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Augyte S, Sims NA, Martin K, Van Wychen S, Panczak B, Alt H, Nelson R, Laurens LML. Tropical Red Macroalgae Cultivation with a Focus on Compositional Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3524. [PMID: 37895988 PMCID: PMC10609988 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
To create carbon efficient sources of bioenergy feedstocks and feedstuff for aquaculture and terrestrial livestock, it is critical to develop and commercialize the most efficient seaweed cultivation approach with a sustainable nutrient input supply. Here, we present data for a novel, onshore tropical macroalgae cultivation system, based on influent deep seawater as the nutrient and carbon sources. Two red algal species were selected, Agardhiella subulata and Halymenia hawaiiana, as the basis for growth optimization. Highest productivity in small-scale cultivation was demonstrated with A. subulata in the 10% deep seawater (64.7 µg N L-1) treatment, growing at up to 26% specific growth rate day-1 with highest yields observed at 247.5 g m-2 day-1 fresh weight. The highest yields for H. hawaiiana were measured with the addition of 10% deep seawater up to 8.8% specific growth rate day-1 and yields at 63.3 g fresh weight m-2 day-1 equivalent. Biomass should be culled weekly or biweekly to avoid density limitations, which likely contributed to a decrease in SGR over time. With a measured 30-40% carbon content of the ash-free dry weight (20-30% of the dry weight) biomass, this translates to an almost 1:1 CO2 capture to biomass ratio. The compositional fingerprint of the high carbohydrate content of both Agardhiella and Halymenia makes for an attractive feedstock for downstream biorefinery applications. By focusing on scaling and optimizing seaweed farming technologies for large-scale onshore farms, the opportunities for yield potential, adaptability to cultivation conditions, and meeting global sustainability goals through novel, carbon-negative biomass sources such as seaweed can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Augyte
- Ocean Era, Inc., Kailua-Kona, HI 96740, USA; (N.A.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Neil A. Sims
- Ocean Era, Inc., Kailua-Kona, HI 96740, USA; (N.A.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Keelee Martin
- Ocean Era, Inc., Kailua-Kona, HI 96740, USA; (N.A.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Stefanie Van Wychen
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (S.V.W.); (B.P.); (H.A.); (R.N.); (L.M.L.L.)
| | - Bonnie Panczak
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (S.V.W.); (B.P.); (H.A.); (R.N.); (L.M.L.L.)
| | - Hannah Alt
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (S.V.W.); (B.P.); (H.A.); (R.N.); (L.M.L.L.)
| | - Robert Nelson
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (S.V.W.); (B.P.); (H.A.); (R.N.); (L.M.L.L.)
| | - Lieve M. L. Laurens
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (S.V.W.); (B.P.); (H.A.); (R.N.); (L.M.L.L.)
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Moreira ASP, Gaspar D, Ferreira SS, Correia A, Vilanova M, Perrineau MM, Kerrison PD, Gachon CMM, Domingues MR, Coimbra MA, Coreta-Gomes FM, Nunes C. Water-Soluble Saccharina latissima Polysaccharides and Relation of Their Structural Characteristics with In Vitro Immunostimulatory and Hypocholesterolemic Activities. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:183. [PMID: 36976232 PMCID: PMC10054259 DOI: 10.3390/md21030183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown macroalgae are an important source of polysaccharides, mainly fucose-containing sulphated polysaccharides (FCSPs), associated with several biological activities. However, the structural diversity and structure-function relationships for their bioactivities are still undisclosed. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize the chemical structure of water-soluble Saccharina latissima polysaccharides and evaluate their immunostimulatory and hypocholesterolemic activities, helping to pinpoint a structure-activity relationship. Alginate, laminarans (F1, neutral glucose-rich polysaccharides), and two fractions (F2 and F3) of FCSPs (negatively charged) were studied. Whereas F2 is rich in uronic acids (45 mol%) and fucose (29 mol%), F3 is rich in fucose (59 mol%) and galactose (21 mol%). These two fractions of FCSPs showed immunostimulatory activity on B lymphocytes, which could be associated with the presence of sulphate groups. Only F2 exhibited a significant effect in reductions in in vitro cholesterol's bioaccessibility attributed to the sequestration of bile salts. Therefore, S. latissima FCSPs were shown to have potential as immunostimulatory and hypocholesterolemic functional ingredients, where their content in uronic acids and sulphation seem to be relevant for the bioactive and healthy properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. P. Moreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE—Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana Gaspar
- LAQV-REQUIMTE—Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia S. Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE—Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Correia
- i3S—Institute for Research and Innovation in Health and IBMC—Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- i3S—Institute for Research and Innovation in Health and IBMC—Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Philip D. Kerrison
- Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, UK
- Hortimare BV, Altonstraat 25A, 1704 CC Heerhugowaard, The Netherlands
| | - Claire M. M. Gachon
- Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, UK
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-Organismes (UMR 7245), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- LAQV-REQUIMTE—Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel A. Coimbra
- LAQV-REQUIMTE—Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipe M. Coreta-Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE—Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CQC-IMS—Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Woo S, Moon JH, Sung J, Baek D, Shon YJ, Jung GY. Recent Advances in the Utilization of Brown Macroalgae as Feedstock for Microbial Biorefinery. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Juul L, Danielsen M, Nebel C, Steinhagen S, Bruhn A, Jensen S, Undeland I, Dalsgaard T. Ulva fenestrata protein – Comparison of three extraction methods with respect to protein yield and protein quality. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Joniver CF, Photiades A, Moore PJ, Winters AL, Woolmer A, Adams JM. The global problem of nuisance macroalgal blooms and pathways to its use in the circular economy. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhu X, Healy L, Zhang Z, Maguire J, Sun DW, Tiwari BK. Novel postharvest processing strategies for value-added applications of marine algae. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:4444-4455. [PMID: 33608900 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine algae are regarded as a promising nutrients resource in future as they can be sustainably cultured without land and high investment. These macroalgae are now widely processed into food and beverages, fertilizers and animal feed. Furthermore, bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and polyphenols in seaweeds have proven to have antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties that can be utilized in cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. As a key procedure in seaweed production, the postharvest process not only requires more laboured and energy but also affect the quality of the final product significantly. This article reviewed all current postharvest processes and technologies of seaweed and addressed potential postharvest strategies for seaweed production. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglu Zhu
- Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
- Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Healy
- Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
- Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zhihang Zhang
- Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Da-Wen Sun
- Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Monteiro JP, Melo T, Skjermo J, Forbord S, Broch OJ, Domingues P, Calado R, Domingues MR. Effect of harvesting month and proximity to fish farm sea cages on the lipid profile of cultivated Saccharina latissima. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Carroll AR, Copp BR, Davis RA, Keyzers RA, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:362-413. [PMID: 33570537 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2019 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 719 citations (701 for the period January to December 2019) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1490 in 440 papers for 2019), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Pertinent reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. Methods used to study marine fungi and their chemical diversity have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia and School of Enivironment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Chen Y, Li J, Huang Z, Su G, Li X, Sun Z, Qin Y. Impact of short-term application of seaweed fertilizer on bacterial diversity and community structure, soil nitrogen contents, and plant growth in maize rhizosphere soil. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:591-603. [PMID: 31898151 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00766-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the short-term application of Ascophyllum nodosum-fermented seaweed fertilizer on the bacterial community, soil nitrogen contents, and plant growth in maize rhizosphere soil were evaluated. The changes in the bacterial community composition and nitrogen contents including those of total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) in rhizosphere soils in response to treatment with seaweed fertilizer were determined. Furthermore, soil enzymatic activity and crop biomass were analyzed. The relative abundance of the dominant phyla varied regularly with fertilization, and bacterial α-diversity was apparently influenced by seaweed fertilizer amendment. The TN contents of all soil samples decreased gradually, and the NO3--N and NH4+-N contents of the soils treated with seaweed fertilizer were much higher than those of the control soils. Similarly, the enzymatic activities of dehydrogenase, nitrite reductase, urease, and cellulase in the soil were significantly increased on day 3, day 8, and day 13 after the application of seaweed fertilizer to the maize rhizosphere soil. However, there was no difference in the activity of soil sucrase between the treatment group and the control group. In this study, the growth of maize seedlings was confirmed to be greatly promoted by the utilization of seaweed fertilizer. These results deepen our understanding of plant-microbe interactions in agroecosystems and should benefit the wide use of seaweed fertilizer in sustainable agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Chen
- Department of Resources and Environment, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiaoyong Li
- Department of Resources and Environment, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibo Huang
- Department of Resources and Environment, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxun Su
- Department of Resources and Environment, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- College of Environment and Life Sciences, Kaili University, Kaiyuan Road, Kaili, 556011, People's Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanyi Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Seaweed Fertilizers, Qingdao Brightmoon Seaweed Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Qin
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Seaweed Fertilizers, Qingdao Brightmoon Seaweed Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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Jiang Z, Liu J, Li S, Chen Y, Du P, Zhu Y, Liao Y, Chen Q, Shou L, Yan X, Zeng J, Chen J. Kelp cultivation effectively improves water quality and regulates phytoplankton community in a turbid, highly eutrophic bay. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135561. [PMID: 31972904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coastal eutrophication and its associated harmful algal blooms have emerged as one of the most severe environmental problems worldwide. Seaweed cultivation has been widely encouraged to control eutrophication and algal blooms. Among them, cultivated kelp (Saccharina japonica) dominates primarily by production and area. However, the responses of water quality and phytoplankton community to kelp farming remain unclear. Here, thirteen cruises were conducted in the kelp farms and control areas in the turbid, highly eutrophic Xiangshan Bay of the East China Sea from 2008 to 2015. Results indicated that kelp cultivation slightly increased dissolved oxygen and pH, but reduced dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. We estimated that kelp harvesting would remove 297 t of nitrogen and 42 t of phosphorus from this bay annually. Because of decreased flow velocity, turbulence, and sediment resuspension, kelp farming greatly reduced suspended solids and increased transparency, resulting in increases in phytoplankton chlorophyll a and abundance. Additionally, kelp farming appreciably increased phytoplankton species number, Marglef richness, and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices by 51.6%, 40.1%, and 13.1%, respectively. Analysis of similarity and similarity percentages demonstrated that phytoplankton community composition differed significantly between the farm and control area, which was mostly attributed to long-chained diatoms and single-celled dinoflagellates. However, after the kelp harvesting, all measurements of water quality and phytoplankton biomass, diversity, and community composition exhibited no significant difference. Our study highlights that kelp cultivation alleviates eutrophication and acidification and enhances phytoplankton diversity, thus providing guidance for macroalgal aquaculture and remediation in eutrophic waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanglu Li
- Marine Monitoring and Forecasting Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Du
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yibo Liao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quanzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Shou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Marine College of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiangning Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jianfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
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Patyshakuliyeva A, Falkoski DL, Wiebenga A, Timmermans K, de Vries RP. Macroalgae Derived Fungi Have High Abilities to Degrade Algal Polymers. Microorganisms 2019; 8:E52. [PMID: 31888103 PMCID: PMC7023191 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine fungi associated with macroalgae are an ecologically important group that have a strong potential for industrial applications. In this study, twenty-two marine fungi isolated from the brown seaweed Fucus sp. were examined for their abilities to produce algal and plant biomass degrading enzymes. Growth of these isolates on brown and green algal biomass revealed a good growth, but no preference for any specific algae. Based on the analysis of enzymatic activities, macroalgae derived fungi were able to produce algae specific and (hemi-)cellulose degrading enzymes both on algal and plant biomass. However, the production of algae specific activities was lower than the production of cellulases and xylanases. These data revealed the presence of different enzymatic approaches for the degradation of algal biomass by macroalgae derived fungi. In addition, the results of the present study indicate our poor understanding of the enzymes involved in algal biomass degradation and the mechanisms of algal carbon source utilization by marine derived fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandrina Patyshakuliyeva
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.P.); (D.L.F.); (A.W.)
| | - Daniel L. Falkoski
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.P.); (D.L.F.); (A.W.)
| | - Ad Wiebenga
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.P.); (D.L.F.); (A.W.)
| | - Klaas Timmermans
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Landsdiep 4, 1797 SZ ′t Horntje, The Netherlands;
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.P.); (D.L.F.); (A.W.)
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