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Groome JR. Historical Perspective of the Characterization of Conotoxins Targeting Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040209. [PMID: 37103349 PMCID: PMC10142487 DOI: 10.3390/md21040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine toxins have potent actions on diverse sodium ion channels regulated by transmembrane voltage (voltage-gated ion channels) or by neurotransmitters (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels). Studies of these toxins have focused on varied aspects of venom peptides ranging from evolutionary relationships of predator and prey, biological actions on excitable tissues, potential application as pharmacological intervention in disease therapy, and as part of multiple experimental approaches towards an understanding of the atomistic characterization of ion channel structure. This review examines the historical perspective of the study of conotoxin peptides active on sodium channels gated by transmembrane voltage, which has led to recent advances in ion channel research made possible with the exploitation of the diversity of these marine toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Groome
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
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2
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Kimball IH, Nguyen PT, Olivera BM, Sack JT, Yarov-Yarovoy V. Molecular determinants of μ-conotoxin KIIIA interaction with the human voltage-gated sodium channel Na V1.7. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1156855. [PMID: 37007002 PMCID: PMC10060530 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1156855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channel subtype NaV1.7 plays a critical role in pain signaling, making it an important drug target. Here we studied the molecular interactions between μ-Conotoxin KIIIA (KIIIA) and the human NaV1.7 channel (hNaV1.7). We developed a structural model of hNaV1.7 using Rosetta computational modeling and performed in silico docking of KIIIA using RosettaDock to predict residues forming specific pairwise contacts between KIIIA and hNaV1.7. We experimentally validated these contacts using mutant cycle analysis. Comparison between our KIIIA-hNaV1.7 model and the cryo-EM structure of KIIIA-hNaV1.2 revealed key similarities and differences between NaV channel subtypes with potential implications for the molecular mechanism of toxin block. The accuracy of our integrative approach, combining structural data with computational modeling, experimental validation, and molecular dynamics simulations, suggests that Rosetta structural predictions will be useful for rational design of novel biologics targeting specific NaV channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H. Kimball
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Phuong T. Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Jon T. Sack
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Vladimir Yarov-Yarovoy
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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3
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Meng G, Kuyucak S. Computational Design of High-Affinity Blockers for Sodium Channel Na V1.2 from μ-Conotoxin KIIIA. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020154. [PMID: 35200683 PMCID: PMC8880641 DOI: 10.3390/md20020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium channel subtype 1.2 (NaV1.2) is instrumental in the initiation of action potentials in the nervous system, making it a natural drug target for neurological diseases. Therefore, there is much pharmacological interest in finding blockers of NaV1.2 and improving their affinity and selectivity properties. An extensive family of peptide toxins from cone snails (conotoxins) block NaV channels, thus they provide natural templates for the design of drugs targeting NaV channels. Unfortunately, progress was hampered due to the absence of any NaV structures. The recent determination of cryo-EM structures for NaV channels has finally broken this impasse. Here, we use the NaV1.2 structure in complex with μ-conotoxin KIIIA (KIIIA) in computational studies with the aim of improving KIIIA's affinity and blocking capacity for NaV1.2. Only three KIIIA amino acid residues are available for mutation (S5, S6, and S13). After performing molecular modeling and simulations on NaV1.2-KIIIA complex, we have identified the S5R, S6D, and S13K mutations as the most promising for additional contacts. We estimate these contacts to boost the affinity of KIIIA for NaV1.2 from nanomole to picomole domain. Moreover, the KIIIA[S5R, S6D, S13K] analogue makes contacts with all four channel domains, thus enabling the complete blocking of the channel (KIIIA partially blocks as it has contacts with three domains). The proposed KIIIA analogue, once confirmed experimentally, may lead to novel anti-epileptic drugs.
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Abd El-Aziz TM, Xiao Y, Kline J, Gridley H, Heaston A, Linse KD, Ward MJ, Rokyta DR, Stockand JD, Cummins TR, Fornelli L, Rowe AH. Identification and Characterization of Novel Proteins from Arizona Bark Scorpion Venom That Inhibit Nav1.8, a Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Regulator of Pain Signaling. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070501. [PMID: 34357973 PMCID: PMC8310189 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8 is linked to neuropathic and inflammatory pain, highlighting the potential to serve as a drug target. However, the biophysical mechanisms that regulate Nav1.8 activation and inactivation gating are not completely understood. Progress has been hindered by a lack of biochemical tools for examining Nav1.8 gating mechanisms. Arizona bark scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus) venom proteins inhibit Nav1.8 and block pain in grasshopper mice (Onychomys torridus). These proteins provide tools for examining Nav1.8 structure–activity relationships. To identify proteins that inhibit Nav1.8 activity, venom samples were fractioned using liquid chromatography (reversed-phase and ion exchange). A recombinant Nav1.8 clone expressed in ND7/23 cells was used to identify subfractions that inhibited Nav1.8 Na+ current. Mass-spectrometry-based bottom-up proteomic analyses identified unique peptides from inhibitory subfractions. A search of the peptides against the AZ bark scorpion venom gland transcriptome revealed four novel proteins between 40 and 60% conserved with venom proteins from scorpions in four genera (Centruroides, Parabuthus, Androctonus, and Tityus). Ranging from 63 to 82 amino acids, each primary structure includes eight cysteines and a “CXCE” motif, where X = an aromatic residue (tryptophan, tyrosine, or phenylalanine). Electrophysiology data demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of bioactive subfractions can be removed by hyperpolarizing the channels, suggesting that proteins may function as gating modifiers as opposed to pore blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (T.M.A.E.-A.); (J.D.S.)
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Yucheng Xiao
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.X.); (T.R.C.)
| | - Jake Kline
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (J.K.); (H.G.); (A.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Harold Gridley
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (J.K.); (H.G.); (A.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Alyse Heaston
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (J.K.); (H.G.); (A.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Klaus D. Linse
- Bio-Synthesis Inc., 612 E. Main Street, Lewisville, TX 75057, USA;
| | - Micaiah J. Ward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (M.J.W.); (D.R.R.)
| | - Darin R. Rokyta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (M.J.W.); (D.R.R.)
| | - James D. Stockand
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (T.M.A.E.-A.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Theodore R. Cummins
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.X.); (T.R.C.)
| | - Luca Fornelli
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (J.K.); (H.G.); (A.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Ashlee H. Rowe
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (J.K.); (H.G.); (A.H.); (L.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-936-577-5782
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Peigneur S, da Costa Oliveira C, de Sousa Fonseca FC, McMahon KL, Mueller A, Cheneval O, Cristina Nogueira Freitas A, Starobova H, Dimitri Gama Duarte I, Craik DJ, Vetter I, de Lima ME, Schroeder CI, Tytgat J. Small cyclic sodium channel inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114291. [PMID: 33075312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels play crucial roles in a range of (patho)physiological processes. Much interest has arisen within the pharmaceutical industry to pursue these channels as analgesic targets following overwhelming evidence that NaV channel subtypes NaV1.7-NaV1.9 are involved in nociception. More recently, NaV1.1, NaV1.3 and NaV1.6 have also been identified to be involved in pain pathways. Venom-derived disulfide-rich peptide toxins, isolated from spiders and cone snails, have been used extensively as probes to investigate these channels and have attracted much interest as drug leads. However, few peptide-based leads have made it as drugs due to unfavourable physiochemical attributes including poor in vivo pharmacokinetics and limited oral bioavailability. The present work aims to bridge the gap in the development pipeline between drug leads and drug candidates by downsizing these larger venom-derived NaV inhibitors into smaller, more "drug-like" molecules. Here, we use molecular engineering of small cyclic peptides to aid in the determination of what drives subtype selectivity and molecular interactions of these downsized inhibitors across NaV subtypes. We designed a series of small, stable and novel NaV probes displaying NaV subtype selectivity and potency in vitro coupled with potent in vivo analgesic activity, involving yet to be elucidated analgesic pathways in addition to NaV subtype modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Department de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo-Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristina da Costa Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia Cristina de Sousa Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kirsten L McMahon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Mueller
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Olivier Cheneval
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Ana Cristina Nogueira Freitas
- Department de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo-Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hana Starobova
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Igor Dimitri Gama Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Maria Elena de Lima
- Department de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo-Horizonte, Brazil; Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte: Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Brazil
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Gallo A, Boni R, Tosti E. Neurobiological activity of conotoxins via sodium channel modulation. Toxicon 2020; 187:47-56. [PMID: 32877656 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Conotoxins (CnTX) are bioactive peptides produced by marine molluscs belonging to Conus genus. The biochemical structure of these venomous peptides is characterized by a low number of amino acids linked with disulfide bonds formed by a high degree of post-translational modifications and glycosylation steps which increase the diversity and rate of evolution of these molecules. CnTX different isoforms are known to target ion channels and, in particular, voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels (Nav channels). These are transmembrane proteins fundamental in excitable cells for generating the depolarization of plasma membrane potential known as action potential which propagates electrical signals in muscles and nerves for physiological functions. Disorders in Nav channel activity have been shown to induce neurological pathologies and pain states. Here, we describe the current knowledge of CnTX isoform modulation of the Nav channel activity, the mechanism of action and the potential therapeutic use of these toxins in counteracting neurological dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gallo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy.
| | - Raffele Boni
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Tosti
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy.
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Finol-Urdaneta RK, McArthur JR, Korkosh VS, Huang S, McMaster D, Glavica R, Tikhonov DB, Zhorov BS, French RJ. Extremely Potent Block of Bacterial Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels by µ-Conotoxin PIIIA. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17090510. [PMID: 31470595 PMCID: PMC6780087 DOI: 10.3390/md17090510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
µ-Conotoxin PIIIA, in the sub-picomolar, range inhibits the archetypal bacterial sodium channel NaChBac (NavBh) in a voltage- and use-dependent manner. Peptide µ-conotoxins were first recognized as potent components of the venoms of fish-hunting cone snails that selectively inhibit voltage-gated skeletal muscle sodium channels, thus preventing muscle contraction. Intriguingly, computer simulations predicted that PIIIA binds to prokaryotic channel NavAb with much higher affinity than to fish (and other vertebrates) skeletal muscle sodium channel (Nav 1.4). Here, using whole-cell voltage clamp, we demonstrate that PIIIA inhibits NavBac mediated currents even more potently than predicted. From concentration-response data, with [PIIIA] varying more than 6 orders of magnitude (10−12 to 10−5 M), we estimated an IC50 = ~5 pM, maximal block of 0.95 and a Hill coefficient of 0.81 for the inhibition of peak currents. Inhibition was stronger at depolarized holding potentials and was modulated by the frequency and duration of the stimulation pulses. An important feature of the PIIIA action was acceleration of macroscopic inactivation. Docking of PIIIA in a NaChBac (NavBh) model revealed two interconvertible binding modes. In one mode, PIIIA sterically and electrostatically blocks the permeation pathway. In a second mode, apparent stabilization of the inactivated state was achieved by PIIIA binding between P2 helices and trans-membrane S5s from adjacent channel subunits, partially occluding the outer pore. Together, our experimental and computational results suggest that, besides blocking the channel-mediated currents by directly occluding the conducting pathway, PIIIA may also change the relative populations of conducting (activated) and non-conducting (inactivated) states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio K Finol-Urdaneta
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 0254-9110, USA.
| | - Jeffrey R McArthur
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Vyacheslav S Korkosh
- I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Sun Huang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Denis McMaster
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Robert Glavica
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Denis B Tikhonov
- I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Boris S Zhorov
- I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4K1, Canada
| | - Robert J French
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Xu C, Wang Y, Zhang S, Nao J, Liu Y, Wang Y, Ding F, Zhong K, Chen L, Ying X, Wang S, Zhou Y, Duan S, Chen Z. Subicular pyramidal neurons gate drug resistance in temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2019; 86:626-640. [PMID: 31340057 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drug-resistant epilepsy causes great clinical danger and still lacks effective treatments. METHODS Here, we used multifaceted approaches combining electrophysiology, optogenetics, and chemogenetics in a classic phenytoin-resistant epilepsy model to reveal the key target of subicular pyramidal neurons in phenytoin resistance. RESULTS In vivo neural recording showed that the firing rate of pyramidal neurons in the subiculum, but not other hippocampal subregions, could not be inhibited by phenytoin in phenytoin-resistant rats. Selective inhibition of subicular pyramidal neurons by optogenetics or chemogenetics reversed phenytoin resistance, whereas selective activation of subicular pyramidal neurons induced phenytoin resistance. Moreover, long-term low-frequency stimulation at the subiculum, which is clinically feasible, significantly inhibited the subicular pyramidal neurons and reversed phenytoin resistance. Furthermore, in vitro electrophysiology revealed that off-target use of phenytoin on sodium channels of subicular pyramidal neurons was involved in the phenytoin resistance, and clinical neuroimaging data suggested the volume of the subiculum in drug-resistant patients was related to the usage of sodium channel inhibitors. INTERPRETATION These results highlight that the subicular pyramidal neurons may be a key switch control of drug-resistant epilepsy and represent a new potential target for precise treatments. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:626-640.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenglin Xu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiazhen Nao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Ding
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Zhong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liying Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Ying
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yudong Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Morales Duque H, Campos Dias S, Franco OL. Structural and Functional Analyses of Cone Snail Toxins. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17060370. [PMID: 31234371 PMCID: PMC6628382 DOI: 10.3390/md17060370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cone snails are marine gastropod mollusks with one of the most powerful venoms in nature. The toxins, named conotoxins, must act quickly on the cone snails´ prey due to the fact that snails are extremely slow, reducing their hunting capability. Therefore, the characteristics of conotoxins have become the object of investigation, and as a result medicines have been developed or are in the trialing process. Conotoxins interact with transmembrane proteins, showing specificity and potency. They target ion channels and ionotropic receptors with greater regularity, and when interaction occurs, there is immediate physiological decompensation. In this review we aimed to evaluate the structural features of conotoxins and the relationship with their target types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Morales Duque
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília-DF 70.790-160, Brazil.
| | - Simoni Campos Dias
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília-DF 70.790-160, Brazil.
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília-DF 70.790-160, Brazil.
- S-inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande-MS 79.117-900, Brazil.
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10
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Peigneur S, Cheneval O, Maiti M, Leipold E, Heinemann SH, Lescrinier E, Herdewijn P, De Lima ME, Craik DJ, Schroeder CI, Tytgat J. Where cone snails and spiders meet: design of small cyclic sodium-channel inhibitors. FASEB J 2018; 33:3693-3703. [PMID: 30509130 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801909r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A 13 aa residue voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channel inhibitor peptide, Pn, containing 2 disulfide bridges was designed by using a chimeric approach. This approach was based on a common pharmacophore deduced from sequence and secondary structural homology of 2 NaV inhibitors: Conus kinoshitai toxin IIIA, a 14 residue cone snail peptide with 3 disulfide bonds, and Phoneutria nigriventer toxin 1, a 78 residue spider toxin with 7 disulfide bonds. As with the parent peptides, this novel NaV channel inhibitor was active on NaV1.2. Through the generation of 3 series of peptide mutants, we investigated the role of key residues and cyclization and their influence on NaV inhibition and subtype selectivity. Cyclic PnCS1, a 10 residue peptide cyclized via a disulfide bond, exhibited increased inhibitory activity toward therapeutically relevant NaV channel subtypes, including NaV1.7 and NaV1.9, while displaying remarkable serum stability. These peptides represent the first and the smallest cyclic peptide NaV modulators to date and are promising templates for the development of toxin-based therapeutic agents.-Peigneur, S., Cheneval, O., Maiti, M., Leipold, E., Heinemann, S. H., Lescrinier, E., Herdewijn, P., De Lima, M. E., Craik, D. J., Schroeder, C. I., Tytgat, J. Where cone snails and spiders meet: design of small cyclic sodium-channel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.,Department de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo-Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Olivier Cheneval
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mohitosh Maiti
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Enrico Leipold
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan H Heinemann
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Elena De Lima
- Department de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo-Horizonte, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Biomedicina e Medicina, Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Grupo Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Peigneur S, de Lima ME, Tytgat J. Phoneutria nigriventer venom: A pharmacological treasure. Toxicon 2018; 151:96-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Animal toxins for channelopathy treatment. Neuropharmacology 2017; 132:83-97. [PMID: 29080794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are transmembrane proteins that allow passive flow of ions inside and/or outside of cells or cell organelles. Except mutations lead to nonfunctional protein production or abolished receptor entrance on the membrane surface an altered channel may have two principal conditions that can be corrected. The channel may conduct fewer ions through (loss-of-function mutations) or too many ions (gain-of-function mutations) compared to a normal channel. Toxins from animal venoms are specialised molecules that are generally oriented toward interactions with ion channels. This is a result of long coevolution between predators and their prey. On the molecular level, toxins activate or inhibit ion channels, so they are ideal molecules for restoring conductance in mutated channels. Another aspect of this long coevolution is that a broad variety of toxins have been fine tuned to recognize the channels of different species, keeping many amino acids substitution among sequences. Many peptide ligands with high selectivity to specific receptor subtypes have been isolated from animal venoms, some of which are absolutely non-toxic to humans and mammalians. It is expected that molecules that are selective to each known receptor can be found in animal venoms, but the pool of toxins currently does not override all receptors described as being involved in channelopathies. Modern investigating methods have enhanced the search process for selective ligands. One prominent method is a site-directed mutagenesis of existing toxins to change the selectivity or/and affinity to the selected receptor, which has shown positive results. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Channelopathies.'
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13
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Mapping of voltage sensor positions in resting and inactivated mammalian sodium channels by LRET. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1857-E1865. [PMID: 28202723 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700453114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) play crucial roles in excitable cells. Although vertebrate Nav function has been extensively studied, the detailed structural basis for voltage-dependent gating mechanisms remain obscure. We have assessed the structural changes of the Nav voltage sensor domain using lanthanide-based resonance energy transfer (LRET) between the rat skeletal muscle voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.4) and fluorescently labeled Nav1.4-targeting toxins. We generated donor constructs with genetically encoded lanthanide-binding tags (LBTs) inserted at the extracellular end of the S4 segment of each domain (with a single LBT per construct). Three different Bodipy-labeled, Nav1.4-targeting toxins were synthesized as acceptors: β-scorpion toxin (Ts1)-Bodipy, KIIIA-Bodipy, and GIIIA-Bodipy analogs. Functional Nav-LBT channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes were voltage-clamped, and distinct LRET signals were obtained in the resting and slow inactivated states. Intramolecular distances computed from the LRET signals define a geometrical map of Nav1.4 with the bound toxins, and reveal voltage-dependent structural changes related to channel gating.
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14
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15
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Munasinghe NR, Christie MJ. Conotoxins That Could Provide Analgesia through Voltage Gated Sodium Channel Inhibition. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5386-407. [PMID: 26690478 PMCID: PMC4690140 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain creates a large socio-economic burden around the world. It is physically and mentally debilitating, and many sufferers are unresponsive to current therapeutics. Many drugs that provide pain relief have adverse side effects and addiction liabilities. Therefore, a great need has risen for alternative treatment strategies. One rich source of potential analgesic compounds that has emerged over the past few decades are conotoxins. These toxins are extremely diverse and display selective activity at ion channels. Voltage gated sodium (NaV) channels are one such group of ion channels that play a significant role in multiple pain pathways. This review will explore the literature around conotoxins that bind NaV channels and determine their analgesic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehan R Munasinghe
- Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - MacDonald J Christie
- Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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16
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Reverté L, de la Iglesia P, del Río V, Campbell K, Elliott CT, Kawatsu K, Katikou P, Diogène J, Campàs M. Detection of Tetrodotoxins in Puffer Fish by a Self-Assembled Monolayer-Based Immunoassay and Comparison with Surface Plasmon Resonance, LC-MS/MS, and Mouse Bioassay. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10839-47. [PMID: 26424329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of puffer fish containing tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the Mediterranean could represent a major food safety risk for European consumers and threaten the fishing industry. The work presented herein describes the development of a new enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (mELISA) based on the immobilization of TTX through dithiol monolayers self-assembled on maleimide plates, which provides an ordered and oriented antigen immobilization and favors the antigen-antibody affinity interaction. The mELISA was found to have a limit of detection (LOD) of TTX of 0.23 mg/kg of puffer fish matrix. The mELISA and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor previously developed were employed to establish the cross-reactivity factors (CRFs) of 5,6,11-trideoxy-TTX, 5,11-deoxy-TTX, 11-nor-TTX-6-ol, and 5,6,11-trideoxy-4-anhydro-TTX, as well as to determine TTX equivalent contents in puffer fish samples. Results obtained by both immunochemical tools were correlated (R(2) = 0.977). The puffer fish samples were also analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the corresponding CRFs were applied to the individual TTX contents. Results provided by the immunochemical tools, when compared with those obtained by LC-MS/MS, showed a good degree of correlation (R(2) = 0.991 and 0.979 for mELISA and SPR, respectively). The mouse bioassay (MBA) slightly overestimated the CRF adjusted TTX content of samples when compared with the data obtained from the other techniques. The mELISA has been demonstrated to be fit for the purpose for screening samples in monitoring programs and in research activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Reverté
- IRTA , Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pablo de la Iglesia
- IRTA , Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Vanessa del Río
- IRTA , Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland
| | - Kentaro Kawatsu
- Division of Bacteriology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health , 3-69, Nakamichi 1-chome, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Panagiota Katikou
- National Reference Laboratory on Marine Biotoxins, Ministry of Rural Development and Food , 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA , Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA , Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
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17
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Berkut AA, Peigneur S, Myshkin MY, Paramonov AS, Lyukmanova EN, Arseniev AS, Grishin EV, Tytgat J, Shenkarev ZO, Vassilevski AA. Structure of membrane-active toxin from crab spider Heriaeus melloteei suggests parallel evolution of sodium channel gating modifiers in Araneomorphae and Mygalomorphae. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:492-504. [PMID: 25352595 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.595678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a structural and functional study of a sodium channel activation inhibitor from crab spider venom. Hm-3 is an insecticidal peptide toxin consisting of 35 amino acid residues from the spider Heriaeus melloteei (Thomisidae). We produced Hm-3 recombinantly in Escherichia coli and determined its structure by NMR spectroscopy. Typical for spider toxins, Hm-3 was found to adopt the so-called "inhibitor cystine knot" or "knottin" fold stabilized by three disulfide bonds. Its molecule is amphiphilic with a hydrophobic ridge on the surface enriched in aromatic residues and surrounded by positive charges. Correspondingly, Hm-3 binds to both neutral and negatively charged lipid vesicles. Electrophysiological studies showed that at a concentration of 1 μm Hm-3 effectively inhibited a number of mammalian and insect sodium channels. Importantly, Hm-3 shifted the dependence of channel activation to more positive voltages. Moreover, the inhibition was voltage-dependent, and strong depolarizing prepulses attenuated Hm-3 activity. The toxin is therefore concluded to represent the first sodium channel gating modifier from an araneomorph spider and features a "membrane access" mechanism of action. Its amino acid sequence and position of the hydrophobic cluster are notably different from other known gating modifiers from spider venom, all of which are described from mygalomorph species. We hypothesize parallel evolution of inhibitor cystine knot toxins from Araneomorphae and Mygalomorphae suborders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina A Berkut
- From the M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 117303 Moscow, Russia, and
| | - Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mikhail Yu Myshkin
- From the M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 117303 Moscow, Russia, and
| | - Alexander S Paramonov
- From the M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N Lyukmanova
- From the M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Arseniev
- From the M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 117303 Moscow, Russia, and
| | - Eugene V Grishin
- From the M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zakhar O Shenkarev
- From the M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Vassilevski
- From the M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia,
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18
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Chen R, Chung SH. Mechanism of tetrodotoxin block and resistance in sodium channels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:370-4. [PMID: 24607901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been used for many decades to characterize the structure and function of biological ion channels. Yet, the precise mechanism by which TTX blocks voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels is not fully understood. Here molecular dynamics simulations are used to elucidate how TTX blocks mammalian voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels and why it fails to be effective for the bacterial sodium channel, NaVAb. We find that, in NaVAb, a sodium ion competes with TTX for the binding site at the extracellular end of the filter, thus reducing the blocking efficacy of TTX. Using a model of the skeletal muscle channel, NaV1.4, we show that the conduction properties of the channel observed experimentally are faithfully reproduced. We find that TTX occludes the entrance of NaV1.4 by forming a network of hydrogen-bonds at the outer lumen of the selectivity filter. The guanidine group of TTX adopts a lateral orientation, rather than pointing into the filter as proposed previously. The acidic residues just above the selectivity filter are important in stabilizing the hydrogen-bond network between TTX and NaV1.4. The effect of two single mutations of a critical tyrosine residue in the filter of NaV1.4 on TTX binding observed experimentally is reproduced using computational mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Shin-Ho Chung
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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19
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Akondi KB, Lewis RJ, Alewood PF. Re-engineering the μ-conotoxin SIIIA scaffold. Biopolymers 2014; 101:347-54. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. B. Akondi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB); The University of Queensland; Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - R. J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB); The University of Queensland; Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - P. F. Alewood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB); The University of Queensland; Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
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20
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation, chemical structure, biological activity, structure activity relationships including synthesis of chemical probes, and pharmacological characterization of neuroactive marine natural products; 302 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Sakai
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan.
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21
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Campbell K, Barnes P, Haughey SA, Higgins C, Kawatsu K, Vasconcelos V, Elliott CT. Development and single laboratory validation of an optical biosensor assay for tetrodotoxin detection as a tool to combat emerging risks in European seafood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7753-63. [PMID: 23812877 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin emerging in European waters due to increasing ocean temperatures. Its detection in seafood is currently performed as a consequence of using the Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC) mouse bioassay (MBA) for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, but TTX is not monitored routinely in Europe. Due to ethical and performance-related issues associated with this bioassay, the European Commission has recently published directives extending procedures that may be used for official PSP control. An AOAC-accredited high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has now been accepted by the European Union as a first action screening method for PSP toxins to replace the MBA. However, this AOAC HPLC method is not capable of detecting TTX, so this potent toxin would be undetected; thereby, a separate method of analysis is required. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) optical biosensor technology has been proven as a potential alternative screening method to detect PSP toxins in seafood. The addition of a similar SPR inhibition assay for TTX would complement the PSP assay in removing the MBA. The present report describes the development and single laboratory validation in accordance with AOAC and IUPAC guidelines of an SPR method to be used as a rapid screening tool to detect TTX in the sea snail Charonia lampas lampas, a species which has been implicated in 2008 in the first case of human TTX poisoning in Europe. As no current regulatory limits are set for TTX in Europe, single laboratory validation was undertaken using those for PSP toxins at 800 μg/kg. The decision limit (CCα) was 100 μg/kg, with the detection capability (CCβ) found to be ≤200 μg/kg. Repeatability and reproducibility were assessed at 200, 400, and 800 μg/kg and showed relative standard deviations of 8.3, 3.8, and 5.4% and 7.8, 8.3, and 3.7% for both parameters at each level, respectively. At these three respective levels, the recovery of the assay was 112, 98, and 99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK,
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22
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Walewska A, Han TS, Zhang MM, Yoshikami D, Bulaj G, Rolka K. Expanding chemical diversity of conotoxins: peptoid-peptide chimeras of the sodium channel blocker μ-KIIIA and its selenopeptide analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 65:144-50. [PMID: 23707919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The μ-conotoxin KIIIA is a three disulfide-bridged blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). The Lys(7) residue in KIIIA is an attractive target for manipulating the selectivity and efficacy of this peptide. Here, we report the design and chemical synthesis of μ-conopeptoid analogues (peptomers) in which we replaced Lys(7) with peptoid monomers of increasing side-chain size: N-methylglycine, N-butylglycine and N-octylglycine. In the first series of analogues, the peptide core contained all three disulfide bridges; whereas in the second series, a disulfide-depleted selenoconopeptide core was used to simplify oxidative folding. The analogues were tested for functional activity in blocking the Nav1.2 subtype of mammalian VGSCs exogenously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. All six analogues were active, with the N-methylglycine analogue, [Sar(7)]KIIIA, the most potent in blocking the channels while favouring lower efficacy. Our findings demonstrate that the use of N-substituted Gly residues in conotoxins show promise as a tool to optimize their pharmacological properties as potential analgesic drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Walewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland.
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23
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Kuang Z, Zhang MM, Gupta K, Gajewiak J, Gulyas J, Balaram P, Rivier JE, Olivera BM, Yoshikami D, Bulaj G, Norton RS. Mammalian neuronal sodium channel blocker μ-conotoxin BuIIIB has a structured N-terminus that influences potency. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1344-51. [PMID: 23557677 DOI: 10.1021/cb300674x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the μ-conotoxins that block vertebrate voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), some have been shown to be potent analgesics following systemic administration in mice. We have determined the solution structure of a new representative of this family, μ-BuIIIB, and established its disulfide connectivities by direct mass spectrometric collision induced dissociation fragmentation of the peptide with disulfides intact. The major oxidative folding product adopts a 1-4/2-5/3-6 pattern with the following disulfide bridges: Cys5-Cys17, Cys6-Cys23, and Cys13-Cys24. The solution structure reveals that the unique N-terminal extension in μ-BuIIIB, which is also present in μ-BuIIIA and μ-BuIIIC but absent in other μ-conotoxins, forms part of a short α-helix encompassing Glu3 to Asn8. This helix is packed against the rest of the toxin and stabilized by the Cys5-Cys17 and Cys6-Cys23 disulfide bonds. As such, the side chain of Val1 is located close to the aromatic rings of Trp16 and His20, which are located on the canonical helix that displays several residues found to be essential for VGSC blockade in related μ-conotoxins. Mutations of residues 2 and 3 in the N-terminal extension enhanced the potency of μ-BuIIIB for NaV1.3. One analogue, [d-Ala2]BuIIIB, showed a 40-fold increase, making it the most potent peptide blocker of this channel characterized to date and thus a useful new tool with which to characterize this channel. On the basis of previous results for related μ-conotoxins, the dramatic effects of mutations at the N-terminus were unanticipated and suggest that further gains in potency might be achieved by additional modifications of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihe Kuang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade,
Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Min-Min Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United
States
| | - Kallol Gupta
- Molecular Biophysics
Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,
560 012, India
| | - Joanna Gajewiak
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
| | - Jozsef Gulyas
- The Clayton
Foundation Laboratories
for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California
92037, United States
| | - Padmanabhan Balaram
- Molecular Biophysics
Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,
560 012, India
| | - Jean E. Rivier
- The Clayton
Foundation Laboratories
for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California
92037, United States
| | - Baldomero M. Olivera
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
| | - Doju Yoshikami
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
| | - Grzegorz Bulaj
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
| | - Raymond S. Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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24
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Moczydlowski EG. The molecular mystique of tetrodotoxin. Toxicon 2012; 63:165-83. [PMID: 23261990 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In many respects tetrodotoxin (TTX) is the quintessential natural toxin. It is unequivocally toxic to mammals with LD(50) values for mice in the range of 10 μg/kg (intraperitoneal), 16 μg/kg (subcutaneous), and 332 μg/kg (oral) (Kao, 1966). Its biothreat status is recognized by its listing as a "Select Agent" by the US Department of Health and Human Services which includes regulated agents "determined to have the potential to pose a severe threat to both human and animal health" (http://www.selectagents.gov/). It has a well-defined cellular target (i.e., NaV channels) and pharmacological mode of action (i.e., block of nerve and muscle action potentials), and it is an indispensable chemical tool in neuroscience. It is widely distributed in marine and terrestrial ecosystems where it plays a role in the chemical ecology of predator-prey relationships and drives evolutionary selection of TTX-resistance (Hanifin, 2010; Williams, 2010; Zimmer and Ferrer, 2007). Lastly, TTX has acquired a certain mystique in scientific lore attributable to many fascinating aspects of its natural history and molecular interactions as presented in selected summary below. Additional information may be found in other excellent reviews (Fozzard and Lipkind, 2010; Kao, 1966; Lee and Ruben, 2008; Narahashi, 2001, 2008).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward G Moczydlowski
- Nanobiology, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS1413, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1413, USA
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25
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Berlinck RGS, Trindade-Silva AE, Santos MFC. The chemistry and biology of organic guanidine derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:1382-406. [PMID: 22991131 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry and biology of organic natural guanidines are reviewed, including the isolation, structure determination, synthesis, biosynthesis and biological activities of alkaloids, non-ribosomal peptides, guanidine-bearing terpenes, polyketides and shikimic acid derivatives from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.
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Peigneur S, Béress L, Möller C, Marí F, Forssmann W, Tytgat J. A natural point mutation changes both target selectivity and mechanism of action of sea anemone toxins. FASEB J 2012; 26:5141-51. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-218479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Peigneur
- Laboratory of ToxicologyUniversity of Leuven (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)LeuvenBelgium
| | - László Béress
- Department of Immunology and RheumatologyHannover Medical UniversityHannoverGermany
- Pharis Biotec GmbHHannoverGermany
| | - Carolina Möller
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonFloridaUSA
| | - Frank Marí
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonFloridaUSA
| | - Wolf‐Georg Forssmann
- Department of Immunology and RheumatologyHannover Medical UniversityHannoverGermany
- Pharis Biotec GmbHHannoverGermany
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Laboratory of ToxicologyUniversity of Leuven (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)LeuvenBelgium
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Silva AO, Peigneur S, Diniz MRV, Tytgat J, Beirão PSL. Inhibitory effect of the recombinant Phoneutria nigriventer Tx1 toxin on voltage-gated sodium channels. Biochimie 2012; 94:2756-63. [PMID: 22968173 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phoneutria nigriventer toxin Tx1 (PnTx1, also referred to in the literature as Tx1) exerts inhibitory effect on neuronal (Na(V)1.2) sodium channels in a way dependent on the holding potential, and competes with μ-conotoxins but not with tetrodotoxin for their binding sites. In the present study we investigated the electrophysiological properties of the recombinant toxin (rPnTx1), which has the complete amino acid sequence of the natural toxin with 3 additional residues: AM on the N-terminal and G on the C-terminal. At the concentration of 1.5 μM, the recombinant toxin inhibits Na(+) currents of dorsal root ganglia neurons (38.4 ± 6.1% inhibition at -80 mV holding potential) and tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) currents (26.2 ± 4.9% at the same holding potential). At -50 mV holding potential the inhibition of the total current reached 71.3 ± 2.3% with 1.5 μM rPnTx1. The selectivity of rPnTx1 was investigated on ten different isoforms of voltage-gated sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The order of potency for rPnTx1 was: rNa(V)1.2 > rNa(V)1.7 ≈ rNa(V)1.4 ≥ rNa(V)1.3 > mNa(V)1.6 ≥ hNa(V)1.8. No effect was seen on hNa(V)1.5 and on the arthropods isoforms (DmNa(V)1, BGNa(V)1.1a and VdNa(V)1). The IC(50) for Na(V)1.2 was 33.7 ± 2.9 nM with a maximum inhibition of 83.3 ± 1.9%. The toxin did not alter the voltage-dependence of channel gating and was effective on Na(V)1.2 channels devoid of inactivation. It was ineffective on neuronal calcium channels. We conclude that rPnTx1 has a promising selectivity, and that it may be a valuable model to achieve pharmacological activities of interest for the treatment of channelopathies and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita O Silva
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Stevens M, Peigneur S, Dyubankova N, Lescrinier E, Herdewijn P, Tytgat J. Design of bioactive peptides from naturally occurring μ-conotoxin structures. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:31382-92. [PMID: 22773842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.375733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, cone snail toxins ("conotoxins") are of great interest in the pursuit of novel subtype-selective modulators of voltage-gated sodium channels (Na(v)s). Na(v)s participate in a wide range of electrophysiological processes. Consequently, their malfunctioning has been associated with numerous diseases. The development of subtype-selective modulators of Na(v)s remains highly important in the treatment of such disorders. In current research, a series of novel, synthetic, and bioactive compounds were designed based on two naturally occurring μ-conotoxins that target Na(v)s. The initial designed peptide contains solely 13 amino acids and was therefore named "Mini peptide." It was derived from the μ-conotoxins KIIIA and BuIIIC. Based on this Mini peptide, 10 analogues were subsequently developed, comprising 12-16 amino acids with two disulfide bridges. Following appropriate folding and mass verification, blocking effects on Na(v)s were investigated. The most promising compound established an IC(50) of 34.1 ± 0.01 nM (R2-Midi on Na(v)1.2). An NMR structure of one of our most promising compounds was determined. Surprisingly, this structure does not reveal an α-helix. We prove that it is possible to design small peptides based on known pharmacophores of μ-conotoxins without losing their potency and selectivity. These data can provide crucial material for further development of conotoxin-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Stevens
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O and N2, Herestraat 49 Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Tietze AA, Tietze D, Ohlenschläger O, Leipold E, Ullrich F, Kühl T, Mischo A, Buntkowsky G, Görlach M, Heinemann SH, Imhof D. Strukturell diverse Isomere des μ-Conotoxins PIIIA blockieren den Natriumkanal Na V1.4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bohlen CJ, Julius D. Receptor-targeting mechanisms of pain-causing toxins: How ow? Toxicon 2012; 60:254-64. [PMID: 22538196 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.04.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Venoms often target vital processes to cause paralysis or death, but many types of venom also elicit notoriously intense pain. While these pain-producing effects can result as a byproduct of generalized tissue trauma, there are now multiple examples of venom-derived toxins that target somatosensory nerve terminals in order to activate nociceptive (pain-sensing) neural pathways. Intriguingly, investigation of the venom components that are responsible for evoking pain has revealed novel roles and/or configurations of well-studied toxin motifs. This review serves to highlight pain-producing toxins that target the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, or members of the acid-sensing ion channel family, and to discuss the utility of venom-derived multivalent and multimeric complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Bohlen
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA.
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Tietze AA, Tietze D, Ohlenschläger O, Leipold E, Ullrich F, Kühl T, Mischo A, Buntkowsky G, Görlach M, Heinemann SH, Imhof D. Structurally diverse μ-conotoxin PIIIA isomers block sodium channel NaV 1.4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4058-61. [PMID: 22407516 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alesia A Tietze
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Brühler Strasse 7, 53119 Bonn, Germany
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Stevens M, Peigneur S, Tytgat J. Neurotoxins and their binding areas on voltage-gated sodium channels. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:71. [PMID: 22084632 PMCID: PMC3210964 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are large transmembrane proteins that conduct sodium ions across the membrane and by doing so they generate signals of communication between many kinds of tissues. They are responsible for the generation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells, in close collaboration with other channels like potassium channels. Therefore, genetic defects in sodium channel genes can cause a wide variety of diseases, generally called “channelopathies.” The first insights into the mechanism of action potentials and the involvement of sodium channels originated from Hodgkin and Huxley for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1963. These concepts still form the basis for understanding the function of VGSCs. When VGSCs sense a sufficient change in membrane potential, they are activated and consequently generate a massive influx of sodium ions. Immediately after, channels will start to inactivate and currents decrease. In the inactivated state, channels stay refractory for new stimuli and they must return to the closed state before being susceptible to a new depolarization. On the other hand, studies with neurotoxins like tetrodotoxin (TTX) and saxitoxin (STX) also contributed largely to our today’s understanding of the structure and function of ion channels and of VGSCs specifically. Moreover, neurotoxins acting on ion channels turned out to be valuable lead compounds in the development of new drugs for the enormous range of diseases in which ion channels are involved. A recent example of a synthetic neurotoxin that made it to the market is ziconotide (Prialt®, Elan). The original peptide, ω-MVIIA, is derived from the cone snail Conus magus and now FDA/EMA-approved for the management of severe chronic pain by blocking the N-type voltage-gated calcium channels in pain fibers. This review focuses on the current status of research on neurotoxins acting on VGSC, their contribution to further unravel the structure and function of VGSC and their potential as novel lead compounds in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Stevens
- Lab of Toxicology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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McArthur JR, Singh G, McMaster D, Winkfein R, Tieleman DP, French RJ. Interactions of Key Charged Residues Contributing to Selective Block of Neuronal Sodium Channels by μ-Conotoxin KIIIA. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:573-84. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.073460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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