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Ge R, Guo X, Jia H, Zhang J, Fan A, Liu D, Huang J, Lin W. Nucleobase-Coupled Xanthones with Anti-ROS Effects from Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sydowii. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38768258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
A MS/MS-based molecular networking approach compared to the Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking library, in association with genomic annotation of natural product biosynthetic gene clusters within a marine-derived fungus, Aspergillus sydowii, identified a suite of xanthone metabolites. Chromatographic techniques applied to the cultured fungus led to the isolation of 11 xanthone-based alkaloids, dubbed sydoxanthones F-M. The structures of these alkaloids were elucidated using extensive spectroscopic data, including electronic circular dichroism and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data for configurational assignments. Among these analogues, sydoxanthones F-K exhibit structure features typical of nucleobase-coupled xanthones, with sydoxanthone H being an N-bonded xanthone dimer. Notably, (±)sydoxanthones F (1a/1b), (±)sydoxanthones H (3b/3a), and (±)sydoxanthones J (5b/5a) are enantiomeric pairs, while sydoxanthones G (2), I (4), and K (6) are stereoisomers of 1, 3, and 5, respectively. Furthermore, (+)sydoxanthone H (3a) demonstrated significant rescue of cell viability in H2O2-injuried SH-SY5Y cells by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production, suggesting its potential for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xingchen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Hongli Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Aili Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
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2
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Peng WW, Kuang M, Huang YT, Li MF, Zheng YT, Xu L, Tan JB, Kang FH, Tan HB, Zou ZX. Pseudocercones A-C, three new polyketide derivatives from the endophytic fungus Pseudocercospora sp. TSS-1. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1248-1255. [PMID: 36308293 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2138874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of an EtOAc extract of the endophytic fungus Pseudocercospora sp. TSS-1 led to the isolation of three new polyketide derivatives, including one benzophenon derivative (1), two spirocyclic polyketides (4 and 5), along with four known compounds (2, 3, 6 and 7). Their structures and the absolute configurations were characterized by means of NMR, HRESIMS, 13C NMR and theoretical electronic circular dichroism calculations. Furthermore, all compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against four microbial pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), and compounds 1, 2, 3 and 5 displayed significant selective antibacterial activity against S. aureus with MIC values ranging from 3.9 to 7.8 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Peng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Min Kuang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Tao Huang
- Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Fang Li
- Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ting Zheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Li Xu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Bing Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Hua Kang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Xing Zou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
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Vaz LBA, Amparo TR, Reis ACC, de Mello Silva B, de Brito Magalhães CL, Kohlhoff M, Brandão GC. Identification, characterization and quantification of xanthones from Fridericia formosa leaves extract with antiviral activity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2258. [PMID: 38278839 PMCID: PMC10817953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fridericia formosa (Bureau) L.G. Lohmann (Bignonaceae) is a neotropical liana species found in the Cerrado biome in Brazil. It has been of great interest to the scientific community due to its potential as a source of new antivirals, including xanthones derived from mangiferin. In this context, the present study aimed to characterize and quantify the xanthones present in the ethanol extract of this species using high performance liquid chromatography. Additionally, the antiviral activity against Chikungunya, Zika, and Mayaro viruses was evaluated. The chromatographic analyses partially identified twenty-six xanthones, among which only fourteen had already been described in the literature. The xanthones mangiferin, 2'-O-trans-caffeoylmangiferin, and 2'-O-trans-coumaroylmangiferin, are present in higher quantities in the extract, at concentrations of 9.65%, 10.68%, and 3.41% w/w, respectively. In antiviral assays, the extract inhibited the multiplication cycle only for the Mayaro virus with a CE50 of 36.1 μg/mL. Among the isolated xanthones, 2'-O-trans-coumaroylmangiferin and 2'-O-trans-cinnamoylmangiferin inhibited the viral cytopathic effect with CE50 values of 180.6 and 149.4 μg/mL, respectively. Therefore, the extract from F. formosa leaves, which has a high content of xanthones, has antiviral potential and can be a source of new mangiferin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Beatriz Araújo Vaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Zip Code 35.402-163, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Roquete Amparo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Zip Code 35.402-163, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cotta Cardoso Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Zip Code 35.402-163, Brazil
| | - Breno de Mello Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, Zip Code 35.402-163, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Lopes de Brito Magalhães
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, Zip Code 35.402-163, Brazil
| | - Markus Kohlhoff
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Zip Code 30.190-009, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Célio Brandão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Zip Code 35.402-163, Brazil.
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Zhang D, Li S, Fan M, Zhao C. The Novel Compounds with Biological Activity Derived from Soil Fungi in the Past Decade. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3493-3555. [PMID: 36248243 PMCID: PMC9553542 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s377921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The secondary metabolites isolated from soil fungi have received more and more attention, especially new compounds that exhibited good biological activities. In this review, a total of 546 new compounds are included in the relevant literature since 2011. The new compounds are isolated from soil fungi, We divided these compounds into seven categories, including alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, ketones, phenylpropanoids, quinones, esters, lactones, etc. In addition, the biological activities and structure-activity relationships of these compounds have also been fully discussed. The activities of these compounds are roughly divided into eight categories, including anticancer activity, antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, antiviral activity, antimalarial activity, immunosuppressive activity and other activities. Since natural products are an important source of new drugs, this review may have a positive guiding effect on drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Zhang
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shoujie Li
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mohan Fan
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changqi Zhao
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Changqi Zhao, Tel +86-5880-5046, Email
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5
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Belkadi A, Kenouche S, Melkemi N, Daoud I, Djebaili R. Molecular docking/dynamic simulations, MEP, ADME-TOX-based analysis of xanthone derivatives as CHK1 inhibitors. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Bioactive Marine Xanthones: A Review. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20010058. [PMID: 35049913 PMCID: PMC8778107 DOI: 10.3390/md20010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine environment is an important source of specialized metabolites with valuable biological activities. Xanthones are a relevant chemical class of specialized metabolites found in this environment due to their structural variety and their biological activities. In this work, a comprehensive literature review of marine xanthones reported up to now was performed. A large number of bioactive xanthone derivatives (169) were identified, and their structures, biological activities, and natural sources were described. To characterize the chemical space occupied by marine-derived xanthones, molecular descriptors were calculated. For the analysis of the molecular descriptors, the xanthone derivatives were grouped into five structural categories (simple, prenylated, O-heterocyclic, complex, and hydroxanthones) and six biological activities (antitumor, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal, antiviral, and miscellaneous). Moreover, the natural product-likeness and the drug-likeness of marine xanthones were also assessed. Marine xanthone derivatives are rewarding bioactive compounds and constitute a promising starting point for the design of other novel bioactive molecules.
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7
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Voser TM, Campbell MD, Carroll AR. How different are marine microbial natural products compared to their terrestrial counterparts? Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:7-19. [PMID: 34651634 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1877 to 2020A key challenge in natural products research is the selection of biodiversity to yield novel chemistry. Recently, marine microorganisms have become a preferred source. But how novel are marine microorganism natural products compared to those reported from terrestrial microbes? Cluster analysis of chemical fingerprints and molecular scaffold analysis of 55 817 compounds reported from marine and terrestrial microorganisms, and marine macro-organisms showed that 76.7% of the compounds isolated from marine microorganisms are closely related to compounds isolated from terrestrial microorganisms. Only 14.3% of marine microorganism natural products are unique when marine macro-organism natural products are also considered. Studies targeting marine specific and understudied microbial phyla result in a higher likelihood of finding marine specific compounds, whereas the depth and geographic location of microorganism collection have little influence. We recommend marine targeted strain isolation, incorporating early use of genomic sequencing to guide strain selection, innovation in culture media and cultivation techniques and the application of cheminformatics tools to focus on unique natural product diversity, rather than the dereplication of known compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja M Voser
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. .,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Max D Campbell
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. .,Australian Rivers Institute-Coasts and Estuaries, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia.
| | - Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. .,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
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8
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Raihan T, Rabbee MF, Roy P, Choudhury S, Baek KH, Azad AK. Microbial Metabolites: The Emerging Hotspot of Antiviral Compounds as Potential Candidates to Avert Viral Pandemic Alike COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:732256. [PMID: 34557521 PMCID: PMC8452873 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.732256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present global COVID-19 pandemic caused by the noble pleomorphic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created a vulnerable situation in the global healthcare and economy. In this pandemic situation, researchers all around the world are trying their level best to find suitable therapeutics from various sources to combat against the SARS-CoV-2. To date, numerous bioactive compounds from different sources have been tested to control many viral diseases. However, microbial metabolites are advantageous for drug development over metabolites from other sources. We herein retrieved and reviewed literatures from PubMed, Scopus and Google relevant to antiviral microbial metabolites by searching with the keywords "antiviral microbial metabolites," "microbial metabolite against virus," "microorganism with antiviral activity," "antiviral medicine from microbial metabolite," "antiviral bacterial metabolites," "antiviral fungal metabolites," "antiviral metabolites from microscopic algae' and so on. For the same purpose, the keywords "microbial metabolites against COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2" and "plant metabolites against COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2" were used. Only the full text literatures available in English and pertinent to the topic have been included and those which are not available as full text in English and pertinent to antiviral or anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity were excluded. In this review, we have accumulated microbial metabolites that can be used as antiviral agents against a broad range of viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Based on this concept, we have included 330 antiviral microbial metabolites so far available to date in the data bases and were previously isolated from fungi, bacteria and microalgae. The microbial source, chemical nature, targeted viruses, mechanism of actions and IC50/EC50 values of these metabolites are discussed although mechanisms of actions of many of them are not yet elucidated. Among these antiviral microbial metabolites, some compounds might be very potential against many other viruses including coronaviruses. However, these potential microbial metabolites need further research to be developed as effective antiviral drugs. This paper may provide the scientific community with the possible secret of microbial metabolites that could be an effective source of novel antiviral drugs to fight against many viruses including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the future viral pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topu Raihan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | | | - Puja Roy
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Swapnila Choudhury
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Sun TT, Zhu HJ, Cao F. Marine Natural Products as a Source of Drug Leads against Respiratory Viruses: Structural and Bioactive Diversity. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3568-3594. [PMID: 33106135 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201026150105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses, including influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, etc., have seriously threatened the human health. For example, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS, affected a large number of countries around the world. Marine organisms, which could produce secondary metabolites with novel structures and abundant biological activities, are an important source for seeking effective drugs against respiratory viruses. This report reviews marine natural products with activities against respiratory viruses, the emphasis of which was put on structures and antiviral activities of these natural products. This review has described 167 marinederived secondary metabolites with activities against respiratory viruses published from 1981 to 2019. Altogether 102 references are cited in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hua-Jie Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Fei Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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Antiprotozoal and Antibacterial Activity of Ravenelin, a Xanthone Isolated from the Endophytic Fungus Exserohilum rostratum. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113339. [PMID: 34199336 PMCID: PMC8199546 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural compound ravenelin was isolated from the biomass extracts of Exserohilum rostratum fungus, and its antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, and trypanocidal activities were evaluated. Ravenelin was isolated by column chromatography and HPLC and identified by NMR and MS. The susceptibility of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains to ravenelin was determined by microbroth dilution assay. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) and BALB/c peritoneal macrophages by using MTT. SYBR Green I-based assay was used in the asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Trypanocidal activity was tested against the epimastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Ravenelin was active against Gram-positive bacteria strains, with emphasis on Bacillus subtilis (MIC value of 7.5 µM). Ravenelin’s antiparasitic activities were assessed against both the epimastigote (IC50 value of 5 ± 1 µM) and the intracellular amastigote forms of T. cruzi (IC50 value of 9 ± 2 µM), as well as against P. falciparum (IC50 value of 3.4 ± 0.4 µM). Ravenelin showed low cytotoxic effects on both HepG2 (CC50 > 50 µM) and peritoneal macrophage (CC50 = 185 ± 1 µM) cells with attractive selectivity for the parasites (SI values > 15). These findings indicate that ravenelin is a natural compound with both antibacterial and antiparasitic activities, and considerable selectivity indexes. Therefore, ravenelin is an attractive candidate for hit-to-lead development.
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11
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Sklenář F, Jurjević Ž, Houbraken J, Kolařík M, Arendrup M, Jørgensen K, Siqueira J, Gené J, Yaguchi T, Ezekiel C, Silva Pereira C, Hubka V. Re-examination of species limits in Aspergillus section Flavipedes using advanced species delimitation methods and description of four new species. Stud Mycol 2021; 99:100120. [PMID: 35003383 PMCID: PMC8688885 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the last revision in 2015, the taxonomy of section Flavipedes evolved rapidly along with the availability of new species delimitation techniques. This study aims to re-evaluate the species boundaries of section Flavipedes members using modern delimitation methods applied to an extended set of strains (n = 90) collected from various environments. The analysis used DNA sequences of three house-keeping genes (benA, CaM, RPB2) and consisted of two steps: application of several single-locus (GMYC, bGMYC, PTP, bPTP) and multi-locus (STACEY) species delimitation methods to sort the isolates into putative species, which were subsequently validated using DELINEATE software that was applied for the first time in fungal taxonomy. As a result, four new species are introduced, i.e. A. alboluteus, A. alboviridis, A. inusitatus and A. lanuginosus, and A. capensis is synonymized with A. iizukae. Phenotypic analyses were performed for the new species and their relatives, and the results showed that the growth parameters at different temperatures and colonies characteristics were useful for differentiation of these taxa. The revised section harbors 18 species, most of them are known from soil. However, the most common species from the section are ecologically diverse, occurring in the indoor environment (six species), clinical samples (five species), food and feed (four species), droppings (four species) and other less common substrates/environments. Due to the occurrence of section Flavipedes species in the clinical material/hospital environment, we also evaluated the susceptibility of 67 strains to six antifungals (amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, isavuconazole, terbinafine) using the reference EUCAST method. These results showed some potentially clinically relevant differences in susceptibility between species. For example, MICs higher than those observed for A. fumigatus wild-type were found for both triazoles and amphotericin B for A. ardalensis, A. iizukae, and A. spelaeus whereas A. lanuginosus, A. luppiae, A. movilensis, A. neoflavipes, A. olivimuriae and A. suttoniae were comparable to or more susceptible as A. fumigatus. Finally, terbinafine was in vitro active against all species except A. alboviridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Sklenář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - J. Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M. Kolařík
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M.C. Arendrup
- Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K.M. Jørgensen
- Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J.P.Z. Siqueira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
- Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - J. Gené
- Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - T. Yaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - C.N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - C. Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - V. Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Orfali R, Aboseada MA, Abdel-Wahab NM, Hassan HM, Perveen S, Ameen F, Alturki E, Abdelmohsen UR. Recent updates on the bioactive compounds of the marine-derived genus Aspergillus. RSC Adv 2021; 11:17116-17150. [PMID: 35479707 PMCID: PMC9033173 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Aspergillus is widely distributed in terrestrial and marine environments. In the marine environment, several Aspergillus species have proved their potential to produce a plethora of secondary metabolites including polyketides, sterols, fatty acids, peptides, alkaloids, terpenoids and miscellaneous compounds, displaying a variety of pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. From the beginning of 2015 until December 2020, about 361 secondary metabolites were identified from different marine Aspergillus species. In our review, we highlight secondary metabolites from various marine-derived Aspergillus species reported between January 2015 and December 2020 along with their biological potential and structural aspects whenever applicable. The genus Aspergillus is widely distributed in terrestrial and marine environments.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Raha Orfali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P. O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Aboseada
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University Beni-Suef 62513 Egypt
| | - Nada M Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt +20-86-2369075 +20-86-2347759
| | - Hossam M Hassan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62513 Egypt
| | - Shagufta Perveen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P. O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alturki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P. O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt +20-86-2369075 +20-86-2347759.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University 61111 New Minia Egypt
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13
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Wu X, Xia Y, He F, Zhu C, Ren W. Intestinal mycobiota in health and diseases: from a disrupted equilibrium to clinical opportunities. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:60. [PMID: 33715629 PMCID: PMC7958491 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi establish a complex ecosystem in the gut. Like other microbiota, gut mycobiota plays an indispensable role in modulating intestinal physiology. Notably, the most striking characteristics of intestinal fungi are their extraintestinal functions. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the importance of gut fungi in the regulation of intestinal, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, pancreatic, and brain functions, and we present possible opportunities for the application of gut mycobiota to alleviate/treat human diseases. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yaoyao Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Fang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Congrui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Wenkai Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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14
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published between January and December in 2018 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 717 citations (706 for the period January to December 2018) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1554 in 469 papers for 2018), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. The proportion of MNPs assigned absolute configuration over the last decade is also surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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15
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Teng YF, Xu L, Wei MY, Wang CY, Gu YC, Shao CL. Recent progresses in marine microbial-derived antiviral natural products. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:1215-1229. [PMID: 33222073 PMCID: PMC7680217 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viruses have always been a class of pathogenic microorganisms that threaten the health and safety of human life worldwide. However, for a long time, the treatment of viral infections has been slow to develop, and only a few antiviral drugs have been using clinically. Compared with these from terrestrial environments, marine-derived microorganisms can produce active substances with more novel structures and unique functions. From 2015 to 2019, 89 antiviral compounds of 8 structural classes have been isolated from marine microorganisms, of which 35 exhibit anti-H1N1 activity. This review surveys systematically marine microbial-derived natural products with antiviral activity and illustrates the impact of these compounds on antiviral drug discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Teng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Yan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell , Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Ji Y, Chen W, Shan T, Sun B, Yan P, Jiang W. Antibacterial Diphenyl Ether, Benzophenone and Xanthone Derivatives from
Aspergillus flavipes. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e1900640. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Bin Ji
- Research Center of Life and Environment ScienceHarbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Ju Chen
- Research Center of Life and Environment ScienceHarbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076 P. R. China
- Marine Science and Technology InstituteYangzhou University Yangzhou 225127 P. R. China
| | - Ti‐Zhuang Shan
- Marine Science and Technology InstituteYangzhou University Yangzhou 225127 P. R. China
| | - Bi‐Yun Sun
- Marine Science and Technology InstituteYangzhou University Yangzhou 225127 P. R. China
| | - Peng‐Cheng Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Marine Science and Technology InstituteYangzhou University Yangzhou 225127 P. R. China
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17
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Dalinova A, Chisty L, Kochura D, Garnyuk V, Petrova M, Prokofieva D, Yurchenko A, Dubovik V, Ivanov A, Smirnov S, Zolotarev A, Berestetskiy A. Isolation and Bioactivity of Secondary Metabolites from Solid Culture of the Fungus, Alternaria sonchi. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E81. [PMID: 31947939 PMCID: PMC7022477 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus, Alternaria sonchi is considered to be a potential agent for the biocontrol of perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis). A new chlorinated xanthone, methyl 8-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-chloro-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (1) and a new benzophenone derivative, 5-chloromoniliphenone (2), were isolated together with eleven structurally related compounds (3-13) from the solid culture of the fungus, which is used for the production of bioherbicidal inoculum of A. sonchi. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic (mostly by NMR and MS) methods. Alternethanoxins A and B, which were reported in A. sonchi earlier, were re-identified as moniliphenone and pinselin, respectively. The isolated compounds were tested for phytotoxic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, cytotoxic and esterase-inhibition activities. They did not demonstrate high phytotoxicity (lesions up to 2.5 mm in diameter/length at a concentration of 2 mg/mL) when tested on leaf disks/segments of perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) and couch grass (Elytrigia repens). They did not possess acute toxicity to Paramecium caudatum, and showed moderate to low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 25 µg/mL) for U937 and K562 tumor cell lines. However, chloromonilicin and methyl 3,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-chloro-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (4) were shown to have antimicrobial properties with MIC 0.5-5 µg/disc. Compound 4 and chloromonilinic acid B were found to have contact insecticidal activity to wheat aphid (Schizaphis graminum) at 1 mg/mL. Compounds 2 and methyl 3,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate displayed selective carboxylesterase inhibition activity at concentration of 100 µg/mL. Therefore, the waste solid substrate for production of A. sonchi spores can be re-utilized for the isolation of a number of valuable natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dalinova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Leonid Chisty
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, 188663 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (L.C.); (D.K.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Dmitry Kochura
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, 188663 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (L.C.); (D.K.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Varvara Garnyuk
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, 188663 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (L.C.); (D.K.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Maria Petrova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Darya Prokofieva
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, 188663 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (L.C.); (D.K.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Anton Yurchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Vsevolod Dubovik
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Av. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.I.); (S.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Sergey Smirnov
- St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Av. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.I.); (S.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Andrey Zolotarev
- St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Av. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.I.); (S.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Alexander Berestetskiy
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (V.D.)
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18
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Ma LY, Zhang HB, Kang HH, Zhong MJ, Liu DS, Ren H, Liu WZ. New Butenolides and Cyclopentenones from Saline Soil-Derived Fungus Aspergillus Sclerotiorum. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142642. [PMID: 31330867 PMCID: PMC6680918 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new γ-hydroxyl butenolides (1–3), a pair of new enantiomeric spiro-butenolides (4a and 4b), a pair of enantiomeric cyclopentenones (5a new and 5b new natural), and six known compounds (6–11), were isolated from Aspergillus sclerotiorum. Their structures were established by spectroscopic data and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Two pairs of enantiomers [(+)/(–)-6c and (+)/(–)-6d] obtained from the reaction of 6 with acetyl chloride (AcCl) confirmed that 6 was a mixture of two pairs of enantiomers. In addition, the X-ray data confirmed that 7 was also a racemate. The new metabolites (1−5) were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against cancer and non-cancer cell lines. As a result, compound 1 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity to HL60 and A549 with IC50 values of 6.5 and 8.9 µM, respectively, and weak potency to HL-7702 with IC50 values of 17.6 µM. Furthermore, compounds 1−9 were screened for their antimicrobial activity using the micro-broth dilution method. MIC values of 200 μg/mL were obtained for compounds 2 and 3 towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while compound 8 exhibited a MIC of 50 μ/mL towards Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Huai-Bin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Hui-Hui Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Mei-Jia Zhong
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - De-Sheng Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Hong Ren
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
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19
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Isolation and Characterization of Two New Metabolites from the Sponge-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. LS34 by OSMAC Approach. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17050283. [PMID: 31083492 PMCID: PMC6562850 DOI: 10.3390/md17050283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of an OSMAC (One Strain-Many Compounds) approach on the sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. LS34, using two different media including solid rice medium and potato dextrose broth (PDB) resulted in the isolation and identification of two new compounds, named asperspin A (1) and asperther A (2) along with seven known compounds 3–9. Compounds 1–5 were detected in fungal extracts from rice medium, while compounds 6–9 were isolated from PDB medium. Their structures were unambiguously characterized by HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic data. The growth inhibitory activity of these compounds against four pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) were evaluated. All the compounds were also tested for their cytotoxicity against seven cancer cell lines, including CCRF-CEM, K562, BGC823, AGS, HCT-116, MDA-MB-453, and COR-L23. Among them, compound 9 showed strong activity against CCRF-CEM and K562 cells with IC50 values of 1.22 ± 0.05 µM and 10.58 ± 0.19 µM, respectively. Notably, compound 7 also showed pronounced activity against S. aureus with an MIC value of 3.54 µM.
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