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Zaltron E, Vianello F, Ruzza A, Palazzo A, Brillo V, Celotti I, Scavezzon M, Rossin F, Leanza L, Severin F. The Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Cancer: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2797. [PMID: 38474044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) is the most ubiquitously expressed and well characterized member of the transglutaminase family. It is a ubiquitous multifunctional enzyme implicated in the regulation of several cellular pathways that support the survival, death, and general homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. Due to its multiple localizations both inside and outside the cell, TG2 participates in the regulation of many crucial intracellular signaling cascades in a tissue- and cell-specific manner, making this enzyme an important player in disease development and progression. Moreover, TG2 is capable of modulating the tumor microenvironment, a process of dynamic tissue remodeling and biomechanical events, resulting in changes which influence tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. Even if generally related to the Ca2+-dependent post-translational modification of proteins, a number of different biological functions have been ascribed to TG2, like those of a peptide isomerase, protein kinase, guanine nucleotide binder, and cytosolic-nuclear translocator. With respect to cancer, TG2's role is controversial and highly debated; it has been described both as an anti- and pro-apoptotic factor and is linked to all the processes of tumorigenesis. However, numerous pieces of evidence support a tissue-specific role of TG2 so that it can assume both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessia Ruzza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Alberta Palazzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Celotti
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Severin
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
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Ebrahimi Samani S, Kaartinen MT. Increased Osteoclastogenesis in Absence of TG2 Is Reversed by Transglutaminase Inhibition-Evidence for the Role for TG1 in Osteoclast Formation. Cells 2023; 12:2139. [PMID: 37681871 PMCID: PMC10487146 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are multinucleated, bone-resorbing giant cells derived from monocyte-macrophage cell lines. Increased bone resorption results in loss of bone mass and osteoporosis. Osteoclast and bone marrow macrophages have been shown to express three TG enzymes (TG2, Factor XIII-A, and TG1) and TG activity to regulate osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow macrophages in vitro. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that the deletion of TG2 causes increased osteoclastogenesis and a significant loss of bone mass in mice (Tgm2-/- mice). Here, we confirm that TG2 deficiency results in increased osteoclastogenesis in vitro and show that this increase can be reversed by a TG inhibitor, NC9, suggesting that other TGs are responsible for driving osteoclastogenesis in the absence of TG2. An assessment of total TG activity with 5-(biotinamido)-pentylamine, as well as TG1 and FXIII-A activities using TG-specific Hitomi peptides (bK5 and bF11) in Tgm2-/- bone marrow flushes, bone marrow macrophages, and osteoclasts, showed a significant increase in total TG activity and TG1 activity. Factor XIII-A activity was unchanged. Aspartate proteases, such as cathepsins, are involved in the degradation of organic bone matrix and can be produced by osteoclasts. Moreover, Cathepsin D was shown in previous work to be increased in TG2-null cells and is known to activate TG1. We show that Pepstatin A, an aspartate protease inhibitor, blocks osteoclastogenesis in wild-type and Tgm2-/- cells and decreases TG1 activity in Tgm2-/- osteoclasts. Cathepsin D protein levels were unaltered in Tgm2-/-cells and its activity moderately but significantly increased. Tgm2-/- and Tgm2+/+ bone marrow macrophages and osteoclasts also expressed Cathepsin E, and Renin of the aspartate protease family, suggesting their potential involvement in this process. Our study brings further support to the observation that TGs are significant regulators of osteoclastogenesis and that the absence of TG2 can cause increased activity of other TGs, such as TG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Ebrahimi Samani
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Division of Experimental Medicine), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Mari T. Kaartinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Division of Experimental Medicine), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences (Biomedical Sciences), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
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Xu X, Li X, Qiu S, Zhou Y, Li L, Chen X, Zheng K, Xu Y. Concentration Selection of Biofriendly Enzyme-Modified Gelatin Hydrogels for Periodontal Bone Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:4341-4355. [PMID: 37294274 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is challenging to cure radically due to its complex periodontal structure and particular microenvironment of dysbiosis and inflammation. However, with the assistance of various materials, cell osteogenic differentiation could be improved, and the ability of hard tissue regeneration could be enhanced. This study aimed to explore the appropriate concentration ratio of biofriendly transglutaminase-modified gelatin hydrogels for promoting periodontal alveolar bone regeneration. Through a series of characterization and cell experiments, we found that all the hydrogels possessed multi-space network structures and demonstrated their biocompatibility. In vivo and in vitro osteogenic differentiation experiments also confirmed that the group 40-5 (transglutaminase-gelatin concentration ratio) possessed a favorable osteogenic potential. In summary, we conclude that such hydrogel with a 40-5 concentration is most conducive to promoting periodontal bone reconstruction, which might be a new route to deal with the dilemma of clinical periodontal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
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Barathi VA, Ho CEH, Tong L. Molecular Basis of Transglutaminase-2 and Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors in Experimental Myopia: A Target for Myopia Treatment. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1045. [PMID: 37509081 PMCID: PMC10377462 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia, a prevalent refractive error disorder worldwide, is characterized by the elongation of the eye, leading to visual abnormalities. Understanding the genetic factors involved in myopia is crucial for developing therapeutic and preventive measures. Unfortunately, only a limited number of genes with well-defined functionality have been associated with myopia. In this study, we found that the homozygous TGM2-deleted gene in mice protected against the development of myopia by slowing down the elongation of the eye. The effectiveness of gene knockdown was confirmed by achieving a 60 percent reduction in TGM-2 transcript levels through the use of TGM-2-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) in human scleral fibroblasts (SFs). Furthermore, treating normal mouse SFs with various transglutaminase inhibitors led to the down-regulation of TGM-2 expression, with the most significant reduction observed with specific TGM-2 inhibitors. Additionally, the study found that the pharmacological blockade of muscarinic receptors also slowed the progression of myopia in mice, and this effect was accompanied by a decrease in TGM-2 enzyme expression. Specifically, mice with homozygous mAChR5, mAChR1, and/or mAChR4 and knockout mice exhibited higher levels of TGM-2 mRNA compared to mice with homozygous mAChR2 and three knockout mice (fold changes of 5.8, 2.9, 2.4, -2.2, and -4.7, respectively; p < 0.05). These findings strongly suggest that both TGM-2 and muscarinic receptors play central roles in the development of myopia, and blocking these factors could potentially be useful in interfering with the progression of this condition. In conclusion, targeting TGM-2 may have a beneficial effect regarding myopia, and this may also be at least partially be the mechanism of anti-muscarinic drugs in myopia. Further studies should investigate the interaction between TGM-2 and muscarinic receptors, as well as the changes in other extracellular matrix genes associated with growth during the development of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veluchamy Amutha Barathi
- Translational Preclinical Model Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Hospital System, 10 Medical Dr, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Eye-Academic Clinical Program, DUKE-National University of Singapore Gr Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Candice E H Ho
- Translational Preclinical Model Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Louis Tong
- Eye-Academic Clinical Program, DUKE-National University of Singapore Gr Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Corneal and External Eye Disease, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Ocular Surface Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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Somodi L, Horváth E, Bárdos H, Baráth B, Pethő D, Katona É, Balla J, Mutch NJ, Muszbek L. Cellular FXIII in Human Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4802. [PMID: 36902231 PMCID: PMC10002485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages express the A subunit of coagulation factor XIII (FXIII-A), a transglutaminase which cross-links proteins through Nε-(γ-L-glutamyl)-L-lysyl iso-peptide bonds. Macrophages are major cellular constituents of the atherosclerotic plaque; they may stabilize the plaque by cross-linking structural proteins and they may become transformed into foam cells by accumulating oxidized LDL (oxLDL). The combination of oxLDL staining by Oil Red O and immunofluorescent staining for FXIII-A demonstrated that FXIII-A is retained during the transformation of cultured human macrophages into foam cells. ELISA and Western blotting techniques revealed that the transformation of macrophages into foam cells elevated the intracellular FXIII-A content. This phenomenon seems specific for macrophage-derived foam cells; the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells into foam cells fails to induce a similar effect. FXIII-A containing macrophages are abundant in the atherosclerotic plaque and FXIII-A is also present in the extracellular compartment. The protein cross-linking activity of FXIII-A in the plaque was demonstrated using an antibody labeling the iso-peptide bonds. Cells showing combined staining for FXIII-A and oxLDL in tissue sections demonstrated that FXIII-A-containing macrophages within the atherosclerotic plaque are also transformed into foam cells. Such cells may contribute to the formation of lipid core and the plaque structurization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Somodi
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Emőke Horváth
- Pathology Service, County Emergency Clinical Hospital of Targu Mures, 50 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Helga Bárdos
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 26 Kassai út, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Barbara Baráth
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dávid Pethő
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Katona
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-UD Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group 11003, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nicola J. Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - László Muszbek
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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6
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Pearse DD, Hefley AB, Morales AA, Ghosh M. Comparative Profiling of TG2 and Its Effectors in Human Relapsing Remitting and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061241. [PMID: 35740263 PMCID: PMC9220003 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic CNS autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated demyelination, axon loss, and disability. Dysregulation of transglutaminase-2 (TG2) has been implicated in disease initiation and progression. Herein, TG2 expression in post-mortem human brain tissue from Relapsing Remitting MS (RRMS) or Progressive MS (PMS) individuals were examined and correlated with the presence of TG2 binding partners and effectors implicated in the processes of inflammation, scar formation, and the antagonism of repair. Tissues from Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS; n = 6), Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (PMS; n = 5), and non-MS control (n = 6) patients underwent immunohistochemistry for TG2, PLA2, COX-2, FN, CSPG, and HSPG. TG2 was strongly upregulated in active RRMS and PMS lesions, within blood vessels and the perivascular tissue of sclerotic plaques. TG2 colocalization was observed with GFAP+ astrocytes and ECM, including FN, HSPG, and CSPG, which also increased in either RRMS or PMS lesions. Although TG2 was not colocalized with inflammatory mediators COX-2 and PLA2, or the macrophage-microglia marker Iba1, its increased expression correlated with their elevation in active RRMS and PMS lesions. In summary, the correlation of strong TG2 induction in either RRMS or PMS with some of its binding partners but not others implicates potentially different roles for TG2 in disparate MS forms that may warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien D. Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (D.D.P.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.M.)
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Andrew B. Hefley
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (D.D.P.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Alejo A. Morales
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (D.D.P.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Mousumi Ghosh
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (D.D.P.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.M.)
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-243-9968; Fax: +1-305-243-3923
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Talker SC, Barut GT, Lischer HE, Rufener R, von Münchow L, Bruggmann R, Summerfield A. Monocyte biology conserved across species: Functional insights from cattle. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889175. [PMID: 35967310 PMCID: PMC9373011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to human monocytes, bovine monocytes can be split into CD14highCD16- classical, CD14highCD16high intermediate and CD14-/dimCD16high nonclassical monocytes (cM, intM, and ncM, respectively). Here, we present an in-depth analysis of their steady-state bulk- and single-cell transcriptomes, highlighting both pronounced functional specializations and transcriptomic relatedness. Bulk gene transcription indicates pro-inflammatory and antibacterial roles of cM, while ncM and intM appear to be specialized in regulatory/anti-inflammatory functions and tissue repair, as well as antiviral responses and T-cell immunomodulation. Notably, intM stood out by high expression of several genes associated with antigen presentation. Anti-inflammatory and antiviral functions of ncM are further supported by dominant oxidative phosphorylation and selective strong responses to TLR7/8 ligands, respectively. Moreover, single-cell RNA-seq revealed previously unappreciated heterogeneity within cM and proposes intM as a transient differentiation intermediate between cM and ncM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. Talker
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Stephanie C. Talker,
| | - G. Tuba Barut
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heidi E.L. Lischer
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reto Rufener
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Tatsukawa H, Hitomi K. Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Cell Death, Survival, and Fibrosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071842. [PMID: 34360011 PMCID: PMC8307792 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme catalyzing the crosslinking between Gln and Lys residues and involved in various pathophysiological events. Besides this crosslinking activity, TG2 functions as a deamidase, GTPase, isopeptidase, adapter/scaffold, protein disulfide isomerase, and kinase. It also plays a role in the regulation of hypusination and serotonylation. Through these activities, TG2 is involved in cell growth, differentiation, cell death, inflammation, tissue repair, and fibrosis. Depending on the cell type and stimulus, TG2 changes its subcellular localization and biological activity, leading to cell death or survival. In normal unstressed cells, intracellular TG2 exhibits a GTP-bound closed conformation, exerting prosurvival functions. However, upon cell stimulation with Ca2+ or other factors, TG2 adopts a Ca2+-bound open conformation, demonstrating a transamidase activity involved in cell death or survival. These functional discrepancies of TG2 open form might be caused by its multifunctional nature, the existence of splicing variants, the cell type and stimulus, and the genetic backgrounds and variations of the mouse models used. TG2 is also involved in the phagocytosis of dead cells by macrophages and in fibrosis during tissue repair. Here, we summarize and discuss the multifunctional and controversial roles of TG2, focusing on cell death/survival and fibrosis.
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Tempest R, Guarnerio S, Maani R, Cooper J, Peake N. The Biological and Biomechanical Role of Transglutaminase-2 in the Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112788. [PMID: 34205140 PMCID: PMC8199963 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase-2 (TG2) is the most highly and ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase enzyme family and is primarily involved in protein cross-linking. TG2 has been implicated in the development and progression of numerous cancers, with a direct role in multiple cellular processes and pathways linked to apoptosis, chemoresistance, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and stem cell phenotype. The tumour microenvironment (TME) is critical in the formation, progression, and eventual metastasis of cancer, and increasing evidence points to a role for TG2 in matrix remodelling, modulation of biomechanical properties, cell adhesion, motility, and invasion. There is growing interest in targeting the TME therapeutically in response to advances in the understanding of its critical role in disease progression, and a number of approaches targeting biophysical properties and biomechanical signalling are beginning to show clinical promise. In this review we aim to highlight the wide array of processes in which TG2 influences the TME, focussing on its potential role in the dynamic tissue remodelling and biomechanical events increasingly linked to invasive and aggressive behaviour. Drug development efforts have yielded a range of TG2 inhibitors, and ongoing clinical trials may inform strategies for targeting the biomolecular and biomechanical function of TG2 in the TME.
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F13A1 transglutaminase expression in human adipose tissue increases in acquired excess weight and associates with inflammatory status of adipocytes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 45:577-587. [PMID: 33221826 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE F13A1/FXIII-A transglutaminase has been linked to adipogenesis in cells and to obesity in humans and mice, however, its role and associated molecular pathways in human acquired excess weight have not been explored. METHODS We examined F13A1 expression and association to human weight gain in weight-discordant monozygotic twins (Heavy-Lean difference (ΔWeight, 16.8 kg ± 7.16 for n = 12). The twin pairs were examined for body composition (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), abdominal body fat distribution (by magnetic resonance imaging), liver fat content (by magnetic resonance spectroscopy), circulating adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin, as well as serum lipids. Affymetrix full transcriptome mRNA analysis was performed from adipose tissue and adipocyte-enriched fractions from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue biopsies. F13A1 differential expression between the heavy and lean co-twins was examined and its correlation transcriptome changes between co-twins were performed. RESULTS F13A1 mRNA showed significant increase in adipose tissue (p < 0.0001) and an adipocyte-enriched fraction (p = 0.0012) of the heavier co-twin. F13A1 differential expression in adipose tissue (Heavy-Lean ΔF13A1) showed significant negative correlation with circulating adiponectin (p = 0.0195) and a positive correlation with ΔWeight (p = 0.034), ΔBodyFat (0.044) and ΔAdipocyte size (volume, p = 0.012;) in adipocyte-enriched fraction. A whole transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) on ΔF13A1 vs weight-correlated ΔTranscriptome identified 182 F13A1-associated genes (r > 0.7, p = 0.05) with functions in several biological pathways including cell stress, inflammatory response, activation of cells/leukocytes, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling. F13A1 did not associate with liver fat accumulation. CONCLUSIONS F13A1 levels in adipose tissue increase with acquired excess weight and associate with pro-inflammatory, cell stress and tissue remodeling pathways. This supports its role in expansion and inflammation of adipose tissue in obesity.
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Kaartinen MT, Arora M, Heinonen S, Rissanen A, Kaprio J, Pietiläinen KH. Transglutaminases and Obesity in Humans: Association of F13A1 to Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Adipose Tissue Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8289. [PMID: 33167412 PMCID: PMC7663854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases TG2 and FXIII-A have recently been linked to adipose tissue biology and obesity, however, human studies for TG family members in adipocytes have not been conducted. In this study, we investigated the association of TGM family members to acquired weight gain in a rare set of monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for body weight, i.e., heavy-lean twin pairs. We report that F13A1 is the only TGM family member showing significantly altered, higher expression in adipose tissue of the heavier twin. Our previous work linked adipocyte F13A1 to increased weight, body fat mass, adipocyte size, and pro-inflammatory pathways. Here, we explored further the link of F13A1 to adipocyte size in the MZ twins via a previously conducted TWA study that was further mined for genes that specifically associate to hypertrophic adipocytes. We report that differential expression of F13A1 (ΔHeavy-Lean) associated with 47 genes which were linked via gene enrichment analysis to immune response, leucocyte and neutrophil activation, as well as cytokine response and signaling. Our work brings further support to the role of F13A1 in the human adipose tissue pathology, suggesting a role in the cascade that links hypertrophic adipocytes with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari T. Kaartinen
- Faculty of Medicine (Experimental Medicine), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0J7, Canada;
- Faculty of Dentistry (Biomedical Sciences), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0J7, Canada
| | - Mansi Arora
- Faculty of Medicine (Experimental Medicine), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0J7, Canada;
| | - Sini Heinonen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.H.); (A.R.); (K.H.P.)
| | - Aila Rissanen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.H.); (A.R.); (K.H.P.)
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Kirsi H. Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.H.); (A.R.); (K.H.P.)
- Abdominal Center, Obesity Center, Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Cellular Factor XIII, a Transglutaminase in Human Corneal Keratocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235963. [PMID: 31783511 PMCID: PMC6928837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular factor XIII (cFXIII, FXIII-A2), a transglutaminase, has been demonstrated in a few cell types. Its main function is to cross-link proteins by isopeptide bonds. Here, we investigated the presence of cFXIII in cells of human cornea. Tissue sections of the cornea were immunostained for FXIII-A in combination with staining for CD34 antigen or isopeptide cross-links. Isolated corneal keratocytes were also evaluated by immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. FXIII-A in the corneal stroma was quantified by Western blotting. FXIII-A mRNA was detected by RT-qPCR. The cornea of FXIII-A-deficient patients was evaluated by cornea topography. FXIII-A was detected in 68 ± 13% of CD34+ keratocytes. Their distribution in the corneal stroma was unequal; they were most abundant in the subepithelial tertile. cFXIII was of cytoplasmic localization. In the stroma, 3.64 ng cFXIII/mg protein was measured. The synthesis of cFXIII by keratocytes was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Isopeptide cross-links were detected above, but not within the corneal stroma. Slight abnormality of the cornea was detected in six out of nine FXIII-A-deficient patients. The presence of cFXIII in human keratocytes was established for the first time. cFXIII might be involved in maintaining the stability of the cornea and in the corneal wound healing process.
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