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Martinho DV, Field A, Naughton R, Ribeiro AS, Rebelo A, Gouveia ÉR, Sarmento H. Nutritional perspectives in female soccer: a scoping review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2366427. [PMID: 38961627 PMCID: PMC11225636 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2366427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the review was to evaluate the literature exploring nutritional habits and practices in female soccer players. METHODS The PRISMA-ScR Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews were followed. Searches of Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases were conducted for studies exploring the nutritional habits and practices of female soccer players. RESULTS A total of 72 studies were included in the scoping review. Studies on female soccer players mainly focused on daily energy expenditure, daily energy and macronutrient intake and hydration status. A negative energy balance was consistent across studies, and the ingestion of CHO appears below the current recommendations. Female soccer players are predominately in negative energy balance, which may indicate that they are at risk of low energy availability. A high use of nutritional supplements is apparent in female soccer, whilst a large proportion of players commence training dehydrated. CONCLUSIONS The current findings have implications for practitioners relating to the planning, management, monitoring, and implementation of nutritional intake and training and competition schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo V. Martinho
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
- Interactive Technologies Institute, Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Adam Field
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Naughton
- University of Huddersfield, School of Human and Health Sciences,Huddersfield, UK
| | - Alex S. Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André Rebelo
- Universidade Lusófona, CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física e Exercício e Saúde, Lisboa, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Élvio R. Gouveia
- Interactive Technologies Institute, Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Funchal, Portugal
- University of Madeira, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
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Goods PSR, Wall B, Galna B, McKay AKA, Jennings D, Peeling P, Watson G. Sweat Characteristics and Fluid Balance Responses During Two Heat Training Camps in Elite Female Field Hockey Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:79-87. [PMID: 38215732 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
We examined the sweat characteristics and fluid balance of elite female field hockey players during two heat training camps. Fourteen elite female field hockey players from the Australian national squad participated in two heat training camps held ∼6 months apart, following winter- (Camp 1) and summer-based training (Camp 2). Daily waking body mass (BM) and urine specific gravity (USG) were collected, along with several markers of sweat and fluid balance across two matches per camp. There was a 19% mean reduction in estimated whole-body sweat sodium concentration from Camp 1 (45.8 ± 6.5 mmol/L) to Camp 2 (37.0 ± 5.0 mmol/L; p < .001). Waking urine specific gravity ≥ 1.020 was observed in 31% of samples, with no significant differences in mean urine specific gravity or BM between camps (p > .05), but with substantial interindividual variation. Intramatch sweat rates were high (1.2-1.8 L/hr), with greater BM losses in Camp 1 (p = .030), resulting in fewer players losing ≥2% BM in Camp 2 (0%-8%), as compared with Camp 1 (36%-43%; p = .017). Our field data suggest that elite female field hockey players experience substantial sweat losses during competition in the heat regardless of the season. In agreement with previous findings, we observed substantial interindividual variation in sweat and hydration indices, supporting the use of individualized athlete hydration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S R Goods
- School of Allied Health (Exercise Science), Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Center for Healthy Aging, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia
| | - Bradley Wall
- School of Allied Health (Exercise Science), Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Center for Healthy Aging, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Brook Galna
- School of Allied Health (Exercise Science), Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Center for Healthy Aging, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alannah K A McKay
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Denise Jennings
- High Performance Program, Hockey Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Greig Watson
- School of Allied Health (Exercise Science), Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Center for Healthy Aging, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Dehydration, Wellness, and Training Demands of Professional Soccer Players during Preseason. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8054449. [PMID: 36389116 PMCID: PMC9663222 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8054449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Our study is aimed at analyzing the relationships between water loss and a professional soccer team's internal and external training load throughout the first three months of a season, covering all the preseason and the first two months of the competitive season. Methods This study followed an observational analytic design. Twenty-seven athletes (age: 25.5 ± 4.1 years, height: 180.7 ± 8.2 cm, and body mass: 78.4 ± 8.7 kg) were included in the study, conducted over the first three months of the season. Players were weighed at the beginning and end of all training sessions to estimate fluid losses. They were asked to complete a wellness questionnaire and indicate the color of the first urine of the day upon their arrival at the practice session. Additionally, all sessions were monitored for locomotor demands. Results We found a positive correlation between urine color and sprint distance (r = 0.46, p = 0.01) and a positive correlation between dehydration and rating of perceived exertion (r = 0.44, p = 0.015), whereas a negative correlation between dehydration and number of acceleration (r = −0.39, p = 0.034). Conclusions Dehydration increased perceived physical exertion. Regularly monitoring training load and changes in body mass, as well as raising awareness about hydration, can contribute to cognitive and physical performance.
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Tarnowski CA, Rollo I, Carter JM, Lizarraga-Dallo MA, Oliva MP, Clifford T, James LJ, Randell RK. Fluid Balance and Carbohydrate Intake of Elite Female Soccer Players during Training and Competition. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153188. [PMID: 35956363 PMCID: PMC9370343 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined sweat rate, sweat sodium concentration [Na+], and ad-libitum carbohydrate and fluid intakes in elite female soccer players during training (n = 19) and a match (n = 8); eight completed both for comparisons. Body mass (kg) was obtained before and after exercise to calculate sweat rate. The sweat [Na+] was determined from absorbent patches on the thigh or back. Sweat rate, percentage body mass change, and sweat [Na+] for 19 players during training were 0.47 ± 0.19 L·h−1, +0.19 ± 0.65%, and 28 ± 10 mmol·L−1, respectively. Sweat rate was higher during a match (0.98 ± 0.34 L·h−1) versus training (0.49 ± 0.26 L·h−1, p = 0.007). Body mass losses were greater post-match (−1.12 ± 0.86%) than training (+0.29 ± 0.34%, p = 0.003). Sweat [Na+] was similar for training (29 ± 9 mmol·L−1) and a match (35 ± 9 mmol·L−1) (p = 0.215). There were no differences in match versus training carbohydrate intakes (2.0 ± 2.3 g·h−1, 0.9 ± 1.5 g·h−1, respectively, p = 0.219) or fluid intakes (0.71 ± 0.30 L·h−1, 0.53 ± 0.21 L·h−1, respectively, p = 0.114). In conclusion, female soccer players’ sweat rates were higher during a match than during training, and carbohydrate intakes were below recommendations for matches and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Tarnowski
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (I.R.); (J.M.C.); (R.K.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (I.R.); (J.M.C.); (R.K.R.)
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (T.C.); (L.J.J.)
| | - James M. Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (I.R.); (J.M.C.); (R.K.R.)
| | | | - Mireia Porta Oliva
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC Barcelona, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.L.-D.); (M.P.O.)
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (T.C.); (L.J.J.)
| | - Lewis J. James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (T.C.); (L.J.J.)
| | - Rebecca K. Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (I.R.); (J.M.C.); (R.K.R.)
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (T.C.); (L.J.J.)
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NCAA Division I American football players with sickle cell trait have altered hematological responses and hydration status. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1844. [PMID: 33469159 PMCID: PMC7815921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell trait (SCT) is a risk factor of collapse and sudden death in athletes. We conducted a longitudinal study to determine the hematological responses and hydration status in NCAA Division I American football players with SCT. The study took place over 2 years with 6 SCT and 6 position-matched controls (CON) in year 1; and 4 SCT and 4 CON in year 2. In year 2, three of the four SCT players were recruited and re-enrolled with new position-matched controls (total sample data = 10 SCT and 10 CON). Blood samples were taken at three visits: pre-camp, post-camp, and post-season to examine hemoglobin variants, complete blood counts, and chemistry panel 26. Hydration status was assessed by measuring body weight change, urine specific gravity, and urine and sweat electrolyte concentrations during the pre-season training camp. All SCT players were confirmed to have SCT (HbS = 37.9 ± 2.4%) and had greater red cell distribution width (RDW) compared to CON across all visits. Serum uric acid was higher in SCT (7.3 ± 1.0 mg/dL) compared to CON (6.1 ± 0.6 mg/dL; p = 0.001). Furthermore, serum creatine kinase levels were greater in SCT (1617.0 ± 1034.8 IU/L) at pre-camp compared to CON (1037.4 ± 602.8 IU/L; p = 0.03). SCT players exhibited lower pre- and post-practice urine electrolytes and urine specific gravity (SCT pre: 1.019 ± 0.005 vs. CON pre: 1.026 ± 0.008 p < 0.001; SCT post: 1.020 ± 0.005 vs. CON post: 1.030 ± 0.008 p < 0.01), whereas sweat sodium concentrations were higher in SCT players (55.4 ± 13.6 mmol/L) compared to CON (45.5 ± 10.6 mmol/L; p < 0.001). Given the evidence, greater uric acid and CPK levels in SCT players compared to CON may be an early indicator of altered kidney function and muscle damage, which could be added into NCAA guidelines for surveillance among SCT players. Consistent education and reinforcement of the importance of adequate fluid balance during exercise are critical for both SCT and CON players.
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