inaquosorum Strain T1 against pirABVp -Bearing Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Genetic and Physiological Characterization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01950-20. [PMID: 32859595 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01950-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is caused by PirAB toxin-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus and has devastated the global shrimp aquaculture industry. One approach for preventing the growth of AHPND-producing Vibrio spp. is through the application of beneficial bacteria capable of inhibiting these pathogens. In this study, we focused on the inhibitory activity of Bacillus inaquosorum strain T1, which hinders V. parahaemolyticus growth in coculture experiments in a density-dependent manner; inhibition was also observed using cell-free supernatants from T1 stationary-phase cultures. Using mariner-based transposon mutagenesis, 17 mutants having a complete or partial loss of inhibitory activity were identified. Of those displaying a total loss of activity, 13 had insertions within a 42.6-kb DNA region comprising 15 genes whose deduced products were homologous to nonribosomal polypeptide synthetases (NRPSs), polyketide synthases (PKSs), and related activities, which were mapped as one transcriptional unit. Mutants with partial activity contained insertions in spo0A and oppA, indicating stationary-phase control. The levels of expression of NRPS and PKS lacZ transcriptional fusions were negligible during growth and were the highest during early stationary phase. Inactivation of sigH resulted in a loss of inhibitor activity, indicating a role for σH in transcription. Disruption of abrB resulted in NRPS and PKS gene overexpression during growth as well as enhanced growth inhibition. Our characterization of the expression and control of an NRPS-PKS gene cluster in B. inaquosorum T1 provides an understanding of the factors involved in inhibitor production, enabling this strain's development for use as a tool against AHPND-causing Vibrio pathogens in shrimp aquaculture.IMPORTANCE The shrimp aquaculture industry has been significantly impacted by acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), resulting in significant financial losses annually. AHPND is caused by strains of the bacterial pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and treatment of AHPND involves the use of antibiotics, which leads to a rise in the number of antibiotic-resistant strains. Alternative treatments include the application of beneficial microorganisms having inhibitory activities against pathogens causing AHPND. In this study, we examined the ability of Bacillus inaquosorum strain T1 to inhibit the growth of an AHPND-causing Vibrio strain, and we show that this activity involves a gene cluster associated with antibacterial compound production. We found that gene expression is under stationary-phase control and that enhanced activity occurs upon inactivation of a global transition state regulator. Our approach for understanding the factors involved in producing B. inaquosorum strain T1 inhibitory activity will allow for the development of this strain as a tool for AHPND prevention and treatment.
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Wang HC, Lin SJ, Mohapatra A, Kumar R, Wang HC. A Review of the Functional Annotations of Important Genes in the AHPND-Causing pVA1 Plasmid. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E996. [PMID: 32635298 PMCID: PMC7409025 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a lethal shrimp disease. The pathogenic agent of this disease is a special Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain that contains a pVA1 plasmid. The protein products of two toxin genes in pVA1, pirAvp and pirBvp, targeted the shrimp's hepatopancreatic cells and were identified as the major virulence factors. However, in addition to pirAvp and pirBvp, pVA1 also contains about ~90 other open-reading frames (ORFs), which may encode functional proteins. NCBI BLASTp annotations of the functional roles of 40 pVA1 genes reveal transposases, conjugation factors, and antirestriction proteins that are involved in horizontal gene transfer, plasmid transmission, and maintenance, as well as components of type II and III secretion systems that may facilitate the toxic effects of pVA1-containing Vibrio spp. There is also evidence of a post-segregational killing (PSK) system that would ensure that only pVA1 plasmid-containing bacteria could survive after segregation. Here, in this review, we assess the functional importance of these pVA1 genes and consider those which might be worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ching Wang
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (S.-J.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Shin-Jen Lin
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (S.-J.L.); (R.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Arpita Mohapatra
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Mits School of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004, India
| | - Ramya Kumar
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (S.-J.L.); (R.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (S.-J.L.); (R.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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NanGong Z, Guo X, Yang Q, Song P, Wang Q, Parajulee MN. Identification of Arylphorin interacting with the insecticidal protein PirAB from Xenorhabdus nematophila by yeast two-hybrid system. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:56. [PMID: 32211973 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PirAB toxin was initially found in the Photorhabdus luminescens TT01 strain and is a demonstrated binary toxin with high insecticidal activity. In this paper, we co-expressed the pirAB gene of Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310 in a prokaryotic expression system, and we found that the PirAB protein showed high hemocoel insecticidal activity against Galleria mellonella, Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera exigua. LD50 values were 1.562, 2.003 and 2.17 μg/larvae for G. mellonella, H. armigera, and S. exigua, respectively (p > 0.05). Additionally, PirAB-interaction proteins were identified from G. mellonella by 6 × His Protein Pulldown combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Of which, arylphorin of G. mellonella showed the highest matching rate. A protein domain conservative structure analysis indicated that arylphorin has three domains including Hemocyanin-N, Hemocyanin-M, and Hemocyanin-C. Among these protein domains, Hemocyanin-C has immune and recognition functions. Further, Hemocyanin-C domain of arylphorin was identified to interact with PirA but not PirB by Yeast two-hybrid system. These findings reveal, for the first time, new host protein interacting with PirAB. The identification of interaction protein may serve as the foundation for further study on the function and insecticidal mechanism of this binary toxin from Xenorhabdus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan NanGong
- Plant Protection College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Plant Protection College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ping Song
- Plant Protection College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Qinying Wang
- Plant Protection College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Megha N Parajulee
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX, 79403, USA
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25
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Victorio-De Los Santos M, Vibanco-Pérez N, Soto-Rodriguez S, Pereyra A, Zenteno E, Cano-Sánchez P. The B Subunit of PirAB vp Toxin Secreted from Vibrio parahaemolyticus Causing AHPND Is an Amino Sugar Specific Lectin. Pathogens 2020; 9:E182. [PMID: 32138213 PMCID: PMC7157558 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) is the etiological agent of the acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in Penaeus vannamei shrimp. Vp possesses a 63-70 kb conjugative plasmid that encodes the binary toxin PirAvp/PirBvp. The 250 kDa PirABvp complex was purified by affinity chromatography with galactose-sepharose 4B and on a stroma from glutaraldehyde-fixed rat erythrocytes column, as a heterotetramer of PirAvp and PirBvp subunits. In addition, recombinant pirB (rPirBvp) and pirA (rPirAvp) were obtained. The homogeneity of the purified protein was determined by SDS-PAGE analysis, and the yield of protein was 488 ng/100 μg of total protein of extracellular products. The PirABvp complex and the rPirBvp showed hemagglutinating activity toward rat erythrocytes. The rPirAvp showed no hemagglutinating capacity toward the animal red cells tested. Among different mono and disaccharides tested, only GalNH2 and GlcNH2 were able to inhibit hemagglutination of the PirABvp complex and the rPirBvp. Glycoproteins showed inhibitory specificity, and fetuin was the glycoprotein that showed the highest inhibition. Other glycoproteins, such as mucin, and glycosaminoglycans, such as heparin, also inhibited the activity. Desialylation of erythrocytes enhanced the hemagglutinating activity. This confirms that Gal or Gal (β1,4) GlcNAc are the main ligands for PirABvp. The agglutinating activity of the PirABvp complex and the rPirBvp is not dependent on cations, because addition of Mg2+ or Ca2+ showed no effect on the protein capacity. Our results strongly suggest that the PirBvp subunit is a lectin, which is part of the PirA/PirBvp complex, and it seems to participate in bacterial pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Victorio-De Los Santos
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Unidad de Acuacultura y Manejo Ambiental, Av. Sábalo-Cerritos S/N A.P. 711, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82112, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura, Tepic, Nayarit 63190, Mexico
| | - Norberto Vibanco-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura, Tepic, Nayarit 63190, Mexico
| | - Sonia Soto-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Unidad de Acuacultura y Manejo Ambiental, Av. Sábalo-Cerritos S/N A.P. 711, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82112, Mexico
| | - Ali Pereyra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, CDMX 04510, Mexico; (A.P.); (E.Z.)
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, CDMX 04510, Mexico; (A.P.); (E.Z.)
| | - Patricia Cano-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, CDMX 04510, Mexico;
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26
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Wangman P, Chaivisuthangkura P, Taengchaiyaphum S, Pengsuk C, Sithigorngul P, Longyant S. Development of a rapid immunochromatographic strip test for the detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus toxin B that cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:207-214. [PMID: 31752048 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to different epitopes on ToxB, a toxin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (VPAHPND ), were employed to develop a rapid strip test. One MAb was conjugated to colloidal gold to bind to ToxB at the application pad, and another MAb was used to capture colloidal gold MAb-protein complexes at the test line (T) on the nitrocellulose strip. To validate test performance, a downstream control line (C) of goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G antibody was used to capture the free colloidal gold conjugate MAb. The sample in the application buffer could be applied directly to the application well, and the test result was obtained within 15 min. The sensitivity of the kit is approximately 6.25 µg/ml of toxin, which was equivalent to the toxin produced by approximately 107 cfu/ml of bacteria. This kit is convenient and easy to use since it can be used to identify VPAHPND directly using a single colony of bacteria grown on agar culture plates. Because of its high specificity and simplicity, as well as not being reliant on sophisticated equipment or specialized skills, this strip test could be used by farmers for surveillance for ToxB-producing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradit Wangman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Animal, Plant and Parasite Biotechnology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parin Chaivisuthangkura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Animal, Plant and Parasite Biotechnology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparat Taengchaiyaphum
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalinan Pengsuk
- Faculty of Agricultural Product Innovation and Technology, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Paisarn Sithigorngul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Animal, Plant and Parasite Biotechnology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Longyant
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Animal, Plant and Parasite Biotechnology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
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27
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PirAB VP Toxin Binds to Epithelial Cells of the Digestive Tract and Produce Pathognomonic AHPND Lesions in Germ-Free Brine Shrimp. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120717. [PMID: 31835437 PMCID: PMC6950649 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), a newly emergent farmed penaeid shrimp bacterial disease originally known as early mortality syndrome (EMS), is causing havoc in the shrimp industry. The causative agent of AHPND was found to be a specific strain of bacteria, e.g., Vibrio and Shewanella sps., that contains pVA1 plasmid (63–70 kb) encoding the binary PirAVP and PirBVP toxins. The PirABVP and toxins are the primary virulence factors of AHPND-causing bacteria that mediates AHPND and mortality in shrimp. Hence, in this study using a germ-free brine shrimp model system, we evaluated the PirABVP toxin-mediated infection process at cellular level, including toxin attachment and subsequent toxin-induced damage to the digestive tract. The results showed that, PirABVP toxin binds to epithelial cells of the digestive tract of brine shrimp larvae and produces characteristic symptoms of AHPND. In the PirABVP-challenged brine shrimp larvae, shedding or sloughing of enterocytes in the midgut and hindgut regions was regularly visualized, and the intestinal lumen was filled with moderately electron-dense cells of variable shapes and sizes. In addition, the observed cellular debris in the intestinal lumen of the digestive tract was found to be of epithelial cell origin. The detailed morphology of the digestive tract demonstrates further that the PirABVP toxin challenge produces focal to extensive necrosis and damages epithelial cells in the midgut and hindgut regions, resulting in pyknosis, cell vacuolisation, and mitochondrial and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) damage to different degrees. Taken together, our study provides substantial evidence that PirABVP toxins bind to the digestive tract of brine shrimp larvae and seem to be responsible for generating characteristic AHPND lesions and damaging enterocytes in the midgut and hindgut regions.
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28
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Nakamura R, Pedrosa-Gerasmio IR, Alenton RRR, Nozaki R, Kondo H, Hirono I. Anti-PirA-like toxin immunoglobulin (IgY) in feeds passively immunizes shrimp against acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1125-1132. [PMID: 31115066 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by a toxin-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain, has become a serious threat to shrimp aquaculture. The need to regulate antibiotic use prompted the development of alternative ways to treat infections in aquaculture including the use of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) for passive immunization. This study evaluated the protective effect of IgY against AHPND infection in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). IgY was isolated from eggs laid by hens immunized with recombinant PirA-like (rPirA) and PirB-like (rPirB) toxins. Whole-egg powders having IgY specific to rPirA (anti-PirA-IgY) and rPirB (anti-PirB-IgY) and IgY from non-immunized hen (control-IgY) were mixed with basal diets at 20% concentrations and used to prefeed shrimp 3 days before the bacterial challenge test. Survival rates of the challenged shrimp fed the anti-PirA-IgY, anti-PirB-IgY and control-IgY diets were 86%, 14% and 0%, respectively. Only the feed containing anti-PirA-IgY protected shrimp against AHPND. Increasing the concentration of rPirA antigen to immunize hens and lowering the amount of egg powder in feeds to 10% consistently showed higher survival rates in shrimp fed with anti-PirA-IgY (87%) compared with the control (12%). These results confirm that addition of anti-PirA-IgY in feeds could be an effective prophylactic method against AHPND infection in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Nakamura
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ivane R Pedrosa-Gerasmio
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Marine Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Rod Russel R Alenton
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Nozaki
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Lin SJ, Chen YF, Hsu KC, Chen YL, Ko TP, Lo CF, Wang HC, Wang HC. Structural Insights to the Heterotetrameric Interaction between the Vibrio parahaemolyticus PirA vp and PirB vp Toxins and Activation of the Cry-Like Pore-Forming Domain. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040233. [PMID: 31013623 PMCID: PMC6520838 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a newly emergent penaeid shrimp disease which can cause 70-100% mortality in Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon, and has resulted in enormous economic losses since its appearance. AHPND is caused by the specific strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that harbor the pVA1 plasmid and express PirAvp and PirBvp toxins. These two toxins have been reported to form a binary complex. When both are present, they lead to the death of shrimp epithelial cells in the hepatopancreas and cause the typical histological symptoms of AHPND. However, the binding mode of PirAvp and PirBvp has not yet been determined. Here, we used isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to measure the binding affinity of PirAvp and PirBvp. Since the dissociation constant (Kd = 7.33 ± 1.20 μM) was considered too low to form a sufficiently stable complex for X-ray crystallographic analysis, we used alternative methods to investigate PirAvp-PirBvp interaction, first by using gel filtration to evaluate the molecular weight of the PirAvp/PirBvp complex, and then by using cross-linking and hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry to further understand the interaction interface between PirAvp and PirBvp. Based on these results, we propose a heterotetrameric interaction model of this binary toxin complex. This model provides insight of how conformational changes might activate the PirBvp N-terminal pore-forming domain and should be helpful for devising effective anti-AHPND strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Jen Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Ling Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Ching Wang
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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30
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Tinwongger S, Thawonsuwan J, Kondo H, Hirono I. Identification of an anti-lipopolysaccharide factor AV-R isoform (LvALF AV-R) related to Vp_PirAB-like toxin resistance in Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:178-188. [PMID: 30292804 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a shrimp farming disease, caused by the pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus carrying a plasmid encoding Vp_PirAB-like toxins. Formalin-killed cells of V. parahaemolyticus AHPND-causing strain D6 (FKC-VpD6) were used to select Vp_PirAB-like toxin-resistant Litopenaeus vannamei by oral administration. Stomach and hepatopancreas tissues of shrimps that survived for one week were subjected to RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between surviving shrimp, AHPND-infected shrimp, and normal shrimp were identified. The expressions of 10 DEGs were validated by qPCR. Only one gene (a gene homologous to L. vannamei anti-lipopolysaccharide factor AV-R isoform (LvALF AV-R)) was expressed significantly more strongly in the hepatopancreas of surviving shrimp than in the other groups. Significantly higher expression of LvALF AV-R was also observed in shrimp that survived two other trials of FKC-VpD6 selection. Recombinant ALF AV-R bound to LPS, PGN, Gram-negative bacteria, and some Gram-positive bacteria in ELISAs. ALF AV-R recombinant protein did not interact with native Vp_PirAB-like toxin in an ELISA or a Far-Western blot. For L. vannamei orally fed ALF AV-R protein for 3 days, the survival rate following challenge with VpD6-immersion was not significantly different from that of shrimp fed two control diets. These results suggest that LvALF AV-R expression was induced in the hepatopancreas of shrimp in response to the presence of Vp_PirAB-like toxin, although other factors might also be involved in the resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasiwipa Tinwongger
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Fisheries, Kasetklang Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Jumroensri Thawonsuwan
- Songkhla Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Department of Fisheries, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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31
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Osei-Adjei G, Huang X, Zhang Y. The extracellular proteases produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:68. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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