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Zorlu T, Hetey D, Reithofer MR, Chin JM. Physicochemical Methods for the Structuring and Assembly of MOF Crystals. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2105-2116. [PMID: 39056892 PMCID: PMC11308362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusMetal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising for various applications through the creation of innovative materials and assemblies. This potential stems from their modular nature, as diverse metal ions and organic linkers can be combined to produce MOFs with unique chemical properties and lattice structures. Following extensive research on the design and postsynthetic chemical modification of MOF lattices at the molecular level, increasing attention is now focused on the next hierarchical level: controlling the morphology of MOF crystals and their subsequent assembly and positioning to create functional composites.Beyond well-established methods to regulate crystal size and shape through nucleation and coordination modulation, physicochemical techniques leveraging wetting effects, interparticle interactions, and magnetic or electric fields offer attractive avenues for the hierarchical structuring and assembly of MOFs. These techniques facilitate crystal alignment and yield unique superstructures. While our research group primarily focuses on directing MOF crystal orientation and positioning using external stimuli such as magnetic and electric fields, we also explore hierarchical MOF synthesis and structuring using liquid interfaces and depletion force-assisted packing.This account highlights our journey and progress in developing methods to regulate the morphology, assembly, orientation, and positioning of MOF crystals, placed in the context of work by other groups. First, we examine commonly utilized structuring methods for MOF crystals that employ liquid-liquid and air-liquid interfaces to spatially confine reactions, allowing us to access unique morphologies such as mushroom-like crystals and Janus particles. We also discuss strategies for concentrating and packing MOF crystals into superstructures, utilizing fluid interfaces for spatial confinement of crystals, depletion forces, entropic effects, and crystal sedimentation.A particularly compelling challenge in expanding the applicability of MOF materials is how to manipulate free-standing MOF crystals. This issue is especially important because MOFs are typically produced as loose powders, and industrial material processing is generally more efficient when the material is fluidized. While extensive research has been conducted regarding MOF growth on substrates with both positional and orientational control, there is a clear need for similar precision with free-standing MOFs dispersed in a fluid matrix. Our group has thus focused on the relatively new, yet powerful approach of using electric and magnetic fields to manipulate MOF crystals, which offers unprecedented control over the orientation and positioning of dispersed MOF crystals, complementing the more well-established methods of MOF growth on substrates. In this Account, we provide foundational background and discussions on the interactions between these external fields and MOF crystals, including critical considerations for effective MOF manipulation using such techniques. We also discuss their unique advantages and applications, and briefly examine potential application areas, such as photonics, smart materials like soft robotics and absorbents, and sensing. This Account highlights the promising potential of well-organized and aligned MOF crystals over randomly oriented ones in various applications, owing to enhanced selectivity and performance. It underscores the importance of specialized assembly methods to advance materials science and engineering, encouraging the reader to explore such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Zorlu
- Department
of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University
of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Hetey
- Department
of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University
of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael R. Reithofer
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jia Min Chin
- Department
of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University
of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Linares-Moreau M, Brandner LA, Velásquez-Hernández MDJ, Fonseca J, Benseghir Y, Chin JM, Maspoch D, Doonan C, Falcaro P. Fabrication of Oriented Polycrystalline MOF Superstructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309645. [PMID: 38018327 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The field of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has progressed beyond the design and exploration of powdery and single-crystalline materials. A current challenge is the fabrication of organized superstructures that can harness the directional properties of the individual constituent MOF crystals. To date, the progress in the fabrication methods of polycrystalline MOF superstructures has led to close-packed structures with defined crystalline orientation. By controlling the crystalline orientation, the MOF pore channels of the constituent crystals can be aligned along specific directions: these systems possess anisotropic properties including enhanced diffusion along specific directions, preferential orientation of guest species, and protection of functional guests. In this perspective, we discuss the current status of MOF research in the fabrication of oriented polycrystalline superstructures focusing on the specific crystalline directions of orientation. Three methods are examined in detail: the assembly from colloidal MOF solutions, the use of external fields for the alignment of MOF particles, and the heteroepitaxial ceramic-to-MOF growth. This perspective aims at promoting the progress of this field of research and inspiring the development of new protocols for the preparation of MOF systems with oriented pore channels, to enable advanced MOF-based devices with anisotropic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Linares-Moreau
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Lea A Brandner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | | | - Javier Fonseca
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Youven Benseghir
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 42, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Jia Min Chin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 42, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Christian Doonan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
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Khalil IE, Fonseca J, Reithofer MR, Eder T, Chin JM. Tackling orientation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): The quest to enhance MOF performance. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Zid S, Alcouffe P, Zinet M, Espuche E. Mixed-Matrix Membranes Based on Polyetherimide, Metal–Organic Framework and Ionic Liquid: Influence of the Composition and Morphology on Gas Transport Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173489. [PMID: 36080562 PMCID: PMC9460398 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, membranes based on polyetherimide (PEI), a ZIF-8 metal–organic framework and 1-ethyl-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid (IL) were prepared. IL and ZIF-8 contents amounting to 7 wt% and 25 wt%, respectively, were investigated. CO2, He and H2 transport properties of PEI/IL/ZIF-8 membranes were compared to those obtained for the respective PEI/ZIF-8 and PEI/IL systems. Membranes’ gas permeability and selectivity are discussed as a function of the membrane composition and morphology, and they were assessed in relation to existing experimental and theoretical data from the literature. Promising gas transport properties were obtained using the appropriate combination of ZIF-8 and IL amounts in the PEI matrix. Indeed, an increase in the CO2 permeability coefficient by a factor of around 7.5 and the He and H2 permeability coefficients by a factor of around 4 was achieved by adding 7 wt% IL and 10 wt% ZIF-8 to the PEI matrix. Moreover, diffusion was evidenced as a governing factor in the studied membrane series.
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Control of Molecular Orientation and Carrier Transport of Thiophene-Based Semiconducting Polymer via Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles Fe3O4@C-Assisted Magnetic Alignment Method. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry8060064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Realizing the high molecular orientation and structurally ordered microstructure of organic semiconductor polymer thin films is beneficial for enhancing the charge transport of conjugated polymers and achieving high-performance organic electronic devices. In this work, we successfully developed large-area highly aligned films of a thiophene-based polymer, namely poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl) thieno [3,2-b] thiophene) (PBTTT), using the magnetic alignment method at a low magnetic field (0.12 T), which was assisted by superparamagnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4@C. The aligned microstructure of the composite films is confirmed by systematic analysis that includes polarized optical microscopy, polarized UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, and an atomic force microscope. Organic field effect transistors based on magnetic aligned composite film exhibit a 2.8-fold improvement in carrier mobility compared with the unaligned films. We hold a formation mechanism that the rapid magnetically induced self-assembly property of Fe3O4@C and its intermolecular interaction with polymer chains are key to the new method of preparing oriented thin films.
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Goh SH, Lau HS, Yong WF. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)-Based Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) for Gas Separation: A Review on Advanced Materials in Harsh Environmental Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107536. [PMID: 35224843 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The booming of global environmental awareness has driven the scientific community to search for alternative sustainable approaches. This is accentuated in the 13th sustainable development goal (SDG13), climate action, where urgent efforts are salient in combating the drastic effects of climate change. Membrane separation is one of the indispensable gas purification technologies that effectively reduces the carbon footprint and is energy-efficient for large-scale integration. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are recognized as promising fillers embedded in mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) to enhance gas separation performance. Tremendous research studies on MOFs-based MMMs have been conducted. Herein, this review offers a critical summary of the MOFs-based MMMs developed in the past 3 years. The basic models to estimate gas transport, preparation methods, and challenges in developing MMMs are discussed. Subsequently, the application and separation performance of a variety of MOFs-based MMMs including those of advanced MOFs materials are summarized. To accommodate industrial needs and resolve commercialization hurdles, the latest exploration of MOF materials for a harsh operating condition is emphasized. Along with the contemplation on the outlook, future perspective, and opportunities of MMMs, it is anticipated that this review will serve as a stepping stone for the coming MMMs research on sustainable and benign environmental application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Hua Goh
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia
| | - Hui Shen Lau
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia
| | - Wai Fen Yong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
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Lu ZH, Lv DZ, Zhou DD, Yang ZH, Wang MY, Abdelhai Senosy I, Liu X, Chen M, Zhuang LY. Enhanced removal efficiency towards azole fungicides from environmental water using a metal organic framework functionalized magnetic lignosulfonate. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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van Essen M, Thür R, Houben M, Vankelecom IF, Borneman Z, Nijmeijer K. Tortuous mixed matrix membranes: A subtle balance between microporosity and compatibility. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Effects of an Alternating Magnetic Field towards Dispersion of α-Fe 2O 3/TiO 2 Magnetic Filler in PPO dm Polymer for CO 2/CH 4 Gas Separation. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11080641. [PMID: 34436404 PMCID: PMC8401501 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic-field-induced dispersion of magnetic fillers has been proven to improve the gas separation performance of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). However, the magnetic field induced is usually in a horizontal or vertical direction. Limited study has been conducted on the effects of alternating magnetic field (AMF) direction towards the dispersion of particles. Thus, this work focuses on the incorporation and dispersion of ferromagnetic iron oxide-titanium (IV) dioxide (αFe2O3/TiO2) particles in a poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene) oxide (PPOdm) membrane via an AMF to investigate its effect on the magnetic filler dispersion and correlation towards gas separation performance. The fillers were incorporated into PPOdm polymer via a spin-coating method at a 1, 3, and 5 wt% filler loading. The MMM with the 3 wt% loading showed the best performance in terms of particle dispersion and gas separation performance. The three MMMs were refabricated in an alternating magnetic field, and the MMM with the 3 wt% loading presented the best performance. The results display an increment in selectivity by 100% and a decrement in CO2 permeability by 97% to an unmagnetized MMM for the 3 wt% loading. The degree of filler dispersion was quantified and measured using Area Disorder of Delaunay Triangulation mapped onto the filler on binarized MMM images. The results indicate that the magnetized MMM presents a greater degree of dispersion than the unmagnetized MMM.
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Kujawa J, Al-Gharabli S, Muzioł TM, Knozowska K, Li G, Dumée LF, Kujawski W. Crystalline porous frameworks as nano-enhancers for membrane liquid separation – Recent developments. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Shahid S, Baron GV, Denayer JF, Martens JA, Wee LH, Vankelecom IF. Hierarchical ZIF-8 composite membranes: Enhancing gas separation performance by exploiting molecular dynamics in hierarchical hybrid materials. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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