1
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Krumins E, Crawford LA, Rogers DM, Machado F, Taresco V, East M, Irving SH, Fowler HR, Jiang L, Starr N, Parmenter CDJ, Kortsen K, Cuzzucoli Crucitti V, Avery SV, Tuck CJ, Howdle SM. A facile one step route that introduces functionality to polymer powders for laser sintering. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3137. [PMID: 38605004 PMCID: PMC11009337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Laser Sintering (LS) is a type of Additive Manufacturing (AM) exploiting laser processing of polymeric particles to produce 3D objects. Because of its ease of processability and thermo-physical properties, polyamide-12 (PA-12) represents ~95% of the polymeric materials used in LS. This constrains the functionality of the items produced, including limited available colours. Moreover, PA-12 objects tend to biofoul in wet environments. Therefore, a key challenge is to develop an inexpensive route to introduce desirable functionality to PA-12. We report a facile, clean, and scalable approach to modification of PA-12, exploiting supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and free radical polymerizations to yield functionalised PA-12 materials. These can be easily printed using commercial apparatus. We demonstrate the potential by creating coloured PA-12 materials and show that the same approach can be utilized to create anti-biofouling objects. Our approach to functionalise materials could open significant new applications for AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduards Krumins
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Liam A Crawford
- Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - David M Rogers
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Fabricio Machado
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark East
- Centre of Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, 522 Derby Rd, Lenton, Nottingham, NG7 2GX, UK
| | - Samuel H Irving
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Harriet R Fowler
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Long Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Nichola Starr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Christopher D J Parmenter
- Nottingham Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Kristoffer Kortsen
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Valentina Cuzzucoli Crucitti
- Centre of Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, 522 Derby Rd, Lenton, Nottingham, NG7 2GX, UK
| | - Simon V Avery
- Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher J Tuck
- Centre of Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, 522 Derby Rd, Lenton, Nottingham, NG7 2GX, UK
| | - Steven M Howdle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK.
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2
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Barros AC, Narciso DAC, Melo LF, Pereira A. Influence of Dead Cells Killed by Industrial Biocides (BAC and DBNPA) on Biofilm Formation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:140. [PMID: 38391526 PMCID: PMC10885908 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Industrial biocides aim to keep water systems microbiologically controlled and to minimize biofouling. However, the resulting dead cells are usually not removed from the water streams and can influence the growth of the remaining live cells in planktonic and sessile states. This study aims to understand the effect of dead Pseudomonas fluorescens cells killed by industrial biocides-benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA)-on biofilm formation. Additionally, the effect of different dead/live cell ratios (50.00% and 99.99%) was studied. The inoculum was recirculated in a Parallel Plate Flow Cell (PPFC). The overall results indicate that dead cells greatly affect biofilm properties. Inoculum with DBNPA-dead cells led to more active (higher ATP content and metabolic activity) and thicker biofilm layers in comparison to BAC-dead cells, which seems to be linked to the mechanism of action by which the cells were killed. Furthermore, higher dead cell ratios (99.99%) in the inoculum led to more active (higher culturability, metabolic activity and ATP content) and cohesive/compact and uniformly distributed biofilms in comparison with the 50.00% dead cell ratio. The design of future disinfection strategies must consider the contribution of dead cells to the biofilm build-up, as they might negatively affect water system operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Barros
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo A C Narciso
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- CERENA-Centro Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis F Melo
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Pereira
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Daud SM, Noor ZZ, Mutamim NSA, Baharuddin NH, Aris A. In-depth insight on microbial electrochemical systems coupled with membrane bioreactors for performance enhancement: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:91636-91648. [PMID: 37518846 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
A conventional activated sludge (CAS) system has traditionally been used for secondary treatment in wastewater treatment plants. Due to the high cost of aeration and the problem of sludge treatment, researchers are developing alternatives to the CAS system. A membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a technology with higher solid-liquid separation efficiency. However, the use of MBR is limited due to inevitable membrane fouling and high energy consumption. Membrane fouling requires frequent cleaning, and MBR components must be replaced, which reduces membrane lifetime and operating costs. To overcome the limitations of the MBR system, a microbial fuel cell-membrane bioreactor (MFC-MBR) coupling system has attracted the interest of researchers. The design of the novel bioelectrochemical membrane reactor (BEMR) can effectively couple microbial degradation in the microbial electrochemical system (MES) and generate a microelectric field to reduce and alleviate membrane fouling in the MBR system. In addition, the coupling system combining an MES and an MBR can improve the efficiency of COD and ammonium removal while generating electricity to balance the energy consumption of the system. However, several obstacles must be overcome before the MFC-MBR coupling system can be commercialised. The aim of this study is to provide critical studies of the MBR, MES and MFC-MBR coupling system for wastewater treatment. This paper begins with a critical discussion of the unresolved MBR fouling problem. There are detailed past and current studies of the MES-MBR coupling system with comparison of performances of the system. Finally, the challenges faced in developing the coupling system on a large scale were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Mariam Daud
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Zainura Zainon Noor
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Faculty of School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Noor Sabrina Ahmad Mutamim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Leburaya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Huda Baharuddin
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Azmi Aris
- Faculty of School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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4
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Wang Q, Lin W, Chou S, Dai P, Huang X. Patterned membranes for improving hydrodynamic properties and mitigating membrane fouling in water treatment: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 236:119943. [PMID: 37054608 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Membrane technologies have been widely applied in water treatment over the past few decades. However, membrane fouling remains a hinderance for the widespread use of membrane processes because it decreases effluent quality and increases operating costs. To mitigate membrane fouling, researchers have been exploring effective anti-fouling strategies. Recently, patterned membranes are gaining attention as a novel non-chemical membrane modification for membrane fouling control. In this paper, we review the research on patterned membranes used in water treatment over the past 20 years. In general, patterned membranes show superior anti-fouling performances, which mainly results from two aspects: hydrodynamic effects and interaction effects. Due to the introduction of diversified topographies onto the membrane surface, patterned membranes yield dramatic improvements on hydrodynamic properties, e.g., shear stress, velocity field and local turbulence, restraining concentration polarization and foulants' deposition on the membrane surface. Besides, the membrane-foulant and foulant-foulant interactions play an important role in the mitigation of membrane fouling. Due to the existence of surface patterns, the hydrodynamic boundary layer is destroyed and the interaction force as well as the contact area between foulants and surface are decreased, which contributes to the fouling suppression. However, there are still some limitations in the research and application of patterned membranes. Future research is suggested to focus on the development of patterned membranes appropriate for different water treatment scenarios, the insights into the interaction forces affected by surface patterns, and the pilot-scale and long-term studies to verify the anti-fouling performances of patterned membranes in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weichen Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Shuren Chou
- Beijing OriginWater Membrane Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Pan Dai
- Beijing OriginWater Membrane Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research and Application Center for Membrane Technology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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5
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Vaishnav S, Saini T, Chauhan A, Gaur GK, Tiwari R, Dutt T, Tarafdar A. Livestock and poultry farm wastewater treatment and its valorization for generating value-added products: Recent updates and way forward. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 382:129170. [PMID: 37196748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Livestock and poultry wastewater poses a potent risk factor for environmental pollution accelerating disease load and premature deaths. It is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, suspended solids, heavy metals, pathogens, and antibiotics, among other contaminants. These contaminants have a negative impact on the quality of soil, groundwater, and air, and is a potential hazard to human health. Depending on the specific characteristics of wastewater, such as the type and concentration of pollutants present; several physical, chemical and biological strategies have been developed for wastewater treatment. This review aims at providing comprehensive overview of the profiling of livestock wastewater from the dairy, swine and poultry sub-sectors along with the biological (annamox and genetically modified bacteria) and physico-chemical treatment methodologies, and valorisation for the generation of value-added products such as bioplastics, biofertilizers, biohydrogen and microalgal-microbial fuel cells. Additionally, future perspectives for efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment are contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Vaishnav
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tapendra Saini
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gyanendra Kumar Gaur
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rupasi Tiwari
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ayon Tarafdar
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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6
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Koyama H, Mori T, Nagai K, Shimamoto S. Exploration of advanced cellulosic material for membrane filtration with outstanding antifouling property. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7490-7502. [PMID: 36908546 PMCID: PMC9993463 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08165b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Membranes, at times, have issues due to membrane fouling. The membrane fouling leads to performance deterioration and poses a potential to clog the membrane. Here we present experimental works carried out with emphasis on the antifouling properties, chlorine resistance, and mechanical properties of cellulose triacetate (CTA) and cellulose esters. We present that antifouling performance of cellulose esters evaluated by means of the VCG theory decreases with increasing carbon number in the substituent because of the high electron-donating nature of short aliphatic ester groups. When a long aliphatic ester group is required in terms of other properties such as resistance to chlorine, introducing it together with another substituent with an electron-donating nature such as an ethylene glycol moiety may strike a balance between antifouling and other performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Koyama
- Business Development Center, Innovation and Business Development Headquarters, Daicel Corporation Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Japan
| | - Taro Mori
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Japan.,Biomass Innovation Center, Daicel Corporation Japan
| | - Kanji Nagai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Japan.,Life Sciences R&D Center, CPI Company, Daicel Corporation Japan
| | - Shu Shimamoto
- Business Development Center, Innovation and Business Development Headquarters, Daicel Corporation Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Japan
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7
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Ahmed MA, Amin S, Mohamed AA. Fouling in reverse osmosis membranes: monitoring, characterization, mitigation strategies and future directions. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14908. [PMID: 37064488 PMCID: PMC10102236 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Water scarcity has been a global challenge for many countries over the past decades, and as a result, reverse osmosis (RO) has emerged as a promising and cost-effective tool for water desalination and wastewater remediation. Currently, RO accounts for >65% of the worldwide desalination capacity; however, membrane fouling is a major issue in RO processes. Fouling reduces the membrane's lifespan and permeability, while also increases the operating pressure and chemical cleaning frequency. Overall, fouling reduces the quality and quantity of desalinated water, and thus hinders the sustainable application of RO membranes by disturbing its efficacy and economic aspects. Fouling arises from various physicochemical interactions between water pollutants and membrane materials leading to foulants' accumulation onto the membrane surfaces and/or inside the membrane pores. The current review illustrates the main types of particulates, organic, inorganic and biological foulants, along with the major factors affecting its formation and development. Moreover, the currently used monitoring methods, characterization techniques and the potential mitigation strategies of membrane fouling are reviewed. Further, the still-faced challenges and the future research on RO membrane fouling are addressed.
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8
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Biocides with Controlled Degradation for Environmentally Friendly and Cost-Effective Fecal Sludge Management. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010045. [PMID: 36671737 PMCID: PMC9855048 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) and polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) exhibit high antimicrobial activity and are widely used as biocidal agents in chemical toilet additives for the management of fecal sludge (FS). Disposal of such biocide-treated FS to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a major environmental problem. It is possible to reduce environmental damage through the use of biocidal agents, which easily decompose after performing their main biocidal functions. In this work, it is proposed to use the fact of a gradual increase in pH of FS from the initial 7.5 to 9.0-10.0 due to the decomposition of urea. Six biocidal compounds were selected that are capable of rapidly degrading in an alkaline environment and one that naturally degrades upon prolonged incubation. Four of them: bronopol (30 mg/L), DBNPA (500 mg/L), Sharomix (500 mg/L), and sodium percarbonate (6000 mg/L) have shown promise for environmentally friendly management of FS. In selected dosage, they successfully reduced microbial activity under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions and are cost-effective. After 10 days of incubation, degradation of the biocide occurred as measured by biological oxygen demand (BOD5) in biocide-treated FS. Such FS can be discharged to WWTP without severe damage to the activated sludge process, the need for dilution and additional procedures to neutralize toxicity.
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9
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AlSawaftah N, Abuwatfa W, Darwish N, Husseini GA. A Review on Membrane Biofouling: Prediction, Characterization, and Mitigation. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12121271. [PMID: 36557178 PMCID: PMC9787789 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity is an increasing problem on every continent, which instigated the search for novel ways to provide clean water suitable for human use; one such way is desalination. Desalination refers to the process of purifying salts and contaminants to produce water suitable for domestic and industrial applications. Due to the high costs and energy consumption associated with some desalination techniques, membrane-based technologies have emerged as a promising alternative water treatment, due to their high energy efficiency, operational simplicity, and lower cost. However, membrane fouling is a major challenge to membrane-based separation as it has detrimental effects on the membrane's performance and integrity. Based on the type of accumulated foulants, fouling can be classified into particulate, organic, inorganic, and biofouling. Biofouling is considered the most problematic among the four fouling categories. Therefore, proper characterization and prediction of biofouling are essential for creating efficient control and mitigation strategies to minimize the damage associated with biofouling. Moreover, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in predicting membrane fouling has garnered a great deal of attention due to its adaptive capability and prediction accuracy. This paper presents an overview of the membrane biofouling mechanisms, characterization techniques, and predictive methods with a focus on AI-based techniques, and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour AlSawaftah
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waad Abuwatfa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naif Darwish
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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10
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Chlorine Dioxide: Friend or Foe for Cell Biomolecules? A Chemical Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415660. [PMID: 36555303 PMCID: PMC9779649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the role of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on inorganic compounds and cell biomolecules. As a disinfectant also present in drinking water, ClO2 helps to destroy bacteria, viruses, and some parasites. The Environmental Protection Agency EPA regulates the maximum concentration of chlorine dioxide in drinking water to be no more than 0.8 ppm. In any case, human consumption must be strictly regulated since, given its highly reactive nature, it can react with and oxidize many of the inorganic compounds found in natural waters. Simultaneously, chlorine dioxide reacts with natural organic matter in water, including humic and fulvic acids, forming oxidized organic compounds such as aldehydes and carboxylic acids, and rapidly oxidizes phenolic compounds, amines, amino acids, peptides, and proteins, as well as the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH, responsible for electron and proton exchange and energy production in all cells. The influence of ClO2 on biomolecules is derived from its interference with redox processes, modifying the electrochemical balances in mitochondrial and cell membranes. This discourages its use on an individual basis and without specialized monitoring by health professionals.
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11
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Zhang J, Jiao Y, Zhang Y, Wang K, Sui X, Song D, Drioli E, Cheng X. Development of Hydrophilic Polylactic Acid Hollow-Fiber Membranes for Water Remediation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai264209, P.R. China
| | - Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai264209, P.R. China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai264209, P.R. China
- Shandong Sino-European Membrane Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Weihai Key Laboratory of Water Treatment and Membrane Technology, Weihai264209, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai264209, P.R. China
- Shandong Sino-European Membrane Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Weihai Key Laboratory of Water Treatment and Membrane Technology, Weihai264209, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai264209, P.R. China
- Shandong Sino-European Membrane Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Weihai Key Laboratory of Water Treatment and Membrane Technology, Weihai264209, P.R. China
| | - Dan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai264209, P.R. China
- Shandong Sino-European Membrane Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Weihai Key Laboratory of Water Treatment and Membrane Technology, Weihai264209, P.R. China
| | - Enrico Drioli
- Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), Via P. Bucci 17c, 87036Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Xiquan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai264209, P.R. China
- Shandong Sino-European Membrane Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Weihai Key Laboratory of Water Treatment and Membrane Technology, Weihai264209, P.R. China
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12
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Improvement the performance of TFC membranes by deposition a cationic/anionic polyelectrolyte onto their partially hypochlorite-degraded surfaces. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Al-Maliki RM, Alsalhy QF, Al-Jubouri S, Salih IK, AbdulRazak AA, Shehab MA, Németh Z, Hernadi K. Classification of Nanomaterials and the Effect of Graphene Oxide (GO) and Recently Developed Nanoparticles on the Ultrafiltration Membrane and Their Applications: A Review. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12111043. [PMID: 36363598 PMCID: PMC9696631 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) or nanocomposite membranes embedded with inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) has opened up a possibility for developing different polymeric membranes with improved physicochemical properties, mechanical properties and performance for resolving environmental and energy-effective water purification. This paper presents an overview of the effects of different hydrophilic nanomaterials, including mineral nanomaterials (e.g., silicon dioxide (SiO2) and zeolite), metals oxide (e.g., copper oxide (CuO), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), antimony tin oxide (ATO), iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) and tungsten oxide (WOX)), two-dimensional transition (e.g., MXene), metal-organic framework (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and carbon-based nanomaterials (such as carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide (GO)). The influence of these nanoparticles on the surface and structural changes in the membrane is thoroughly discussed, in addition to the performance efficiency and antifouling resistance of the developed membranes. Recently, GO has shown a considerable capacity in wastewater treatment. This is due to its nanometer-sized holes, ultrathin layer and light and sturdy nature. Therefore, we discuss the effect of the addition of hydrophilic GO in neat form or hyper with other nanoparticles on the properties of different polymeric membranes. A hybrid composite of various NPs has a distinctive style and high-quality products can be designed to allow membrane technology to grow and develop. Hybrid composite NPs could be used on a large scale in the future due to their superior mechanical qualities. A summary and future prospects are offered based on the current discoveries in the field of mixed matrix membranes. This review presents the current progress of mixed matrix membranes, the challenges that affect membrane performance and recent applications for wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad M. Al-Maliki
- Membrane Technology Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Alsinaa Street 52, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Qusay F. Alsalhy
- Membrane Technology Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Alsinaa Street 52, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
- Correspondence: (Q.F.A.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Sama Al-Jubouri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Aljadria, Baghdad 10071, Iraq
| | - Issam K. Salih
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babil 51001, Iraq
| | - Adnan A. AbdulRazak
- Membrane Technology Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Alsinaa Street 52, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Shehab
- Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Miskolc, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary
- Polymers and Petrochemicals Engineering Department, Basrah University for Oil and Gas, Basrah 61004, Iraq
- Correspondence: (Q.F.A.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Zoltán Németh
- Advanced Materials and Intelligent Technologies Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Klara Hernadi
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Metal Forming and Nanotechnology, University of Miskolc, H-3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
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14
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He Z, Wang K, Liu Y, Zhang T, Wang X. Fabrication of Loose Nanofiltration Membranes with High Rejection Selectivity between Natural Organic Matter and Salts for Drinking Water Treatment. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:887. [PMID: 36135906 PMCID: PMC9501612 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Loose nanofiltration (LNF) membranes with a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of about 1000 Da and high surface negative charge density have great application potential for drinking water treatment pursuing high rejection selectivity between natural organic matter (NOM) and mineral salts. This study was conducted to exploit the novel method coupling non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) and interfacial polymerization (IP) for the preparation of high-performance LNF membranes. A number of LNF membranes were synthesized by varying the polyethersulfone (PES) and piperazine (PIP) concentrations in the cast solution for the PES support layer preparation. Results showed that these two conditions could greatly affect the membrane water permeance, MWCO and surface charge. One LNF membrane, with a water permeance as high as 23.0 ± 1.8 L/m2/h/bar, when used for the filtration of conventional process-treated natural water, demonstrated a rejection of NOM higher than 70% and a low rejection of mineral salts at about 20%. Both the mineral salts/NOM selectivity and permselectivity were superior to the currently available LNF membranes as far as the authors know. This study demonstrated the great advantage of the NIPS-IP method for the fabrication of LNF membranes, particularly for the advanced treatment of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kunpeng Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaomao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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15
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Fikri S, Lessard MH, Perreault V, Doyen A, Labrie S. Candida krusei is the major contaminant of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes used for cranberry juice production. Food Microbiol 2022; 109:104146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Effects of Ethyl Lauroyl Arginate (LAE) on Biofilm Detachment: Shear Rate, Concentration, and Dosing Time. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14142158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is one of the main obstacles in membrane treatment. The non-oxidizing biocide ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE) is promising for mitigating biofilm development on membrane surfaces. However, the operating conditions of LAE and their impact on biofilm detachment are not comprehensively understood. In this study, a real-time in vitro flow cell system was utilized to observe biofilm dispersal caused by the shear rate, concentration, and treatment time of LAE. This confirmed that the biofilm was significantly reduced to 68.2% at a shear rate of 3.42 s−1 due to the increased physical lifting force. LAE exhibited two different mechanisms for bacterial inactivation and biofilm dispersal. Biofilms treated with LAE at sub-growth inhibitory concentrations for a longer time could effectively detach the biofilm formed on the surface of the glass slides, which can be attributed to the increased motility of microorganisms. However, a high concentration (i.e., bactericidal concentration) of LAE should be seriously considered because of the inactivated sessile bacteria and their residual debris remaining on the surface. This study sheds light on the effect of LAE on biofilm detachment and provides insights into biofouling mitigation during the membrane process.
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17
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Najid N, Hakizimana JN, Kouzbour S, Gourich B, Ruiz-García A, Vial C, Stiriba Y, Semiat R. Fouling control and modeling in reverse osmosis for seawater desalination: A review. Comput Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2022.107794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Chauke NM, Moutloali RM, Ramontja J. Influence of the Zeolite ZSM-22 Precursor on a UF-PES Selective Substrate Layer for Salts Rejection. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060553. [PMID: 35736260 PMCID: PMC9230752 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of the ZSM-22/Polyethersulfone (ZSM-22/PES) membranes as selective salt filters represent a growing membrane technological area in separation with the potential of high economic reward based on its low energy requirements. The incorporation of ZSM-22 zeolite material as additives into the PES polymer matrix has the prospective advantage of combining both the zeolite and polymer features while overcoming the limitations associated with both materials. This work investigated the influence of the nature of the silica precursor on ZSM-22 zeolite hydrothermally synthesised using colloidal (C60) and fumed (C60) silica to Si/Al of 60. The successful synthesis of the highly crystalline zeolitic materials was confirmed through XRD, FTIR, and SEM with EDX. The ZSM-22 additives were directly dispersed into a PES polymeric matrix to form a casting solution for the preparation of the ZSM-22/PES selective substrate layers via a phase inversion method for salts rejection. The polymeric PES was selected as an organic network in which the content of the ZSM-22 zeolite (ranging between 0 and 1.0 wt.%), was obtained and characterised by XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis, as well as water contact angle (WCA) measurement and dead-end filtration cell. The phase inversion preparation method has induced the resulting ZSM-22/PES NF substrates anisotropy, as attributed to a high water flux to the above 700 L·m−2·h−1; high selectivity and rejection of salts to above 80% is revealed by the obtained results. The materials also exhibited improved antifouling behavior to above 70% flux recovery ratios. As such, the nature of the silica precursor influences ZSM-22 zeolite synthesis as a potential additive in the PES polymer matrix and led to the enhanced performance of the pure PES ultrafiltration membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyiko M. Chauke
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
- DSI/MINTEK Nanotechnology Innovation Centre-Water Research Node, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Richard M. Moutloali
- DSI/MINTEK Nanotechnology Innovation Centre-Water Research Node, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
- Correspondence: (R.M.M.); (J.R.); Tel.: +27-(0)-11-559-6754(ext. 3918) (J.R.)
| | - James Ramontja
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
- DSI/MINTEK Nanotechnology Innovation Centre-Water Research Node, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Correspondence: (R.M.M.); (J.R.); Tel.: +27-(0)-11-559-6754(ext. 3918) (J.R.)
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Zhang D, Kanezashi M, Tsuru T, Yamamoto K, Gunji T, Adachi Y, Ohshita J. Development of Highly Water-Permeable Robust PSQ-Based RO Membranes by Introducing Hydroxyethylurea-Based Hydrophilic Water Channels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21426-21435. [PMID: 35486525 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Copolymerization of bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]amine (BTESPA) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N'-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]urea (HETESPU) provided highly permeable robust reverse osmosis (RO) membranes that have an organically bridged polysilsesquioxane (PSQ) structure. The RO experiments with NaCl aqueous solution (2000 ppm) indicated that the introduction of hydroxyethylurea groups markedly improved the permeability of water (1.86 × 10-12 m3/m2sPa) to approximately 19 times higher than that of a membrane prepared via the BTESPA homopolymerization, with NaCl rejection remaining nearly unchanged (96%). This is the highest water permeability obtained so far for PSQ-based membranes that show higher than 90% NaCl rejection. The improvement of water permeability is likely due to aggregation through hydrogen bonding in the PSQ layer, which can be regarded as a hydrophilic water channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Zhang
- Smart Innovation Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima739-8527, Japan
| | - Masakoto Kanezashi
- Chemical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima739-8527, Japan
| | - Toshinori Tsuru
- Chemical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima739-8527, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamamoto
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba278-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Gunji
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba278-8510, Japan
| | - Yohei Adachi
- Smart Innovation Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima739-8527, Japan
| | - Joji Ohshita
- Smart Innovation Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima739-8527, Japan
- Division of Materials Model-Based Research, Digital Monozukuri (Manufacturing) Education and Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima739-0046, Japan
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20
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Zhang N, Lee HJ, Wu Y, Ganzoury MA, de Lannoy CF. Integrating biofouling sensing with fouling mitigation in a two-electrode electrically conductive membrane filtration system. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Imaging of innate immunity activation in vivo with a redox-tuned PET reporter. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:965-973. [DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-01169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Barros AC, Melo LF, Pereira A. A Multi-Purpose Approach to the Mechanisms of Action of Two Biocides (Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromonitrilopropionamide): Discussion of Pseudomonas fluorescens’ Viability and Death. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842414. [PMID: 35250955 PMCID: PMC8894764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocides are widely used in water treatment for microbiological control. The rise of antimicrobial resistance and the need to assure properly managed water systems require a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of biocides and of their impact on cell’s viability as a function of dosage concentrations. The present work addresses these two aspects regarding the biocides benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and dibromonitrilopropionamide (DBNPA)—two biocides commonly found in the water treatment industry. For that, the following parameters were studied: culturability, membrane integrity, metabolic activity, cellular energy, and the structure and morphology of cells. Also, to assess cell’s death, a reliable positive control, consisting of cells killed by autoclave (dead cells), was introduced. The results confirmed that BAC is a lytic biocide and DBNPA a moderate electrophilic one. Furthermore, the comparison between cells exposed to the biocides’ minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and autoclaved cells revealed that other viability parameters should be taken into consideration as “death indicators.” The present work also shows that only for the concentrations above the MBC the viability indicators reached values statistically similar to the ones observed for the autoclaved cells (considered to be definitively dead). Finally, the importance of considering the biocide mechanism of action in the definition of the viability parameter to use in the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) determination is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Barros
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis F. Melo
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Pereira
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Ana Pereira,
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23
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Maeda Y. Roles of Sulfites in Reverse Osmosis (RO) Plants and Adverse Effects in RO Operation. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020170. [PMID: 35207091 PMCID: PMC8874662 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
More than 60 years have passed since UCLA first announced the development of an innovative asymmetric cellulose acetate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane in 1960. This innovation opened a gate to use RO for commercial use. RO is now ubiquitous in water treatment and has been used for various applications, including seawater desalination, municipal water treatment, wastewater reuse, ultra-pure water (UPW) production, and industrial process waters, etc. RO is a highly integrated system consisting of a series of unit processes: (1) intake system, (2) pretreatment, (3) RO system, (4) post-treatment, and (5) effluent treatment and discharge system. In each step, a variety of chemicals are used. Among those, sulfites (sodium bisulfite and sodium metabisulfite) have played significant roles in RO, such as dechlorination, preservatives, shock treatment, and sanitization, etc. Sulfites especially became necessary as dechlorinating agents because polyamide hollow-fiber and aromatic thin-film composite RO membranes developed in the late 1960s and 1970s were less tolerable with residual chlorine. In this review, key applications of sulfites are explained in detail. Furthermore, as it is reported that sulfites have some adverse effects on RO membranes and processes, such phenomena will be clarified. In particular, the following two are significant concerns using sulfites: RO membrane oxidation catalyzed by heavy metals and a trigger of biofouling. This review sheds light on the mechanism of membrane oxidation and triggering biofouling by sulfites. Some countermeasures are also introduced to alleviate such problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Maeda
- LG Chem Japan Co., Ltd., Kyobashi Trust Tower 12F, 2-1-3 Kyobashi Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0031, Japan
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24
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Design and fabrication of fouling resistant cross-linked polyamide thin film composite nanofiltration membrane consisting of an aliphatic triamine and terephthaloyl chloride for water desalting applications. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Alikina M, Shkodenko L, Kramarenko A, Chernyshov I, Belyaeva A, Gutsalova A, Krivoshapkina E, Koshel E, Vinogradov A. ClO 2-Loaded Aerogels with Biocide Effect. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49490-49499. [PMID: 34609828 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the mechanism of chlorine dioxide's (ClO2) interaction with aerogel surfaces is described for the first time. To determine the mechanism, three types of aerogels (namely, silica, titania, and zirconia composites) were synthesized and characterized using N2 sorption isotherm analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The kinetics of the ClO2 interaction mechanism was investigated via ClO2-controlled sorption and desorption at different temperatures. The process was studied through the theoretical calculation of ClO2 interaction with the aerogel surface. The biocide efficiency of the as-synthesized ClO2-loaded aerogels on different bacteria strains was investigated, and efficient microorganism extermination was demonstrated. This system is a disinfectant that can find potential applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alikina
- SCAMT Institute, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russia
| | - Liubov Shkodenko
- SCAMT Institute, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russia
| | | | - Ivan Chernyshov
- SCAMT Institute, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Elena Koshel
- SCAMT Institute, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russia
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26
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Osterroth S, Neumann C, Weiß M, Maurieschat U, Latnikova A, Rief S. Effect of Modifying the Membrane Surface with Microcapsules on the Flow Field for a Cross-Flow Membrane Setup: A CFD Study. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11080555. [PMID: 34436318 PMCID: PMC8400876 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the attachment of microcapsules on the membrane surface and its influence on the flow field for a cross-flow membrane setup are investigated. The microcapsules were placed on the top layer of the membrane. The overall purpose of this modification was the prevention of membrane biofouling. Therefore, in a first step, the influence of such a combination on the fluid flow was investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Here, different properties, which are discussed as indicators for biofouling in the literature, were considered. In parallel, different fixation strategies for the microcapsules were experimentally tested. Two different methods to add the microcapsules were identified and further investigated. In the first method, the microcapsules are glued to the membrane surface, whereas in the second method, the microcapsules are added during the membrane fabrication. The different membrane modifications were studied and compared using CFD. Therefore, virtual geometries mimicking the real ones were created. An idealized virtual geometry was added to the comparison. Results from the simulation were fed back to the experiments to optimize the combined membrane. For the presented setup, it is shown that the glued configuration provides a lower transmembrane pressure than the configuration where microcapsules are added during fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Osterroth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics ITWM, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Christian Neumann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (C.N.); (M.W.); (A.L.)
| | - Michael Weiß
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (C.N.); (M.W.); (A.L.)
| | - Uwe Maurieschat
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, 28359 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Alexandra Latnikova
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (C.N.); (M.W.); (A.L.)
| | - Stefan Rief
- Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics ITWM, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
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27
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Gonzalez-Gil G, Behzad AR, Farinha ASF, Zhao C, Bucs SS, Nada T, Das R, Altmann T, Buijs PJ, Vrouwenvelder JS. Clinical Autopsy of a Reverse Osmosis Membrane Module. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.683379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The desalination of seawater using reverse osmosis membranes is an attractive solution to global freshwater scarcity. However, membrane performance is reduced by (bio)fouling. Membrane autopsies are essential for identifying the type of fouling material, and applying corrective measures to minimize membrane fouling. Information from full-scale membrane autopsies guiding improved plant operations is scant in the formal literature. In this case-study, a reverse osmosis membrane from a full-scale seawater desalination plant with a feed channel pressure drop increase of about 218% over the pressure vessel was autopsied. The simultaneous determination of microbial cells, ATP, and total organic carbon (TOC) abundances per membrane area allowed estimating the contributions of biofouling and organic fouling. The abundance of microbial cells determined by flow cytometry (up to 7 × 108 cells/cm2), and ATP (up to 21,000 pg/cm2) as well as TOC (up to 98 μg/cm2) were homogeneously distributed on the membrane. Inorganic fouling was also measured, and followed a similar coverage distribution to that of biofouling. Iron (∼150 μg/cm2, estimated by ICP-MS) was the main inorganic foulant. ATR-FTIR spectra supported that membrane fouling was both organic/biological and inorganic. High-resolution SEM-EDS imaging of cross-sectioned membranes allowed assessing the thickness of the fouling layer (up to 20 μm) and its elemental composition. Imaging results further supported the results of homogeneous fouling coverage. Moreover, imaging revealed both zones with and without compression of the polysulfone membrane layer, suggesting that the stress due to operating pressure was heterogeneous. The procedure for this membrane autopsy provided a reasonable overview of the diverse contributors of fouling and might be a starting point to building a consensus autopsy protocol. Next, it would be valuable to build a RO membrane autopsy database, which can be used as a guidance and diagnostic tool to improve the management and operation of RO desalination plants.
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28
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Curtin AM, Buckley HL. Biofouling detection methods that are widely applicable and useful across disciplines: a mini-review. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:494-505. [PMID: 34193005 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1926998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling, or the build-up of microorganisms in a biofilm at the solid-water or water-air interface, is an interdisciplinary problem. Biofouling causes various issues including clogging systems, contaminating devices, and creating infections that are extremely difficult to treat, to name but a few. Therefore, engineers, pharmacologists, microbiologists, wastewater treatment operators, chemists, food preservative formulators, home and personal care product formulators, and toxicologists all play a role in studying and have an interest in solving biofouling. High-throughput studies on biofilm prevention and removal can take the form of biofilm antimicrobial microdilution susceptibility (BAMS) tests. Due to vested interests of many disciplines, the results from these tests should be applicable and useful to each discipline. This critical review analyses the focuses, biological implications, and metrics required by each discipline. The possible detection methods that could satisfy each desired metric are then summarized. The detection methods were analysed in order to recommend two methods of biofilm detection, Crystal Violet stain and the LIVE/DEAD BacLight stain, which correspond with three metrics including total biomass, log reduction, and the MIC, BPC, MBIC, MBC, BBC, and/or MBEC values. Determining these three metrics for each BAMS test will allow this type of research to be widely applicable and useful across many disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Curtin
- Civil Engineering Department, Green Safe Water Lab, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Heather L Buckley
- Civil Engineering Department, Green Safe Water Lab, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Matin A, Laoui T, Falath W, Farooque M. Fouling control in reverse osmosis for water desalination & reuse: Current practices & emerging environment-friendly technologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142721. [PMID: 33129530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reverse Osmosis (RO) is becoming increasingly popular for seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation. However, fouling of the membranes adversely impacts the overall process efficiency and economics. To date, several strategies and approaches have been used in RO plants and investigated at the laboratory-scale for their effectiveness in the control of different fouling types. Amid growing concerns and stringent regulations for the conservation of environment, there is an increasing trend to identify technologies that are effective in fouling mitigation as well as friendly to the environment. The present review elaborates on the different types of environment-friendly technologies for membrane fouling control that are currently being used or under investigation. It commences with a brief introduction to the global water crisis and the potential of membrane-based processes in overcoming this problem. This is followed by a section on membrane fouling that briefly describes the major fouling types and their impact on the membrane performance. Section 3 discusses the predominant fouling control/prevention strategies including feedwater pretreatment, membrane and spacer surface modification and membrane cleaning. The currently employed techniques are discussed together with their drawbacks, with some light being shed on the emerging technologies that have the ability to overcome the current limitations. The penultimate section provides a detailed discussion on a variety of eco-friendly/chemical free techniques investigated to control different fouling types. These include both control and prevention strategies, for example, bioflocculation and electromagnetic fields, as well as remediation techniques such as osmotic backwashing and gas purging. In addition, quorum sensing has been specifically discussed for biofouling remediation. The promising findings from different studies are presented followed by a discussion on their drawbacks and limitations. The review concludes with a need for carrying out fundamental studies to develop better understanding of the eco-friendly processes discussed in the penultimate section and their optimization for possible integration into the RO plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Matin
- Center of Research Excellence in Desalination & Water Treatment, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Center for Environment & Water, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tahar Laoui
- Dept. of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Desalination Research Group, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Wail Falath
- Center of Research Excellence in Desalination & Water Treatment, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Center for Environment & Water, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Farooque
- Desalination Technologies Research Institute, Saline Water Conversion Corporation, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
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Ge M, Wang X, Wu S, Long Y, Yang Y, Zhang J. Highly antifouling and chlorine resistance polyamide reverse osmosis membranes with g-C3N4 nanosheets as nanofiller. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The influence of ion identity and ionic strength on membrane biofouling of a binary protein solution. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Reducing the Impacts of Biofouling in RO Membrane Systems through In Situ Low Fluence Irradiation Employing UVC-LEDs. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10120415. [PMID: 33322250 PMCID: PMC7764532 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling is a major concern for numerous reverse osmosis membrane systems. UV pretreatment of the feed stream showed promising results but is still not an established technology as it does not maintain a residual effect. By conducting accelerated biofouling experiments in this study, it was investigated whether low fluence UV in situ treatment of the feed using UVC light-emitting diodes (UVC-LEDs) has a lasting effect on the biofilm. The application of UVC-LEDs for biofouling control is a novel hybrid technology that has not been investigated, yet. It could be shown that a low fluence of 2 mJ∙cm-2 delays biofilm formation by more than 15% in lab-scale experiments. In addition, biofilms at the same feed channel pressure drop exhibited a more than 40% reduced hydraulic resistance. The delay is probably linked to the inactivation of cells in the feed stream, modified adsorption properties or an induced cell cycle arrest. The altered hydraulic resistance might be caused by a change in the microbial community, as well as reduced adenosine triphosphate levels per cells, possibly impacting quorum sensing and extracellular polymeric substances production. Due to the observed biofilm attributes, low fluence UV-LED in situ treatment of the feed stream seems to be a promising technology for biofouling control.
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Rehman ZU, Khojah B, Leiknes T, Alsogair S, Alsomali M. Removal of Bacteria and Organic Carbon by an Integrated Ultrafiltration-Nanofiltration Desalination Pilot Plant. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10090223. [PMID: 32899597 PMCID: PMC7559365 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fouling caused by organic matter and bacteria remains a significant challenge for the membrane-based desalination industry. Fouling decreases the permeate quality and membrane performance and also increases energy demands. Here, we quantified the amount of organic matter and bacteria at several stages along the water-treatment train of an integrated ultrafiltration–nanofiltration seawater treatment pilot plant. We quantified the organic matter, in terms of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC), and evaluated its composition using Liquid Chromatography for Organic Carbon Detection (LC-OCD). The bacterial cells were counted using Bactiquant. We found that ultrafiltration (UF) was effective at removing bacterial cells (99.7%) but not TOC. By contrast, nanofiltration (NF) successfully removed both TOC (95%) and bacterial cells. However, the NF permeate showed higher amounts of AOC than seawater. LC-OCD analysis suggested that the AOC was mostly composed of low molecular weight neutral substances. Furthermore, we found that the cleaning of the UF membrane using chemically enhanced backwash reduced the amount of AOC released into the UF permeate. By implementing the cleaning-in-place of the NF membrane, the pressure drop was restored to the normal level. Our results show that the UF and NF membrane cleaning regimes investigated in this study improved membrane performance. However, AOC remained the hardest-to-treat fraction of organic carbon. AOC should, therefore, be monitored closely and regularly to mitigate biofouling in downstream processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Ur Rehman
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (B.K.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-12-808-0192
| | - Bayan Khojah
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (B.K.); (T.L.)
| | - TorOve Leiknes
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (B.K.); (T.L.)
| | - Safiya Alsogair
- DuPont Water Solutions, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mona Alsomali
- Dow Middle East Innovation Center (MEIC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
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The Best-Practice Organism for Single-Species Studies of Antimicrobial Efficacy against Biofilms Is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10090211. [PMID: 32872560 PMCID: PMC7559251 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As potable water scarcity increases across the globe; it is imperative to identify energy and cost-effective processes for producing drinking-water from non-traditional sources. One established method is desalination of brackish and seawater via reverse osmosis (RO). However, the buildup of microorganisms at the water-membrane interface, known as biofouling, clogs RO membranes over time, increasing energy requirements and cost. To investigate biofouling mitigation methods, studies tend to focus on single-species biofilms; choice of organism is crucial to producing useful results. To determine a best-practice organism for studying antimicrobial treatment of biofilms, with specific interest in biofouling of RO membranes, we answered the following two questions, each via its own semi-systematic review: 1. Which organisms are commonly used to test antimicrobial efficacy against biofilms on RO membranes? 2. Which organisms are commonly identified via genetic analysis in biofilms on RO membranes? We then critically review the results of two semi-systematic reviews to identify pioneer organisms from the listed species. We focus on pioneer organisms because they initiate biofilm formation, therefore, inhibiting these organisms specifically may limit biofilm formation in the first place. Based on the analysis of the results, we recommend utilizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa for future single-species studies focused on biofilm treatment including, but not limited to, biofouling of RO membranes.
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Current Advances in Biofouling Mitigation in Membranes for Water Treatment: An Overview. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Membranes, as the primary tool in membrane separation techniques, tend to suffer external deposition of pollutants and microorganisms depending on the nature of the treating solutions. Such issues are well recognized as biofouling and is identified as the major drawback of pressure-driven membrane processes due to the influence of the separation performance of such membrane-based technologies. Herein, the aim of this review paper is to elucidate and discuss new insights on the ongoing development works at facing the biofouling phenomenon in membranes. This paper also provides an overview of the main strategies proposed by “membranologists” to improve the fouling resistance in membranes. Special attention has been paid to the fundamentals on membrane fouling as well as the relevant results in the framework of mitigating the issue. By analyzing the literature data and state-of-the-art, the concluding remarks and future trends in the field are given as well.
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