1
|
Mousavinezhad S, Kadivar S, Vahidi E. Comparative life cycle analysis of critical materials recovery from spent Li-ion batteries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 339:117887. [PMID: 37031596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of new generations of electric vehicles is expected to drive the growth of lithium-ion batteries in the global market. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method was utilized in this study to evaluate the environmental impacts of various hydrometallurgical processes in critical materials recovery from lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathode powder. The main objective of this work was to fill the knowledge gap regarding the environmental sustainability of various processes in LIB recycling and to generate a comprehensive comparison of the environmental burdens caused by numerous hydrometallurgical methods. According to this investigation, leaching with acetic acid, formic acid, maleic acid, and DL-malic acid demonstrates lower environmental impacts compared to lactic acid, ascorbic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, trichloroacetic acid, and tartaric acid. Among inorganic acids, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid show higher environmental impacts compared to sulfuric acid. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that leaching with some organic acids such as citric, succinic, ascorbic, trichloroacetic, and tartaric acids leads to higher negative environmental impacts in most environmental categories compared to inorganic acids like sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. Therefore, not all organic acids utilized in the leaching of critical and strategic materials from cathode powder can enhance environmental sustainability in the recycling process. The results of the solvent extraction study as a downstream process of leaching show that sodium hydroxide, organic reagents, and kerosene have the highest environmental impact among all inputs in this process. Generally, solvent extraction has a greater environmental impact compared to the leaching process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedkamal Mousavinezhad
- Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Saeede Kadivar
- Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Ehsan Vahidi
- Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahamed AM, Swoboda B, Arora Z, Lansot JY, Chagnes A. Low-carbon footprint diluents in solvent extraction for lithium-ion battery recycling. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23334-23345. [PMID: 37538517 PMCID: PMC10395664 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04679f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of the diluent on the extraction properties of three extractants towards cobalt(ii), nickel(ii), manganese(ii), copper(ii), and lithium(i), i.e. Cyanex® 272 (bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid), DEHPA (bis-(2-ethyl hexyl)phosphoric acid), and Acorga® M5640 (alkylsalicylaldehyde oxime). The diluents used in the formulation of the extraction solvents are (i) low-odour aliphatic kerosene produced from the petroleum industry (ELIXORE 180, ELIXORE 230, ELIXORE 205 and ISANE IP 175) and (ii) bio-sourced aliphatic diluents (DEV 2138, DEV 2139, DEV 1763, DEV 2160, DEV 2161 and DEV 2063). No influence of the diluent and no co-extraction of lithium(i), nickel(ii), cobalt(ii), manganese(ii) and aluminum were observed during copper(ii) extraction by Acorga M5640. The nature of the diluent influenced more significantly the extraction properties of manganese(ii) by DEHPA as well as cobalt(ii) and nickel(ii) by Cyanex® 272. Life cycle assessment of the diluents shows that the carbon footprints of the investigated diluents followed the following order: (ELIXORE 180, ELIXORE 230, ELIXORE 205) from petroleum industry > kerosene from petroleum industry > diluent produced from tall oil (DEV 2063) > diluents produced from recycled plastic (DEV 2160, DEV 2161) > diluents produced from used cooking oil (DEV 2138, DEV 2139). By taking into account the physicochemical properties of these diluents (viscosity, flashpoint, aromatic content), the extraction properties of Acorga® M5640, DEHPA, Cyanex® 272 in these diluents and the CO2 footprint of the diluents, this study showed DEV2063 and DEV2139 were the best diluents. A low-carbon footprint solvent extraction flowsheet using these diluents was proposed to extract selectively cobalt, nickel, manganese, lithium and copper from NMC black mass of spent lithium-ion batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Swoboda
- TotalEnergy Fluids 2 Place Jean Miller, La Défense Cedex 92078 Paris France
| | - Zubin Arora
- TotalEnergy Fluids 2 Place Jean Miller, La Défense Cedex 92078 Paris France
| | - Jean Yves Lansot
- TotalEnergy Fluids 2 Place Jean Miller, La Défense Cedex 92078 Paris France
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vieceli N, Vonderstein C, Swiontekc T, Stopić S, Dertmann C, Sojka R, Reinhardt N, Ekberg C, Friedrich B, Petranikova M. Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries from Industrial Processing: Upscaled Hydrometallurgical Treatment and Recovery of High Purity Manganese by Solvent Extraction. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2023.2165405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Vieceli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Industrial Materials Recycling and Nuclear Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claudia Vonderstein
- IME – Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, Institute and Chair at RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Srecko Stopić
- IME – Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, Institute and Chair at RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Dertmann
- IME – Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, Institute and Chair at RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian Ekberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Industrial Materials Recycling and Nuclear Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bernd Friedrich
- IME – Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, Institute and Chair at RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martina Petranikova
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Industrial Materials Recycling and Nuclear Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Solvent Extraction for Separation of 99.9% Pure Cobalt and Recovery of Li, Ni, Fe, Cu, Al from Spent LIBs. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12061056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, hydrometallurgical recycling of metals from high-cobalt-content spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from laptops was studied using precipitation and solvent extraction as alternative purification processes. Large amounts of cobalt (58% by weight), along with nickel (6.2%), manganese (3.06%) and lithium (6.09%) are present in LiCoO2 and Li2CoMn3O8 as prominent Co-rich phases of the electrode material. The pregnant leach solution (PLS) that was generated by leaching in the presence of 10% H2O2 using 50 g/L pulp density at 80 °C for 4 h contained 27.4 g/L Co, 3.21 g/L Ni, 1.59 g/L Mn and 3.60 g/L Li. The PLS was subjected to precipitation at various pH using 2 M NaOH but the purification performance was poor. To improve the separation of Mn and other impurities and in order to avoid the loss of cobalt and nickel, separation studies were carried out using a solvent extraction technique using di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272). Overall, this study examines the fundamentals of separating and synthesizing 99.9% pure Co sulfate from leach liquor of spent laptop LIBs with remarkably high cobalt content.
Collapse
|
5
|
Fractionation of Transition Metals by Solvent Extraction and Precipitation from Tannic Acid-Acetic Acid Leachate as a Product of Lithium-Ion Battery Leaching. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12050882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Solvent extraction and precipitation schemes are applied to isolate copper, cobalt, manganese and nickel from leachate, produced from spent lithium-ion battery leaching using tannic acid-acetic acid as lixiviant. The metal separation and purification were developed based on a ketoxime (LIX® 84-I) and a phosphinic acid (Cyanex® 272) extraction system. Aside from the leachate’s initial pH, which dictates the metal isolation flowsheet, other parameters affecting metal extraction rate, such as phase ratio, extractant concentration, and acid stripping will be evaluated. Copper was selectively removed from leachate at pH 3, using LIX® 84-I 10% v/v followed by cobalt and manganese co-extraction from the raffinate using Cyanex® 272 10% v/v at pH 5. After both metals were stripped using sulfuric acid 0.2 M, manganese was quantitatively precipitated out from the strip solution using potassium permanganate or sodium hypochlorite. Nickel was isolated using LIX® 84-I from raffinate at pH 5, producing a lithium- rich solution for further treatment. No third phase was formed during the extraction, and sulfuric acid was proved suitable for organic phase regeneration.
Collapse
|
6
|
Makwarimba CP, Tang M, Peng Y, Lu S, Zheng L, Zhao Z, Zhen AG. Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries. iScience 2022; 25:104321. [PMID: 35602951 PMCID: PMC9117887 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses physical, chemical, and direct lithium-ion battery recycling methods to have an outlook on future recovery routes. Physical and chemical processes are employed to treat cathode active materials which are the greatest cost contributor in the production of lithium batteries. Direct recycling processes maintain the original chemical structure and process value of battery materials by recovering and reusing them directly. Mechanical separation is essential to liberate cathode materials that are concentrated in the finer size region. However, currently, the cathode active materials are being concentrated at a cut point that is considerably greater than the actual size found in spent batteries. Effective physical methods reduce the cost of subsequent chemical treatment and thereafter re-lithiation successfully reintroduces lithium into spent cathodes. Some of the current challenges are the difficulty in controlling impurities in recovered products and ensuring that the entire recycling process is more sustainable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengetai Portia Makwarimba
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Minghui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Yaqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Lingxia Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zhefei Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Ai-gang Zhen
- Zhejiang Tianneng New Materials Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313000, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee J, Chung E. The Effect of Silicate Ions on the Separation of Lithium From Geothermal Fluid. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.741281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In an enhanced geothermal system (EGS), geothermal energy in rocks with insufficient permeability or fluid saturation can be used by creating artificial geothermal reservoirs. Generally, EGS geothermal fluid contains high concentrations of total dissolved solids that originated from various geochemical reactions between the fluid in the reservoir and the minerals in the rock. For example, the concentration of lithium ions are measured approximately 150 mg/L, and several researchers have focused on the recovery of lithium in the geothermal fluid using various methods, one of which is liquid extraction. Solvent extraction has been used to recover lithium from various sources, and successful recovery efficiency have been attained. However, the geothermal fluid in EGS reservoirs contains high concentrations of SiO2, which might inhibit the selective recovery of lithium. Thus, in this study, two consecutive stages of solvent extraction were used to separate the lithium from the geothermal fluid that contained different concentrations of SiO2 ions. The divalent ions were removed in the first stage, and the lithium ions were extracted effectively in the second stage. The SiO2 inhibits the selective recovery of lithium in the first stage to a greater extent than it does in the second stage. The spectroscopy data shows a decrease of the organic solvents main functional group (P=O & P-O-H) absorbance that reacts with the metal ions of the geothermal water after extraction however the intensity difference was reduced as the SiO2 concentrations increases. Silicate ions can be problematic due to the formation of scaling in EGSs, so controlling its concentration in the geothermal reservoir would be beneficial for the long-term operation of EGSs and for the successful recovery of valuable metal resources from EGS reservoirs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lei S, Sun W, Yang Y. Solvent extraction for recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127654. [PMID: 34772557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Up to now, solvent extraction not only recycle valuable metals (i.e., Ni, Co, Mn and Li) from the leach liquor of spent cathode materials, but also apply to treat spent electrolyte. This paper summarizes the development of solvent extraction in the field of recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from the aspects of principle, technology and industrialization. Meanwhile, the paper also comments on the challenges and opportunities for the solvent extraction facing in the recycling of spent LIBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Lei
- School of Minerals Processg and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processg and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Minerals Processg and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The increasing demand for Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles sheds light upon the Co supply chain. The metal is crucial to the cathode of these batteries, and the leading global producer is the D.R. Congo (70%). For this reason, it is considered critical/strategic due to the risk of interruption of supply in the short and medium term. Due to the increasing consumption for the transportation market, the batteries might be considered a secondary source of Co. The outstanding amount of spent batteries makes them to a core of urban mining warranting special attention. Greener technologies for Co recovery are necessary to achieve sustainable development. As a result of these sourcing challenges, this study is devoted to reviewing the techniques for Co recovery, such as acid leaching (inorganic and organic), separation (solvent extraction, ion exchange resins, and precipitation), and emerging technologies—ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent, supercritical fluids, nanotechnology, and biohydrometallurgy. A dearth of research in emerging technologies for Co recovery from Li-ion batteries is discussed throughout the manuscript within a broader overview. The study is strictly connected to the Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) number 7, 8, 9, and 12.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pavón S, Kaiser D, Bertau M. Recovery of Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ni from spent LIBs after Li selective separation by COOL‐Process – Part 2: Solvent Extraction from Sulphate Leaching Solution. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pavón
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg Institute of Chemical Technology Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Doreen Kaiser
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg Institute of Chemical Technology Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Martin Bertau
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg Institute of Chemical Technology Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| |
Collapse
|