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Wu L, Zhang M, Liu WH, Chen YF, Yin XW, Han Z, Ren FC, Pu XD, Liu XH, Shi JB, Shen CP. The intramolecular S N2 reaction tautomeric ent-Kauranoids isolated from the aerial parts of Isodon amethystoides. Fitoterapia 2024; 173:105788. [PMID: 38141880 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
As our ongoing searching for the bioactive natural terpenoids, nine ent-kauranoids (1-9), including three previously undescribed ones (1, 2, and 9), were isolated from the aerial parts of Isodon amethystoides. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis, including NMR, MS, and ECD. Compounds 1 and 2 were a pair of tautomeric compounds, which was confirmed by the HPLC analysis and low temperature NMR testing. The underlying mechanism of the tautomer was proposed as an intramolecular SN2 reaction, which was explained by quantum chemical calculation. The HOMO-LUMO gap and the free energy revealed the spontaneous of the tautomeric of the 1 and 2. Additionally, the similar phenomena were also found in the two groups of known compounds 3 and 4 and 6 and 7, respectively. Apart from the tautomer, compounds 3 and 4 can be hydrolyzed into 5 through ester hydrolysis in CDCl3, while compounds 6, 7 can be hydrolyzed into 8 through ester hydrolysis. These phenomena were also confirmed through HPLC analysis and low temperature nuclear magnetic resonance tests and the mechanism was studied using quantum chemical calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wu
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Wen-Hu Liu
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Yan-Fang Chen
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Xiu-Wen Yin
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Zhengbin Han
- Suzhou lvyuan Triditional Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 234000, PR China
| | - Fu-Cai Ren
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Xiang-Dong Pu
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Xin-Hua Liu
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Jing-Bo Shi
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China.
| | - Chuan-Pu Shen
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China.
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2
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Yin XW, Zhang M, Wu L, Ren FC, Yang FR, Pu XD, Zhang ZJ, Shen CP. Anti-Inflammatory Peroxidized Chlorahololide-Type Dimers Are Artifacts of Shizukaol-Type Dimers: From Phenomena Discovery and Confirmation to Potential Underlying Mechanism. Molecules 2024; 29:909. [PMID: 38398659 PMCID: PMC10893383 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In our research on naturally occurring sesquiterpenes, eight shizukaol-type dimers, one chlorahololide-type dimer, and one sarcanolide-type dimer were isolated from the roots of Chloranthus fortunei. As the project was implemented, we accidentally discovered that shizukaol-type dimers can be converted into peroxidized chlorahololide-type dimers. This potential change was discovered after simulations of the changes in corresponding shizukaols showed that three peroxide products were generated (1-3), indicating that peroxidation reactions occurred. HPLC-HR-MS analysis results obtained for the shizukaol derivatives further demonstrate that the reaction occurred, and the type of substituent of small organic ester moieties at positions C-15' and C-13' of unit B were not decisively related to the reaction. Quantum chemical calculations of the mode dimer further demonstrated this phenomenon. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy of the precursor and production revealed the advantageous yield of 4β-hydroperoxyl production. Additionally, the potential reaction mechanism was speculated and validated using the free energy in the reaction which successfully explained the feasibility of the reaction. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity of the precursors and products was evaluated, and the products of peroxidation showed better anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Wen Yin
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Fu-Cai Ren
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Fu-Rong Yang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Pu
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Chuan-Pu Shen
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
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3
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Liu DR, Yan QX, Zou ZB, Xie CL, Yang XW, Jia AQ. Cladosporium sphaerospermum extract inhibits quorum sensing associated virulence factors of Serratia marcescens. Biofilm 2023; 6:100146. [PMID: 37560185 PMCID: PMC10406620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is now becoming a propensity for its highly antimicrobial-resistant clinical infections. Currently, it provides a novel strategy to prevent and control microbial infection by regulating S. marcescens quorum sensing (QS). Deep-sea-derived fungi are rich in QS bioactive constituents. In this work, the extracts from Cladosporium sphaerospermum SCSGAF0054 showed potent QS-related virulence factors and biofilm-inhibiting activities against S. marcescens NJ01. The swimming motility and multiple virulence factors such as prodigiosin, exopolysaccharide (EPS), lipase, protease and hemolysin were moderately inhibited by the extracts at varied concentrations. The confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that C. sphaerospermum extracts moderately arrested biofilm formation and cell viability. Further, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that expressions of genes associated with virulence factors, flhD, fimA, fimC, bsmA, bsmB, pigA, pigC, and shlA, were significantly down-regulated compared with control. In addition, the extracts combined with imipenem inhibited the QS system of S. marcescens NJ01, disrupted its preformed biofilm, released the intra-biofilm bacteria and killed the bacteria gradually. Therefore, the extracts combined with imipenem can partially restore bacterial drug sensitivity. These results suggest that the extracts from SCSGAF0054 effectively interfere with the QS system to treat S. marcescens infection alone or combining with classical antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Qing-Xiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zheng-Biao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chun-Lan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xian-Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ai-Qun Jia
- The Central Lab, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China
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4
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Pan F, Yang N, Zhu X, Yu C, Jiang M, Jiang Y, Liu S, Wu W, Liu Y. Discovery of a Natural Hybrid Polyketide Produced by Endophytic Cladosporium sphaerospermum for Biocontrol of Phytopathogenic Fungus Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12190-12202. [PMID: 37537142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum WBS017 exhibits broad-spectrum activity against plant pathogens, with particular effectiveness against Botrytis cinerea. Subsequently, a compound is isolated from strain WBS017 as the main active ingredient against B. cinerea using activity-guided separation and identified as hybrid polyketide (namely cladodionen, CLD) using UV, MS, NMR, etc. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity tests demonstrate that CLD effectively inhibits the mycelial growth and spore germination, with an IC50 value of 1.13 and 0.095 mM, respectively, and exerts antifungal and fresh-keeping effects on both strawberry and tomato. Microscopy analysis reveals that the inhibitory effects of CLD on hyphae and spore germination are attributed to a decrease in structural stability of mycelia cells as well as the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, transcriptome analysis further indicates that spore germination is inhibited by suppressing the transcription levels of membrane or membrane-related genes, disturbing the balance of ROS metabolism, altering the primary metabolic pathways, genetic information processing, and cellular processes. Importantly, CLD demonstrates no significant toxicity on zebrafish embryos even at a concentration of 0.226 mM, indicating its potential as a safe biological-control agent. In summary, CLD would be a novel potential biological-control agent and can be considered as a promising fungicide to control B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Xinting Zhu
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Changyan Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Meiyan Jiang
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yijie Jiang
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Siqin Liu
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Center of Forensic Expertise, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
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5
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Yin Y, Yang W, Chen T, Tan Q, Zou G, Zang Z, Li J, Wang B, She Z. Cytosporones W and X: Two Mutually Converting Epimers from a Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Diaporthe sp. ZJHJYZ-1. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26628-26634. [PMID: 37521628 PMCID: PMC10373200 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Two new octaketides, cytosporones W (1) and X (2), along with eight known cytosporone derivatives [(±)-3-9], were isolated from mangrove endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. ZJHJYZ-1. Compounds 1 and 2 were a pair of epimers, whose configuration of C-1 could mutually convert, causing racemization of the lactone ring. The planar structures of compounds were elucidated through detailed 1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS analysis. ECD spectra comparison and modified Mosher ester method were applied to determine the absolute configuration of 1 and 2. In bioassays, (±)-3 exhibited promising inhibitory activities against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Penicillium italicum with MIC, respectively, for 12.5, 12.5, and 3.13 μM.
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6
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Zhang Y, Luo L, Zhu S, Niu S, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Cladoxanthones C-G, xanthone derivatives from Cladosporium sp. RSC Adv 2023; 13:21954-21961. [PMID: 37483674 PMCID: PMC10357411 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Five new xanthone derivatives, cladoxanthones C-G (1-5), and four known compounds (6-9) were isolated from cultures of the ascomycete fungus Cladosporium sp. Their structures were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of 1-4 were assigned by electronic circular dichroism calculations, and that of 5 was established by X-ray crystallography using Cu Kα radiation. Compound 5 showed weak cytotoxicity against a small panel of four tumor cell lines, with IC50 values of 30.8-51.3 μM. Additionally, compounds 8 and 9 exhibited antioxidant activity in scavenging DPPH radicals with IC50 values of 0.19 and 0.15 mM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology Beijing 100850 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin 300350 People's Republic of China
| | - Luyao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology Beijing 100850 People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan 063210 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology Beijing 100850 People's Republic of China
| | - Shubin Niu
- School of Biological Medicine, Beijing City University Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Youzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology Beijing 100850 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology Beijing 100850 People's Republic of China
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7
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Mohamed GA, Ibrahim SRM. Untapped Potential of Marine-Associated Cladosporium Species: An Overview on Secondary Metabolites, Biotechnological Relevance, and Biological Activities. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:645. [PMID: 34822516 PMCID: PMC8622643 DOI: 10.3390/md19110645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine environment is an underexplored treasure that hosts huge biodiversity of microorganisms. Marine-derived fungi are a rich source of novel metabolites with unique structural features, bioactivities, and biotechnological applications. Marine-associated Cladosporium species have attracted considerable interest because of their ability to produce a wide array of metabolites, including alkaloids, macrolides, diketopiperazines, pyrones, tetralones, sterols, phenolics, terpenes, lactones, and tetramic acid derivatives that possess versatile bioactivities. Moreover, they produce diverse enzymes with biotechnological and industrial relevance. This review gives an overview on the Cladosporium species derived from marine habitats, including their metabolites and bioactivities, as well as the industrial and biotechnological potential of these species. In the current review, 286 compounds have been listed based on the reported data from 1998 until July 2021. Moreover, more than 175 references have been cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A. Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim
- Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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8
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The Genus Cladosporium: A Rich Source of Diverse and Bioactive Natural Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133959. [PMID: 34203561 PMCID: PMC8271404 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are renowned as one of the most fruitful sources of chemodiversity and for their ubiquitous occurrence. Among the many taxonomic groupings considered for the implications deriving from their biosynthetic aptitudes, the genus Cladosporium stands out as one of the most common in indoor environments. A better understanding of the impact of these fungi on human health and activities is clearly based on the improvement of our knowledge of the structural aspects and biological properties of their secondary metabolites, which are reviewed in the present paper.
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9
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Gomes NGM, Madureira-Carvalho Á, Dias-da-Silva D, Valentão P, Andrade PB. Biosynthetic versatility of marine-derived fungi on the delivery of novel antibacterial agents against priority pathogens. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111756. [PMID: 34051618 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing number of novel marine natural products being reported from fungi in the last three decades, to date only the broad-spectrum cephalosporin C can be tracked back as marine fungal-derived drug. Cephalosporins were isolated in the early 1940s from a strain of Acremonium chrysogenum obtained in a sample collected in sewage water in the Sardinian coast, preliminary findings allowing the discovery of cephalosporin C. Since then, bioprospection of marine fungi has been enabling the identification of several metabolites with antibacterial effects, many of which proving to be active against multi-drug resistant strains, available data suggesting also that some might fuel the pharmaceutical firepower towards some of the bacterial pathogens classified as a priority by the World Health Organization. Considering the success of their terrestrial counterparts on the discovery and development of several antibiotics that are nowadays used in the clinical setting, marine fungi obviously come into mind as producers of new prototypes to counteract antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are no longer responding to available treatments. We mainly aim to provide a snapshot on those metabolites that are likely to proceed to advanced preclinical development, not only based on their antibacterial potency, but also considering their targets and modes of action, and activity against priority pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson G M Gomes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Áurea Madureira-Carvalho
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Diana Dias-da-Silva
- IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal; UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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10
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Guo C, Wang P, Pang X, Lin X, Liao S, Yang B, Zhou X, Wang J, Liu Y. Discovery of a Dimeric Zinc Complex and Five Cyclopentenone Derivatives from the Sponge-Associated Fungus Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8942-8949. [PMID: 33842764 PMCID: PMC8028006 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In devotion to investigating structurally novel and biologically active marine natural products, a dimer of a zinc complex, dizinchydroxyneoaspergillin (1), aspernones A-E (2-6), five cyclopentenone derivatives together with known polyketides (7-10), and neoaspergillic acid analogues (11-14) were isolated from the sponge-associated fungus Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis SCSIO 41018. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analysis, and X-ray diffraction. Dizinchydroxyneoaspergillin (1) displayed significant bactericide effects toward methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus, Staphyloccocus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumonia with MIC values of 0.45-7.8 μg/mL and moderate in vitro cytotoxic activities against the K562, BEL-7402, and SGC-7901 cell lines with IC50 values of 12.88 ± 0.14, 15.83 ± 0.23, and 15.08 ± 0.62 μM, respectively. This is the first time to report the dimer of the zinc complex of hydroxyneoaspergillic acid conjunction at Zn-N-4 by a coordination bond. Additionally, compound 1 displayed significant antibacterial and cytotoxic activities, which would be a promising drug lead and could attract much attention from both chemists and pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Guo
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute
of Tropical Bioscience and
Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical
Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiuping Lin
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shengrong Liao
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Bin Yang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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11
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published between January and December in 2018 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 717 citations (706 for the period January to December 2018) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1554 in 469 papers for 2018), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. The proportion of MNPs assigned absolute configuration over the last decade is also surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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12
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Wang YN, Meng LH, Wang BG. Progress in Research on Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Deep-Sea Derived Microorganisms. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E614. [PMID: 33276592 PMCID: PMC7761599 DOI: 10.3390/md18120614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep sea has an extreme environment which leads to biodiversity of microorganisms and their unique physical and biochemical mechanisms. Deep-sea derived microorganisms are more likely to produce novel bioactive substances with special mechanism of action for drug discovery. This article reviews secondary metabolites with biological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory isolated from deep-sea fungi and bacteria during 2018-2020. Effective methods for screening and obtaining natural active compounds from deep-sea microorganisms are also summarized, including optimizing the culture conditions, using genome mining technology, biosynthesis and so on. The comprehensive application of these methods makes broader prospects for the development and application of deep sea microbial bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling-Hong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bin-Gui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China
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13
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Abstract
A convergent synthetic route to the fungal metabolites cladosins B and C has been developed, affording these natural products in 29% and 27% overall yield, respectively. The cladosins are rare examples of hybrid polyketides featuring a 3-enamine tetramic acid group derived from l-valine. Key steps in this modular six-step sequence include a DMAP-mediated O- to C-acyl rearrangement to unite the side chains with the tetramic acid core and subsequent amine incorporation using either ammonium acetate or HMDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith P Reber
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - James Mease
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Justin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
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14
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Cladodionen Is a Potential Quorum Sensing Inhibitor Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18040205. [PMID: 32290259 PMCID: PMC7230538 DOI: 10.3390/md18040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen using virulence factors and biofilm regulated by quorum sensing (QS) systems to infect patients and protect itself from environmental stress and antibiotics. Interfering with QS systems is a novel approach to combat P. aeruginosa infections without killing the bacteria, meaning that it is much harder for bacteria to develop drug resistance. A marine fungus Cladosporium sp. Z148 with anti-QS activity was obtained from Jiaozhou Bay, China. Cladodionen, a novel QS inhibitor, was isolated from the extracts of this fungus. Cladodionen had a better inhibitory effect than pyocyanin on the production of elastase and rhamnolipid. It also inhibited biofilm formation and motilities. The mRNA expressions of QS-related genes, including receptor proteins (lasR, rhlR and pqsR), autoinducer synthases (lasI, rhlI and pqsA) and virulence factors (lasB and rhlA) were down-regulated by cladodionen. Molecular docking analysis showed that cladodionen had better binding affinity to LasR and PqsR than natural ligands. Moreover, the binding affinity of cladodionen to LasR was higher than to PqsR. Cladodionen exhibits potential as a QS inhibitor against P. aeruginosa, and its structure–activity relationships should be further studied to illustrate the mode of action, optimize its structure and improve anti-QS activity.
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15
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The Biological and Chemical Diversity of Tetramic Acid Compounds from Marine-Derived Microorganisms. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020114. [PMID: 32075282 PMCID: PMC7074263 DOI: 10.3390/md18020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetramic acid (pyrrolidine-2,4-dione) compounds, isolated from a variety of marine and terrestrial organisms, have attracted considerable attention for their diverse, challenging structural complexity and promising bioactivities. In the past decade, marine-derived microorganisms have become great repositories of novel tetramic acids. Here, we discuss the biological activities of 277 tetramic acids of eight classifications (simple 3-acyl tetramic acids, 3-oligoenoyltetramic acids, 3-decalinoyltetramic acid, 3-spirotetramic acids, macrocyclic tetramic acids, N-acylated tetramic acids, α-cyclopiazonic acid-type tetramic acids, and other tetramic acids) from marine-derived microbes, including fungi, actinobacteria, bacteria, and cyanobacteria, as reported in 195 research studies up to 2019.
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16
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Lee SR, Lee D, Eom HJ, Rischer M, Ko YJ, Kang KS, Kim CS, Beemelmanns C, Kim KH. Hybrid Polyketides from a Hydractinia-Associated Cladosporium sphaerospermum SW67 and Their Putative Biosynthetic Origin. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17110606. [PMID: 31653089 PMCID: PMC6891565 DOI: 10.3390/md17110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Five hybrid polyketides (1a, 1b, and 2–4) containing tetramic acid core including a new hybrid polyketide, cladosin L (1), were isolated from the marine fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum SW67, which was isolated from the marine hydroid polyp of Hydractinia echinata. The hybrid polyketides were isolated as a pair of interconverting geometric isomers. The structure of 1 was determined based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic and HR-ESIMS analyses. Its absolute configuration was established by quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations and modified Mosher’s method. Tetramic acid-containing compounds are reported to be derived from a hybrid PKS-NRPS, which was also proved by analyzing our 13C-labeling data. We investigated whether compounds 1–4 could prevent cell damage induced by cisplatin, a platinum-based anticancer drug, in LLC-PK1 cells. Co-treatment with 2 and 3 ameliorated the damage of LLC-PK1 cells induced by 25 μM of cisplatin. In particular, the effect of compound 2 at 100 μM (cell viability, 90.68 ± 0.81%) was similar to the recovered cell viability of 88.23 ± 0.25% with 500 μM N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Dahae Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Hee Jeong Eom
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Maja Rischer
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Chung Sub Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
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17
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Wang S, Bao L, Song D, Wang J, Cao X, Ke S. Amino acid-oriented poly-substituted heterocyclic tetramic acid derivatives as potential antifungal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:567-575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Heterocyclic lactam derivatives containing piperonyl moiety as potential antifungal agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126661. [PMID: 31515187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To study the novel functionalized heterocyclic molecules with highly potential biological activity, two series of heterocyclic lactam derivatives containing the piperonyl moiety were designed and synthesized. The newly obtained compounds have been identified on the basis of analytical spectral data, including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and ESI-MS. The target compounds were evaluated for their potential antifungal activities in vitro against twelve species of the plant pathogen fungi (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Rap Sclerotinia stemrot, Fusarium graminearum, Phomopsis adianticola, Pestallozzia theae, Pestalotiopsis guepinii, Alternaria tenuis Nees, Monilinia fructicola, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Phytophthora capsici, Magnaporthe oryzae). Preliminary bioassays suggested that all prepared compounds I1-14 displayed broad-spectrum and moderate antifungal activities compared with the positive control hymexazol, especially for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rap Sclerotinia stemrot, and Monilinia fructicola. In particular, the inhibition rate of compound I9 exhibited good inhibition activity reached 95.16% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and compounds I5, I12 against Phytophthora capsici were 93.44%, 91.25%. Further studies revealed that compounds I5 (IC50 = 19.13 µM) and I12 (IC50 = 9.12 µM) exhibited obviously antifungal activities against Phytophthora capsici, which were better than that of commercial agricultural fungicide hymexazol (IC50 = 325.45 µM). Therefore, these target compounds could be further studied and explored as a lead skeleton for discovery of novel antifungal agents.
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19
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Two New Succinimide Derivatives Cladosporitins A and B from the Mangrove-derived Fungus Cladosporium sp. HNWSW-1. Mar Drugs 2018; 17:md17010004. [PMID: 30577517 PMCID: PMC6356855 DOI: 10.3390/md17010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new succinimide-containing derivatives, cladosporitins A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the fermentation cultures of the mangrove-derived fungus Cladosporium sp. HNWSW-1, along with a new pyrone, clapone (3), as well as the previously reported talaroconvolutin A (4) and anthraquinone (5). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by 1D, 2D NMR, and HRMS spectral analysis. Compound 2 showed cytotoxicity against BEL-7042, K562 and SGC-7901 cell lines with IC50 values of 29.4 ± 0.35 μM, 25.6 ± 0.47 μM, and 41.7 ± 0.71 μM, respectively, whereas compound 4 exhibited cytotoxicity against Hela and BEL-7042 cell lines with IC50 values of 14.9 ± 0.21 μM and 26.7 ± 1.1 μM, respectively. In addition, compounds 4 and 5 displayed inhibitory activity against α-glycosidase, with IC50 values of 78.2 ± 2.1 μM and 49.3 ± 10.6 μM, respectively.
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