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Cui L, Sun H, Shang X, Wen J, Li P, Yang S, Chen L, Huang X, Li H, Yin R, Zhao J. Purification and Structural Analyses of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Low-Value Sea Cucumber Stichopus naso and Anticoagulant Activities of Its Oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:265. [PMID: 38921576 PMCID: PMC11204762 DOI: 10.3390/md22060265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Three polysaccharides (SnNG, SnFS and SnFG) were purified from the body wall of Stichopus naso. The physicochemical properties, including monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, sulfate content, and optical rotation, were analyzed, confirming that SnFS and SnFG are sulfated polysaccharides commonly found in sea cucumbers. The highly regular structure {3)-L-Fuc2S-(α1,}n of SnFS was determined via a detailed NMR analysis of its oxidative degradation product. By employing β-elimination depolymerization of SnFG, tri-, penta-, octa-, hendeca-, tetradeca-, and heptadeca-saccharides were obtained from the low-molecular-weight product. Their well-defined structures confirmed that SnFG possessed the backbone of {D-GalNAc4S6S-β(1,4)-D-GlcA}, and each GlcA residue was branched with Fuc2S4S. SnFS and SnFG are both structurally the simplest version of natural fucan sulfate and fucosylated glycosaminoglycan, facilitating the application of low-value sea cucumbers S. naso. Bioactivity assays showed that SnFG and its derived oligosaccharides exhibited potent anticoagulation and intrinsic factor Xase (iXase) inhibition. Moreover, a comparative analysis with the series of oligosaccharides solely branched with Fuc3S4S showed that in oligosaccharides with lower degrees of polymerization, such as octasaccharides, Fuc2S4S led to a greater increase in APTT prolongation and iXase inhibition. As the degree of polymerization increases, the influence from the sulfation pattern diminishes, until it is overshadowed by the effects of molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lige Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.C.); (H.S.); (X.S.); (P.L.); (S.Y.); (L.C.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Huifang Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.C.); (H.S.); (X.S.); (P.L.); (S.Y.); (L.C.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xiaolei Shang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.C.); (H.S.); (X.S.); (P.L.); (S.Y.); (L.C.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jing Wen
- School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China;
| | - Pengfei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.C.); (H.S.); (X.S.); (P.L.); (S.Y.); (L.C.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shengtao Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.C.); (H.S.); (X.S.); (P.L.); (S.Y.); (L.C.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Linxia Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.C.); (H.S.); (X.S.); (P.L.); (S.Y.); (L.C.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xiangyang Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.C.); (H.S.); (X.S.); (P.L.); (S.Y.); (L.C.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Haoyang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.C.); (H.S.); (X.S.); (P.L.); (S.Y.); (L.C.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ronghua Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.C.); (H.S.); (X.S.); (P.L.); (S.Y.); (L.C.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.C.); (H.S.); (X.S.); (P.L.); (S.Y.); (L.C.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Z.)
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Lu C, Wang X, Ma J, Wang M, Liu W, Wang G, Ding Y, Lin Z, Li Y. Chemical substances and their activities in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus: A review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300427. [PMID: 37853667 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Apostichopus japonicus, also known as Stichopus japonicus, with medicinal and food homologous figures, is a globally recognized precious ingredient with extremely high nutritional value. There is no relevant review available through literature search, so this article selects the research articles through the keywords "sea cucumber" and "Apostichopus japonicus (Stichopus japonicus)" in six professional databases, such as Wiley, PubMed, ScienceDirect, ACS, Springer, and Web of Science, from 2000 to the present, summarizing the extraction, isolation, and purification methods for the four major categories (polysaccharides, proteins and peptides, saponins, and other components) of the A. japonicus chemical substances and 10 effective biological activities of A. japonicus. Included are anticoagulation, anticancer/antitumor activities, hematopoiesis, regulation of gut microbiota, and immune regulatory activities that correspond to traditional efficacy. Literature support is provided for the development of medicines and functional foods and related aspects that play a leading role in future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mengtong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangyue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuling Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Hossain A, Dave D, Shahidi F. Sulfated polysaccharides in sea cucumbers and their biological properties: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127329. [PMID: 37844809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Sea cucumbers contain a wide range of biomolecules, including sulfated polysaccharides (SPs), with immense therapeutic and nutraceutical potential. SPs in sea cucumbers are mainly fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS) and fucan sulfate (FS) which exhibit a series of pharmacological effects, including anticoagulant activity, in several biological systems. FCS is a structurally distinct glycosaminoglycan in the sea cucumber body wall, and its biological properties mainly depend on the degree of sulfation, position of sulfate group, molecular weight, and distribution of branches along the backbone. So far, FCS and FS have been recognized for their antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-obesity, and antioxidant potential. However, the functions of these SPs are mainly dependent on the species, origins, harvesting season, and extraction methods applied. This review focuses on the SPs of sea cucumbers and how their structural diversities affect various biological activities. In addition, the mechanism of actions of SPs, chemical structures, factors affecting their bioactivities, and their extraction methods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Deepika Dave
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; Marine Bioprocessing Facility, Centre of Aquaculture and Seafood Development, Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5R3, Canada.
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Lan D, Zhang J, Shang X, Yu L, Xu C, Wang P, Cui L, Cheng N, Sun H, Ran J, Sha L, Yin R, Gao N, Zhao J. Branch distribution pattern and anticoagulant activity of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from Phyllophorella kohkutiensis. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121304. [PMID: 37739534 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS) extracted from Phyllophorella kohkutiensis (PkFCS) is composed of d-GalNAc, d-GlcA, l-Fuc and -SO42-. According to the defined structures revealed by NMR spectra of the branches released by mild acid hydrolysis and oligosaccharides generated by β-eliminative depolymerization, the backbone of PkFCS is CS-E, and the branch types attached to C-3 of d-GlcA include l-Fuc2S4S, l-Fuc3S4S, l-Fuc4S, and the disaccharide α-d-GalNAc-1,2-α-l-Fuc3S4S with the ratio of 43:13:22:22. Notably, novel heptasaccharide and hendecasaccharide were identified that are branched with continuous distribution of the disaccharide. The structural sequences of the oligosaccharides indicate that three unique structural motifs are present in the entire PkFCS polymer, including a motif branched with randomly distributed different sulfated l-Fuc units, a motif containing regular l-Fuc2S4S branches and a motif enriched in α-d-GalNAc-1,2-α-l-Fuc3S4S. This is the first report about the distribution pattern of diverse branches in natural FCS. Natural PkFCS exhibited potent anticoagulant activity on APTT prolonging and anti-iXase activity. Regarding the structurally defined oligosaccharides with sulfated fucosyl side chains, octasaccharide (Pk4b) is the minimum fragment responsible for its anticoagulant activity correlated with anti-iXase. However, further glycosyl modification with a non-sulfated d-GalNAc at the C-2 position of l-Fuc3S4S could significantly decrease the anticoagulant and anti-iXase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaolei Shang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lijuan Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chen Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Pin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lige Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Nanqi Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huifang Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianing Ran
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Le Sha
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ronghua Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Shen Q, Guo Y, Wang K, Zhang C, Ma Y. A Review of Chondroitin Sulfate's Preparation, Properties, Functions, and Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:7093. [PMID: 37894574 PMCID: PMC10609508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a natural macromolecule polysaccharide that is extensively distributed in a wide variety of organisms. CS is of great interest to researchers due to its many in vitro and in vivo functions. CS production derives from a diverse number of sources, including but not limited to extraction from various animals or fish, bio-synthesis, and fermentation, and its purity and homogeneity can vary greatly. The structural diversity of CS with respect to sulfation and saccharide content endows this molecule with distinct complexity, allowing for functional modification. These multiple functions contribute to the application of CS in medicines, biomaterials, and functional foods. In this article, we discuss the preparation of CS from different sources, the structure of various forms of CS, and its binding to other relevant molecules. Moreover, for the creation of this article, the functions and applications of CS were reviewed, with an emphasis on drug discovery, hydrogel formation, delivery systems, and food supplements. We conclude that analyzing some perspectives on structural modifications and preparation methods could potentially influence future applications of CS in medical and biomaterial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Shen
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
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Tang H, Huang J, Yuan Q, Lv K, Ma H, Li T, Liu Y, Mi S, Zhao L. A regular Chlorella mannogalactan and its sulfated derivative as a promising anticoagulant: Structural characterization and anticoagulant activity. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 314:120956. [PMID: 37173047 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella is one of the most widely cultivated species of microalgae and has been consumed as a "green healthy food". In this study, a novel polysaccharide (CPP-1) was isolated from Chlorella pyrenoidosa, structurally analyzed, and sulfated as a promising anticoagulant. Structural analyses by chemical and instrumental methods such as monosaccharide composition, methylation-GC-MS and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed that CPP-1 had a molecular weight of ~13.6 kDa, and mainly consisted of d-mannopyranose (d-Manp), 3-O-methylated d-Manp (3-O-Me-d-Manp), and d-galactopyranose (d-Galp). The molar ratio of d-Manp and d-Galp was 1.0:2.3. CPP-1 consisted of a (1→6)-linked β-d-Galp backbone substituted at C-3 by the d-Manp and 3-O-Me-d-Manp residues in a molar ratio of 1:1, which was a regular mannogalactan. The sulfated Chlorella mannogalactan (SCM) with sulfated group content of 40.2 % equivalent to that of unfractionated heparin was prepared and analyzed. NMR analysis confirmed its structure, indicating that most free hydroxyl groups in the side chains and partial hydroxyl groups in the backbone were sulfated. Anticoagulant activity assays indicated that SCM exhibited strong anticoagulant activity by inhibiting intrinsic tenase (FXase) with IC50 of 13.65 ng/mL, which may be a safer anticoagulant as an alternative to heparin-like drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Jinwen Huang
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Qingxia Yuan
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China.
| | - Kunling Lv
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Haiqiong Ma
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Shunli Mi
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China.
| | - Longyan Zhao
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China.
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Deaminative-cleaved S. monotuberculatus fucosylated glycosaminoglycan: Structural elucidation and anticoagulant activity. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 298:120072. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Yin R, Pan Y, Cai Y, Yang F, Gao N, Ruzemaimaiti D, Zhao J. Re-understanding of structure and anticoagulation: Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber Ludwigothurea grisea. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119826. [PMID: 35868774 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS) from sea cucumber Ludwigothurea grisea (FCSLg) is the first one that reported to bear the di-fucosyl branches. Here we deciphered it by analyzing the physicochemical properties and its derivatives. Oligosaccharides prepared by selective cleavage of glycosidic linkages presented the mono-fucose and heterodisaccharide branches in FCSLg. The disaccharide branch was determined as d-GalNAcR1-(α1,2)-l-FucR2 rather than the di-fucosyl branch, where R1 was 4-mono-O- or 4,6-di-O-sulfation, and R2 was 3-mono-O- or 3,4-di-O-sulfation, respectively. The diversity of sulfation patterns in branches complicated the structure. These results give us a new understanding of FCSLg and provided a reliable method to decipher the FCS with complex branches. Bioanalysis of chemically modified derivatives showed that modulating the molecular mass could enhance the Xase target selectivity. Side chains conferred the Xase complex inhibition by binding to FIXa with a high affinity. Whether monosaccharide and disaccharide branches have differential effects needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | | | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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9
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Gong PX, Wu YC, Chen X, Zhou ZL, Chen X, Lv SZ, You Y, Li HJ. Immunological effect of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and its oligomers from Holothuria fuscogilva on RAW 264.7 cells. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119362. [PMID: 35422306 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate was obtained from the sea cucumber Holothuria fuscogilva (FCShf). The structure was elucidated by NMR and HILIC-FTMS analysis. FCShf contained a chondroitin core chain [→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1 → 4)-β-D-GlcA-(1→]n, where the sulfation positions were the O-4 or O-6 of the GalNAc residues. The ratio of sulfated and non-sulfated GalNAc at O-6 was 1:2, while the ratio of GalNAc at O-4 was 1:1. 2,4-disulfated-fucose (Fuc2,4S), 4-sulfated-fucose (Fuc4S) and 3,4-disulfated-fucose (Fuc3,4S) were attached to the O-3 of GlcA with a molar ratio of 1.00: 0.62: 1.32. The FCShf could significantly promote the proliferative rate, NO production and neutral red uptake of RAW 264.7 cells within the concentration range of 10-300 μg/mL. Compared with the fucosylation and deacetylation degrees, the molecular weight of FCShf had markedly influence on the activation of RAW 264.7 cells. A decrease in molecular weight dramatically improved the immunoregulatory activities. Furthermore, FCShf activated RAW 264.7 cells through TLR-2/4-NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Xian Gong
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Yan-Chao Wu
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Ze-Lin Zhou
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Shi-Zhong Lv
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Yue You
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Hui-Jing Li
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China; Weihai Huiankang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Weihai 264200, PR China.
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Li T, Ma H, Li H, Tang H, Huang J, Wei S, Yuan Q, Shi X, Gao C, Mi S, Zhao L, Zhong S, Liu Y. Physicochemical Properties and Anticoagulant Activity of Purified Heteropolysaccharides from Laminaria japonica. Molecules 2022; 27:3027. [PMID: 35566376 PMCID: PMC9102426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27093027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminaria japonica is widely consumed as a key food and medicine. Polysaccharides are one of the most plentiful constituents of this marine plant. In this study, several polysaccharide fractions with different charge numbers were obtained. Their physicochemical properties and anticoagulant activities were determined by chemical and instrumental methods. The chemical analysis showed that Laminaria japonica polysaccharides (LJPs) and the purified fractions LJP0, LJP04, LJP06, and LJP08 mainly consisted of mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose, and fucose in different mole ratios. LJP04 and LJP06 also contained minor amounts of xylose. The polysaccharide fractions eluted by higher concentration of NaCl solutions showed higher contents of uronic acid and sulfate group. Biological activity assays showed that LJPs LJP06 and LJP08 could obviously prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), indicating that they had strong anticoagulant activity. Furthermore, we found that LJP06 exerted this activity by inhibiting intrinsic factor Xase with higher selectivity than other fractions, which may have negligible bleeding risk. The sulfate group may play an important role in the anticoagulant activity. In addition, the carboxyl group and surface morphology of these fractions may affect their anticoagulant activities. The results provide information for applications of L. japonica polysaccharides, especially LJP06 as anticoagulants in functional foods and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (T.L.); (H.M.); (H.L.); (H.T.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (Q.Y.); (C.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Haiqiong Ma
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (T.L.); (H.M.); (H.L.); (H.T.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (Q.Y.); (C.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Hong Li
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (T.L.); (H.M.); (H.L.); (H.T.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (Q.Y.); (C.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Hao Tang
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (T.L.); (H.M.); (H.L.); (H.T.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (Q.Y.); (C.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Jinwen Huang
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (T.L.); (H.M.); (H.L.); (H.T.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (Q.Y.); (C.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Shiying Wei
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (T.L.); (H.M.); (H.L.); (H.T.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (Q.Y.); (C.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Qingxia Yuan
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (T.L.); (H.M.); (H.L.); (H.T.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (Q.Y.); (C.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Xiaohuo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China;
| | - Chenghai Gao
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (T.L.); (H.M.); (H.L.); (H.T.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (Q.Y.); (C.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Shunli Mi
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (T.L.); (H.M.); (H.L.); (H.T.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (Q.Y.); (C.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Longyan Zhao
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (T.L.); (H.M.); (H.L.); (H.T.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (Q.Y.); (C.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Shengping Zhong
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (T.L.); (H.M.); (H.L.); (H.T.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (Q.Y.); (C.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (T.L.); (H.M.); (H.L.); (H.T.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (Q.Y.); (C.G.); (S.M.)
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11
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Ustyuzhanina NE, Bilan MI, Anisimova NY, Dmitrenok AS, Tsvetkova EA, Kiselevskiy MV, Nifantiev NE, Usov AI. Depolymerization of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from Cucumaria japonica: Structure and activity of the product. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 281:119072. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Liu X, Ning Z, Zuo Z, Wang P, Yin R, Gao N, Wu B, Zhao J. The glycosidic bond cleavage and desulfation investigation of fucosylated glycosaminoglycan during mild acid hydrolysis through structural analysis of the resulting oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2021; 511:108493. [PMID: 34942433 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mild acid hydrolysis is a common method to study the chemical structure of fucosylated glycosaminoglycan (FG). It was generally considered that the fucose branches α-L-FucS-(1, of FG could be hydrolyzed selectively in mild acid. This report focused on the selectivity of glycosidic bond cleavage and extensive desulfation characteristics of the backbone during mild acid hydrolysis. The hydrolyzed product of native SvFG (dfSvFG) was prepared by mild acid hydrolysis in 0.1 M H2SO4 at 100 °C for 2 h. A series of oligosaccharides were purified by GPC and SAX-HPLC from dfSvFG, then they were analyzed by HPGPC, 1D/2D NMR and ESI-Q-TOF-MS. The precise structure of these oligosaccharides was elucidated to be trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides and pentasaccharides, indicating SvFG branches hydrolyzed basically and its' backbone composed of repeating β-D-GlcA-(1,3)-D-GalNAc and β-D-GalNAc-(1,4)-D-GlcA unit. The prevalent presence of the GlcA residues at the non-reducing terminal of these oligosaccharides, suggesting the glycosidic bond of β-D-GalNAc-(1,4)-D-GlcA was more susceptible to acid than that of β-D-GlcA-(1,3)-D-GalNAc during mild acid hydrolysis. Moreover, the sulfate ester groups in GalNAc4S6S unit could also be hydrolyzed by acid, and it at position C-4 was more susceptible to hydrolysis than that at C-6. This extensive degradation and desulfation of the backbone should be taken into consideration when mild acid hydrolysis was used in elucidating the exact structure or structure-activity relationship of native FG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zimo Ning
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhichuang Zuo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Pin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ronghua Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
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13
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Li Y, Li M, Xu B, Li Z, Qi Y, Song Z, Zhao Q, Du B, Yang Y. The current status and future perspective in combination of the processing technologies of sulfated polysaccharides from sea cucumbers: A comprehensive review. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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14
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Structural characterization of oligosaccharides from free radical depolymerized fucosylated glycosaminoglycan and suggested mechanism of depolymerization. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 270:118368. [PMID: 34364613 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Free radical depolymerization is a common method in structural analysis of polysaccharides, the major challenge is the analysis of the cleavage site and characterization of newly formed ends in this reaction. Here, a fucosylated glycosaminoglycan from H. fuscopunctata (HfFG) was depolymerized by H2O2 and a series of oligosaccharides were purified and their structures were elucidated. For non-reducing ends of the trisaccharides were intact GalNAc4S6S, the cleavage site should mainly be the β(1,3) linkages between GlcA and GalNAc in the backbone of FG. Meanwhile, the reducing ends of the disaccharides and trisaccharides were almost dicarboxylic acid derivatives of GlcA, possibly arising from oxidative breaking of the CC bond of GlcA at the reducing ends. In addition, glycosidic linkages in D-GalNAc-β(1,4)-D-GlcA and L-FucS-α(1,3)-D-GlcA located at the reducing end could be cleaved, and the released GalNAc4S6S were oxidized to N-acetylgalactosaminic acid.
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15
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Structural characterization and anticoagulant analysis of the novel branched fucosylated glycosaminoglycan from sea cucumber Holothuria nobilis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 269:118290. [PMID: 34294316 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan HnFG was extracted from sea cucumber Holothuria nobilis. Its chemical structure was characterized by analyzing the physicochemical properties, oligosaccharides from its mild acid hydrolysates and depolymerized products. The disaccharide d-GalNAc4S6S-α1,2-l-Fuc3S-ol found in its mild acid hydrolysates provided a clue for the presence of a unique disaccharide-branch in HnFG. Furthermore, it was confirmed by a series of oligosaccharides from the low-molecular weight HnFG prepared by β-eliminative depolymerization. Combining with the analysis of its peroxide depolymerized products, the precise structure of HnFG was determined: A chondroitin sulfate E (CS-E)-like backbone branched with sulfated monofucoses (~67%) and disaccharides d-GalNAcS-α1,2-l-Fuc3S (~33%) at O-3 position of each GlcUA. This is the first report on the novel branches in glycosaminoglycan. Biologically, the native and depolymerized HnFG showed potent activities in prolonging the activated partial thrombin time (APTT) and inhibiting intrinsic coagulation Xase (iXase), whereas the oligosaccharides (degree of polymerization ≤6) had no obvious effects.
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16
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Kong Y, Li Y, Dai Z, Qin M, Fan H, Hao J, Zhang C, Zhong Q, Qi C, Wang P. Glycosaminoglycan from Ostrea rivularis attenuates hyperlipidemia and regulates gut microbiota in high-cholesterol diet-fed zebrafish. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5198-5210. [PMID: 34532028 PMCID: PMC8441474 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia an immense group of acquired or genetic metabolic disorders that is characterized by an excess of lipids in the bloodstream. Altogether, they have a high prevalence worldwide and constitute a major threat to human health. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are natural biomolecules that have hypolipidemic activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential hypolipidemic effect of glycosaminoglycans extracted from Ostrea rivularis (OGAG) on hyperlipidemic zebrafish, as well as the possible underlying mechanism of such effect. Dietary supplementation with OGAG during 4 weeks significantly reduced the serum and hepatic lipid levels and the hepatosomatic index in hyperlipidemic zebrafish. In addition, histopathological showed that OGAG supplementation decreases the volume and number of lipid droplets in hepatocytes. Transcriptome and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the gene expression levels of PPARγ, SCD, HMGRA, ACAT2, HMGCS, and HMGCR were significantly downregulated by OGAG treatment in hepatocytes, whereas those of CD36, FABP2, FABP6, ABCG5, and CYP7A1 were significantly upregulated. This suggests that the hypolipidemic effect of OGAG relies on increasing the ketogenic metabolism of fatty acids, inhibiting cholesterol synthesis, and enhancing the transformation of cholesterol to bile acid. Furthermore, OGAG treatment improved gut microbiota imbalance by reducing the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio, increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Acidobacteria, and Sphingomonas), and reducing the relative abundance of harmful bacteria (Proteobacteria, Cohaesibacter, Vibrio, and Terrisporobacter). These findings highlight the potential benefit of implementing OGAG as a dietary supplement to prevent and treat hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity ConservationBeibu Gulf UniversityQinzhouChina
- College of Light Industry and Food EngineeringGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
| | - Ying Li
- Qinzhou Key Laboratory of Food Flavor Analysis and ControlBeibu Gulf UniversityQinzhouChina
| | - Zi‐Ru Dai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity ConservationBeibu Gulf UniversityQinzhouChina
- Qinzhou Key Laboratory of Food Flavor Analysis and ControlBeibu Gulf UniversityQinzhouChina
| | - Mei Qin
- Qinzhou Key Laboratory of Food Flavor Analysis and ControlBeibu Gulf UniversityQinzhouChina
| | - He‐Liang Fan
- College of Light Industry and Food EngineeringGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
- Qinzhou Key Laboratory of Food Flavor Analysis and ControlBeibu Gulf UniversityQinzhouChina
| | - Jun‐Guang Hao
- Qinzhou Key Laboratory of Food Flavor Analysis and ControlBeibu Gulf UniversityQinzhouChina
| | - Chen‐Xiao Zhang
- Qinzhou Key Laboratory of Food Flavor Analysis and ControlBeibu Gulf UniversityQinzhouChina
| | - Qiu‐Ping Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity ConservationBeibu Gulf UniversityQinzhouChina
| | - Cen Qi
- Qinzhou Key Laboratory of Food Flavor Analysis and ControlBeibu Gulf UniversityQinzhouChina
| | - Pei Wang
- Qinzhou Key Laboratory of Food Flavor Analysis and ControlBeibu Gulf UniversityQinzhouChina
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17
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Zhu Z, Han Y, Ding Y, Zhu B, Song S, Xiao H. Health effects of dietary sulfated polysaccharides from seafoods and their interaction with gut microbiota. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2882-2913. [PMID: 33884748 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various dietary sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) have been isolated from seafoods, including edible seaweeds and marine animals, and their health effects such as antiobesity and anti-inflammatory activities have attracted remarkable interest. Sulfate groups have been shown to play important roles in the bioactivities of these polysaccharides. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that the biological effects of dietary SPs are associated with the modulation of the gut microbiota. Dietary SPs could regulate the gut microbiota structure and, accordingly, affect the production of bioactive microbial metabolites. Because of their differential chemical structures, dietary SPs may specifically affect the growth of certain gut microbiota and associated metabolite production, which may contribute to variable health effects. This review summarizes the latest findings on the types and structural characteristics of SPs, the effects of different processing techniques on the structural characteristics and health effects of SPs, and the current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in the health effects of SPs. These findings might help in better understanding the mechanism of the health effects of SPs and provide a scientific basis for their application as functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China.,Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yanhui Han
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuang Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Gong PX, Li QY, Wu YC, Lu WY, Zeng J, Li HJ. Structural elucidation and antidiabetic activity of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber Stichopus japonicas. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117969. [PMID: 33838834 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A fucosylated chondroitin sulfate was isolated from the body wall of sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus (FCSsj), whose structure was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and HILIC-FTMS. At the ratio of 1.00:0.26:0.65, three fucosyl residues were found: 2,4-disulfated-fucose (Fuc2,4S), 4-sulfated-fucose (Fuc4S) and 3,4-disulfated-fucose (Fuc3,4S), which were only linked to the O-3 of glucuronic acid residues (GlcA). Besides mono-fucosyl moieties, di-fucosyl branches, namely Fuc2,4Sα(1→3)Fuc4S, were also found to be attached to the O-3 of GlcA. The antidiabetic activity of FCSsj was evaluated using glucosamine induced insulin resistant (IR) Hep G2 cells in vitro. It was found that FCSsj significantly promoted the glucose uptake and glucose consumption of IR-Hep G2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and could alleviate the cell damage. Furthermore, FCSsj could promote the glycogen synthesis in the glucosamine-induced IR-Hep G2 cells. These results provided a supplement for studying the antidiabetic activity of FCSsj.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Xian Gong
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, PR China
| | - Qin-Ying Li
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, PR China
| | - Yan-Chao Wu
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, PR China.
| | - Wen-Yu Lu
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, PR China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, PR China
| | - Hui-Jing Li
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, PR China; Weihai Huiankang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Weihai 264200, PR China.
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19
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Shi X, Guan R, Zhou L, Zuo Z, Tao X, Wang P, Zhou Y, Yin R, Zhao L, Gao N, Zhao J. Structural Characterization and Heparanase Inhibitory Activity of Fucosylated Glycosaminoglycan from Holothuria floridana. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:162. [PMID: 33803892 PMCID: PMC8003118 DOI: 10.3390/md19030162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique fucosylated glycosaminoglycans (FG) have attracted increasing attention for various bioactivities. However, the precise structures of FGs usually vary in a species-specific manner. In this study, HfFG was isolated from Holothuria floridana and purified by anion exchange chromatography with the yield of ~0.9%. HfFG was composed of GlcA, GalNAc and Fuc, its molecular weight was 47.3 kDa, and the -OSO3-/-COO- molar ratio was 3.756. HfFG was depolymerized by a partial deacetylation-deaminative cleavage method to obtain the low-molecular-weight HfFG (dHfFG). Three oligosaccharide fragments (Fr-1, Fr-2, Fr-3) with different molecular weights were isolated from the dHfFG, and their structures were revealed by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. HfFG should be composed of repeating trisaccharide units -{(L-FucS-α1,3-)d-GlcA-β1,3-d-GalNAc4S6S-β1,4-}-, in which sulfated fucose (FucS) includes Fuc2S4S, Fuc3S4S and Fuc4S residues linked to O-3 of GlcA in a ratio of 45:35:20. Furthermore, the heparanase inhibitory activities of native HfFG and oligosaccharide fragments (Fr-1, Fr-2, Fr-3) were evaluated. The native HfFG and its oligosaccharides exhibited heparanase inhibitory activities, and the activities increased with the increase of molecular weight. Additionally, structural characteristics such as sulfation patterns, the terminal structure of oligosaccharides and the presence of fucosyl branches may be important factors affecting heparanase inhibiting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.S.); (R.G.); (Z.Z.); (X.T.); (P.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ruowei Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.S.); (R.G.); (Z.Z.); (X.T.); (P.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Lutan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Zhichuang Zuo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.S.); (R.G.); (Z.Z.); (X.T.); (P.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xuelin Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.S.); (R.G.); (Z.Z.); (X.T.); (P.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Pin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.S.); (R.G.); (Z.Z.); (X.T.); (P.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.S.); (R.G.); (Z.Z.); (X.T.); (P.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ronghua Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.S.); (R.G.); (Z.Z.); (X.T.); (P.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Longyan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.S.); (R.G.); (Z.Z.); (X.T.); (P.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.Z.)
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.S.); (R.G.); (Z.Z.); (X.T.); (P.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.Z.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.S.); (R.G.); (Z.Z.); (X.T.); (P.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.Z.)
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20
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Muruganantham S, Krishnaswami V, Alagarsamy S, Kandasamy R. Anti-platelet Drug-loaded Targeted Technologies for the Effective Treatment of Atherothrombosis. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:399-419. [PMID: 33109044 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201027125303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherothrombosis results from direct interaction between atherosclerotic plaque and arterial thrombosis and is the most common type of cardiovascular disease. As a long term progressive disease, atherosclerosis frequently results in an acute atherothrombotic event through plaque rupture and platelet-rich thrombus formation. The pathophysiology of atherothrombosis involves cholesterol accumulation endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, immuno-inflammatory, and apoptotic aspects. Platelet activation and aggregation is the major cause for stroke because of its roles, including thrombus, contributing to atherosclerotic plaque, and sealing off the bleeding vessel. Platelet aggregates are associated with arterial blood pressure and cardiovascular ischemic events. Under normal physiological conditions, when a blood vessel is damaged, the task of platelets within the circulation is to arrest the blood loss. Antiplatelet inhibits platelet function, thereby decreasing thrombus formation with complementary modes of action to prevent atherothrombosis. In the present scientific scenario, researchers throughout the world are focusing on the development of novel drug delivery systems to enhance patient's compliance. Immediate responding pharmaceutical formulations become an emerging trend in the pharmaceutical industries with better patient compliance. The proposed review provides details related to the molecular pathogenesis of atherothrombosis and recent novel formulation approaches to treat atherothrombosis with particular emphasis on commercial formulation and upcoming technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Muruganantham
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkateshwaran Krishnaswami
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugarathinam Alagarsamy
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ruckmani Kandasamy
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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21
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Yin R, Zhou L, Gao N, Lin L, Sun H, Chen D, Cai Y, Zuo Z, Hu K, Huang S, Liu J, Zhao J. Unveiling the Disaccharide-Branched Glycosaminoglycan and Anticoagulant Potential of Its Derivatives. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1244-1255. [PMID: 33616386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are conserved polysaccharides composed of linear repeating disaccharides and play crucial roles in multiple biological processes in animal kingdom. However, saccharide-branched GAGs are rarely found, except the fucose-branched one from sea cucumbers. There was conjecture about the presence of disaccharide-branched GAG since 30 years ago, though not yet confirmed. Here, we report a GAG containing galactose-fucose branches from Thelenota ananas. This unique branch was confirmed as d-Gal4S(6S)-α1,2-l-Fuc3S by structural elucidation of oligosaccharides prepared from T. ananas GAG. Bioassays indicated that oligomers with a larger degree of polymerization exhibited a potent anticoagulation by targeting the intrinsic tenase. Heptasaccharide was proven as the minimum fragment retaining the anticoagulant potential and showed 92.6% inhibition of venous thrombosis in vivo at sc. of 8 mg/kg with no obvious bleeding risks. These results not only solve a long-standing question about the presence of disaccharide-branched GAG in Holothuroidea, but open up new opportunities to develop safer anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lutan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lisha Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dingyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhili Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kaifeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shengxiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jikai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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Doshi G, Nailwal N. A Review on Molecular Mechanisms and Patents of Marine-derived Anti-thrombotic Agents. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:318-335. [PMID: 33081673 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201020151927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a condition of major concern worldwide as it is associated with life-threatening diseases related to the cardiovascular system. The condition affects 1 in 1000 adults annually, whereas 1 in 4 dies due to thrombosis, and this increases as the age group increases. The major outcomes are considered to be a recurrence, bleeding due to commercially available anti-coagulants, and deaths. The side effects associated with available anti-thrombotic drugs are a point of concern. Therefore, it is necessary to discover and develop an improvised benefit-risk profile drug, therefore, in search of alternative therapy for the treatment of thrombosis, marine sources have been used as promising treatment agents. They have shown the presence of sulfated fucans/galactans, fibrinolytic proteases, diterpenes, glycosaminoglycan, glycoside, peptides, amino acids, sterols, polysaccharides, polyphenols, vitamins, and minerals. Out of these marine sources, many chemicals were found to have anti-thrombotic activities. This review focuses on the recent discovery of anti-thrombotic agents obtained from marine algae, sponges, mussels, and sea cucumber, along with their mechanism of action and patents on its extraction process, preparation methods, and their applications. Further, the article concludes with the author's insight related to marine drugs, which have a promising future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Namrata Nailwal
- M. Pharm Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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23
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Li H, Yuan Q, Lv K, Ma H, Gao C, Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhao L. Low-molecular-weight fucosylated glycosaminoglycan and its oligosaccharides from sea cucumber as novel anticoagulants: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:117034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Activation of murine RAW264.7 macrophages by oligopeptides from sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) and its molecular mechanisms. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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25
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Isolation, structures and biological activities of polysaccharides from Chlorella: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:2199-2209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Dwivedi R, Pomin VH. Marine Antithrombotics. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18100514. [PMID: 33066214 PMCID: PMC7602030 DOI: 10.3390/md18100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis remains a prime reason of mortality worldwide. With the available antithrombotic drugs, bleeding remains the major downside of current treatments. This raises a clinical concern for all patients undergoing antithrombotic therapy. Novel antithrombotics from marine sources offer a promising therapeutic alternative to this pathology. However, for any potential new molecule to be introduced as a real alternative to existing drugs, the exhibition of comparable anticoagulant potential with minimal off-target effects must be achieved. The relevance of marine antithrombotics, particularly sulfated polysaccharides, is largely due to their unique mechanisms of action and lack of bleeding. There have been many investigations in the field and, in recent years, results have confirmed the role of potential marine molecules as alternative antithrombotics. Nonetheless, further clinical studies are required. This review covers the core of the data available so far regarding the science of marine molecules with potential medical applications to treat thrombosis. After a general discussion about the major biochemical steps involved in this pathology, we discuss the key structural and biomedical aspects of marine molecules of both low and high molecular weight endowed with antithrombotic/anticoagulant properties.
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27
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Mao H, Cai Y, Li S, Sun H, Lin L, Pan Y, Yang W, He Z, Chen R, Zhou L, Wang W, Yin R, Zhao J. A new fucosylated glycosaminoglycan containing disaccharide branches from Acaudina molpadioides: Unusual structure and anti-intrinsic tenase activity. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 245:116503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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28
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Vessella G, Traboni S, Laezza A, Iadonisi A, Bedini E. (Semi)-Synthetic Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate Oligo- and Polysaccharides. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E293. [PMID: 32492857 PMCID: PMC7345195 DOI: 10.3390/md18060293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (fCS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharide with a unique structure, displaying a backbone composed of alternating N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (GalNAc) and d-glucuronic acid (GlcA) units on which l-fucose (Fuc) branches are installed. fCS shows several potential biomedical applications, with the anticoagulant activity standing as the most promising and widely investigated one. Natural fCS polysaccharides extracted from marine organisms (Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) present some advantages over a largely employed antithrombotic drug such as heparin, but some adverse effects as well as a frequently found structural heterogeneity hamper its development as a new drug. To circumvent these drawbacks, several efforts have been made in the last decade to obtain synthetic and semi-synthetic fCS oligosaccharides and low molecular weight polysaccharides. In this Review we have for the first time collected these reports together, dividing them in two topics: (i) total syntheses of fCS oligosaccharides and (ii) semi-synthetic approaches to fCS oligosaccharides and low molecular weight polysaccharides as well as glycoclusters displaying multiple copies of fCS species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vessella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.V.); (S.T.); (A.I.)
| | - Serena Traboni
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.V.); (S.T.); (A.I.)
| | - Antonio Laezza
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, I-85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Alfonso Iadonisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.V.); (S.T.); (A.I.)
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.V.); (S.T.); (A.I.)
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29
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Liu X, Zhang Z, Mao H, Wang P, Zuo Z, Gao L, Shi X, Yin R, Gao N, Zhao J. Characterization of the Hydrolysis Kinetics of Fucosylated Glycosaminoglycan in Mild Acid and Structures of the Resulting Oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E286. [PMID: 32486103 PMCID: PMC7345840 DOI: 10.3390/md18060286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
: Mild acid hydrolysis is a common method for the structure analysis of fucosylated glycosaminoglycan (FG). In this work, the effects of acid hydrolysis on the structure of FG from S. variegatus (SvFG) and the reaction characteristic were systemically studied. The degree of defucosylation (DF) and molecular weights (Mw) of partial fucosylated glycosaminoglycans (pFs) were monitored by 1H NMR and size-exclusion chromatography, respectively. The kinetic plots of DF, degree of desulfation (DS) from fucose branches, and degree of hydrolysis (DH) of the backbone are exponentially increased with time, indicating that acid hydrolysis of SvFG followed a first-order kinetics. The kinetic rate constants kDF, kDS, and kDH were determined to be 0.0223 h-1, 0.0041 h-1, and 0.0005 h-1, respectively. The structure of the released sulfated fucose branches (FucS) from SvFG and HfFG (FG from H. fuscopunctata) was characterized by 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy, suggesting the presence of six types of fucose: α/β Fuc2S4S, Fuc3S4S, Fuc3S, Fuc4S, Fuc2S, and Fuc. The Fuc3S4S was more susceptible to acid than Fuc2S4S, and that the sulfate ester in position of O-2 and O-3 than in O-4 of fucose. The structure characteristic of pF18 indicated the cleavage of backbone glycosidic bonds. The APTT prolonged activity reduced with the decrease of the DF and Mw of the pFs, and became insignificant when its DF was 87% with Mw of 3.5 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.G.); (X.S.)
| | - Zhexian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.G.); (X.S.)
| | - Hui Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (H.M.); (R.Y.)
| | - Pin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.G.); (X.S.)
| | - Zhichuang Zuo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.G.); (X.S.)
| | - Li Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.G.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiang Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.G.); (X.S.)
| | - Ronghua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (H.M.); (R.Y.)
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.G.); (X.S.)
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.G.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (H.M.); (R.Y.)
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Luparello C, Mauro M, Lazzara V, Vazzana M. Collective Locomotion of Human Cells, Wound Healing and Their Control by Extracts and Isolated Compounds from Marine Invertebrates. Molecules 2020; 25:E2471. [PMID: 32466475 PMCID: PMC7321354 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The collective migration of cells is a complex integrated process that represents a common theme joining morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and tumor biology. It is known that a remarkable amount of secondary metabolites produced by aquatic invertebrates displays active pharmacological properties against a variety of diseases. The aim of this review is to pick up selected studies that report the extraction and identification of crude extracts or isolated compounds that exert a modulatory effect on collective cell locomotion and/or skin tissue reconstitution and recapitulate the molecular, biochemical, and/or physiological aspects, where available, which are associated to the substances under examination, grouping the producing species according to their taxonomic hierarchy. Taken all of the collected data into account, marine invertebrates emerge as a still poorly-exploited valuable resource of natural products that may significantly improve the process of skin regeneration and restrain tumor cell migration, as documented by in vitro and in vivo studies. Therefore, the identification of the most promising invertebrate-derived extracts/molecules for the utilization as new targets for biomedical translation merits further and more detailed investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luparello
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (V.L.); (M.V.)
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Extraction Optimization, Structural Characterization, and Anticoagulant Activity of Acidic Polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula- judae. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030710. [PMID: 32041370 PMCID: PMC7036816 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore Auricularia auricula-judae polysaccharides (AAP) as natural anticoagulants for application in the functional food industry, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized for the extraction of AAP by using a response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum extraction yield of crude AAP (14.74 mg/g) was obtained at the optimized extraction parameters as follows: Extraction temperature (74 °C), extraction time (27 min), the ratio of liquid to raw material (103 mL/g), and ultrasound power (198 W). Furthermore, the acidic AAP (aAAP) was precipitated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) from crude AAP (cAAP). aAAP was further purified using ion exchange chromatography with a DEAE Purose 6 Fast Flow column to obtain aAAP-1. Additionally, according to the HPLC analysis, the aAAP-1 was mainly composed of mannose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, and xylose, with a molar ratio of 80.63:9.88:2.25:1:31.13. Moreover, the results of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT) indicated aAAP-1 had anticoagulant activity, which was a synergic anticoagulant activity by the endogenous and exogenous pathway.
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NMR characterization and anticoagulant activity of the oligosaccharides from the fucosylated glycosaminoglycan isolated from Holothuria coluber. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 233:115844. [PMID: 32059896 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A glycosaminoglycan was isolated from the sea cucumber Holothuria coluber (HcFG). A series of oligosaccharide fragments (dp range 3-11) were prepared from its β-eliminative depolymerized product (dHcFG). Extensive NMR characterization of the oligosaccharides indicated the d-GlcA-β1,3-d-GalNAc4S6S repeating disaccharide backbone was substituted by monosaccharide branches comprising of Fuc2S4S, Fuc3S4S and Fuc4S, linked to O-3 of d-GlcA. For the prevailing Fuc3S4S at nonreducing end of dHcFG, the β-eliminative depolymerization process of HcFG was compared with those of the FGs from Actinopyga miliaris (AmFG, branched with Fuc3S4S) and Stichopus variegatus (SvFG, branched with Fuc2S4S). The result suggested that d-GlcA substituted with Fuc3S4S was more susceptible to depolymerization than that with Fuc2S4S. It might be due to the larger steric hindrance effects from Fuc2S4S on the esterification of GlcA. Biological assays confirmed that the minimum chain length (dp8), regardless of the Fuc branch types, was required for the potent anti-iXase and anticoagulant activities in FG fragments.
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Cai Y, Yang W, Li X, Zhou L, Wang Z, Lin L, Chen D, Zhao L, Li Z, Liu S, Yin R, Zuo Z, Gao N, Zhao J. Precise structures and anti-intrinsic tenase complex activity of three fucosylated glycosaminoglycans and their fragments. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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34
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Zhu Z, Dong X, Yan C, Ai C, Zhou D, Yang J, Zhang H, Liu X, Song S, Xiao H, Zhu B. Structural Features and Digestive Behavior of Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate from Sea Cucumbers Stichopus japonicus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10534-10542. [PMID: 31464434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus (FCSSJ) has been demonstrated with various biological activities; however, its precise structure is still controversial, and digestive behavior remains poorly understood. FCSSJ was purified, and its detailed structure was elucidated mainly based on the NMR spectroscopic methods. Its main chain was characterized as →4)-β-d-GlcA-(1 → 3)-β-d-GalNAc-(1→ with GalNAc4S6S:GalNAc4S in a ratio of 1.5:1, and three types of sulfated fucosyl branches attaching C-3 of GlcA, namely, Fucp2S4S, Fucp3S4S, and Fucp4S, were found in a ratio of 2:1.5:1. The digestibility of FCSSJ was investigated in vitro, and the unchanged molecular weight and reducing sugar content indicated that FCSSJ was not broken down under salivary and gastrointestinal digestion. Furthermore, FCSSJ showed a significant inhibitory impact on pancreatic lipase dose-dependently but not on α-amylase, indicating that the inhibition of pancreatic lipase by FCSSJ might be a pathway for its hypolipidemic effect. These findings propose a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and provide insight into the mechanism of its physiological effects in the digestion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Zhu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application , Dalian 116034 , China
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | | | - Chunhong Yan
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application , Dalian 116034 , China
| | - Chunqing Ai
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application , Dalian 116034 , China
| | - Dayong Zhou
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application , Dalian 116034 , China
| | - Jingfeng Yang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application , Dalian 116034 , China
| | | | - Xiaoling Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
| | - Shuang Song
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application , Dalian 116034 , China
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application , Dalian 116034 , China
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
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