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Khan MUA, Aslam MA, Abdullah MFB, Abdal-Hay A, Gao W, Xiao Y, Stojanović GM. Recent advances of bone tissue engineering: carbohydrate and ceramic materials, fundamental properties and advanced biofabrication strategies ‒ a comprehensive review. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:052005. [PMID: 39105493 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad6b8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue that can always regenerate itself through remodeling to maintain biofunctionality. This tissue performs several vital physiological functions. However, bone scaffolds are required for critical-size damages and fractures, and these can be addressed by bone tissue engineering. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has the potential to develop scaffolds for repairing critical-size damaged bone. BTE is a multidisciplinary engineered scaffold with the desired properties for repairing damaged bone tissue. Herein, we have provided an overview of the common carbohydrate polymers, fundamental structural, physicochemical, and biological properties, and fabrication techniques for bone tissue engineering. We also discussed advanced biofabrication strategies and provided the limitations and prospects by highlighting significant issues in bone tissue engineering. There are several review articles available on bone tissue engineering. However, we have provided a state-of-the-art review article that discussed recent progress and trends within the last 3-5 years by emphasizing challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Muhammad Azhar Aslam
- Department of Physics, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 39161, Pakistan
| | - Mohd Faizal Bin Abdullah
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, School of Dental Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Abdalla Abdal-Hay
- Department of Engineering Materials and Mechanical Design, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Wendong Gao
- School of Medicine and Dentistry , Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Yin Xiao
- School of Medicine and Dentistry , Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Goran M Stojanović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. D. Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Saberi A, Baltatu MS, Vizureanu P. Recent Advances in Magnesium-Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticle Composites for Biomedical Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:508. [PMID: 38790374 PMCID: PMC11117911 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is considered an attractive option for orthopedic applications due to its density and elastic modulus close to the natural bone of the body, as well as biodegradability and good tensile strength. However, it faces serious challenges, including a high degradation rate and, as a result, a loss of mechanical properties during long periods of exposure to the biological environment. Also, among its other weaknesses, it can be mentioned that it does not deal with bacterial biofilms. It has been found that making composites by synergizing its various components can be an efficient way to improve its properties. Among metal oxide nanoparticles, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have distinct physicochemical and biological properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, high bioactivity, significant antibacterial properties, and good mechanical properties, which make it a good choice as a reinforcement in composites. However, the lack of comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of Mg NPs as Mg matrix reinforcements in mechanical, corrosion, and biological fields is considered a challenge in their application. While introducing the role of MgO NPs in medical fields, this article summarizes the most important results of recent research on the mechanical, corrosion, and biological performance of Mg/MgO composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Saberi
- Department of Materials Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1777613651, Iran
| | - Madalina Simona Baltatu
- Department of Technologies and Equipments for Materials Processing, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 51, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Petrica Vizureanu
- Department of Technologies and Equipments for Materials Processing, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 51, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
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Saberi A, Baltatu MS, Vizureanu P. The Effectiveness Mechanisms of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) as Reinforcements for Magnesium-Based Composites for Biomedical Applications: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:756. [PMID: 38727350 PMCID: PMC11085746 DOI: 10.3390/nano14090756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
As a smart implant, magnesium (Mg) is highly biocompatible and non-toxic. In addition, the elastic modulus of Mg relative to other biodegradable metals (iron and zinc) is close to the elastic modulus of natural bone, making Mg an attractive alternative to hard tissues. However, high corrosion rates and low strength under load relative to bone are some challenges for the widespread use of Mg in orthopedics. Composite fabrication has proven to be an excellent way to improve the mechanical performance and corrosion control of Mg. As a result, their composites emerge as an innovative biodegradable material. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have superb properties like low density, high tensile strength, high strength-to-volume ratio, high thermal conductivity, and relatively good antibacterial properties. Therefore, using CNTs as reinforcements for the Mg matrix has been proposed as an essential option. However, the lack of understanding of the mechanisms of effectiveness in mechanical, corrosion, antibacterial, and cellular fields through the presence of CNTs as Mg matrix reinforcements is a challenge for their application. This review focuses on recent findings on Mg/CNT composites fabricated for biological applications. The literature mentions effective mechanisms for mechanical, corrosion, antimicrobial, and cellular domains with the presence of CNTs as reinforcements for Mg-based nanobiocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Saberi
- Department of Material Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1777613651, Iran
| | - Madalina Simona Baltatu
- Department of Technologies and Equipments for Materials Processing, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 51, 700050 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Petrica Vizureanu
- Department of Technologies and Equipments for Materials Processing, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 51, 700050 Iaşi, Romania;
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Kong L, Heydari Z, Lami GH, Saberi A, Baltatu MS, Vizureanu P. A Comprehensive Review of the Current Research Status of Biodegradable Zinc Alloys and Composites for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4797. [PMID: 37445111 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn)-based biodegradable materials show moderate degradation rates in comparison with other biodegradable materials (Fe and Mg). Biocompatibility and non-toxicity also make them a viable option for implant applications. Furthermore, Pure Zn has poor mechanical behavior, with a tensile strength of around 100-150 MPa and an elongation of 0.3-2%, which is far from reaching the strength required as an orthopedic implant material (tensile strength is more than 300 MPa, elongation more than 15%). Alloy and composite fabrication have proven to be excellent ways to improve the mechanical performance of Zn. Therefore, their alloys and composites have emerged as an innovative category of biodegradable materials. This paper summarizes the most important recent research results on the mechanical and biological characteristics of biodegradable Zn-based implants for orthopedic applications and the most commonly added components in Zn alloys and composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Kong
- School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
| | - Zahra Heydari
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
| | - Ghadeer Hazim Lami
- Department of Material Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1777613651, Iran
| | - Abbas Saberi
- Department of Material Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1777613651, Iran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran 1777613651, Iran
| | - Madalina Simona Baltatu
- Department of Technologies and Equipments for Materials Processing, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 51, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Petrica Vizureanu
- Department of Technologies and Equipments for Materials Processing, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 51, 700050 Iasi, Romania
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Zhang H, Saberi A, Heydari Z, Baltatu MS. Bredigite-CNTs Reinforced Mg-Zn Bio-Composites to Enhance the Mechanical and Biological Properties for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1681. [PMID: 36837310 PMCID: PMC9965178 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) and its compounds have been investigated as biodegradable metals for bone implants. However, high corrosion rates and low bioactivity that cause loss of mechanical properties are factors that have limited their biomedical applications. The purpose of this work is to remedy the weaknesses of the Mg-Zn (MZ) alloy matrix. For this purpose, we have synthesized Mg-based composites with different concentrations of bredigite (Br; Ca7MgSi4O16)-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using mechanical alloying and semi-powder metallurgy processes with spark plasma sintering. Then, we studied the effect of the simultaneous addition of Br-CNTs on in vitro degradation, as well as its effect on the composites' mechanical and antibacterial properties. Increases of 57% and 72% respectively were observed in the microhardness and compressive strength of the MZ/Br-CNTs composite in comparison to the MZ alloy. In addition, the rate of degradation of Mg-based composites in simulated body fluids (SBF) was almost 2 times lower. An assessment of antibacterial behavior disclosed that the simultaneous adding of Br-CNTs to Mg can meaningfully prevent the growth and invasion of E. coli and S. aureus. These research findings demonstrate the potential application of MZ/Br-CNTs composites to implants and the treatment of bone infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xijing University, Xi’an 710123, China
| | - Abbas Saberi
- Department of Materials Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1777613651, Iran
| | - Zahra Heydari
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
| | - Madalina Simona Baltatu
- Department of Technologies and Equipments for Materials Processing, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 51, 700050 Iasi, Romania
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The effect of Co-encapsulated GNPs-CNTs nanofillers on mechanical properties, degradation and antibacterial behavior of Mg-based composite. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 138:105601. [PMID: 36493612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg)-based composites, as one group of the biodegradable materials, enjoy high biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity making them a great option for implant applications. In this paper, by the semi powder metallurgy (SPM) technique, the graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanosystems, as reinforcements, are dispersed homogenously in the Mg-Zn (MZ) alloy matrix. Subsequently, the composite is successfully produced employing the spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. Compared to the unreinforced MZ sample, GNPs + CNTs mixture reinforced composite exhibits higher compressive strength (∼75%). Notably, adding only 1 wt % of GNPs + CNTs to the MZ matrix reduces the rate of the degradation in the Mg-based composite by almost 2- fold. Examining the antibacterial activity demonstrate that the incorporation of GNPs + CNTs into the Mg-based matrix is likely to prevent the infiltration and development of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) significantly. While the MTT with 0.5 and 1 wt % GNPs + CNTs does not demonstrate cytotoxicity to the MG63 cells, the excessive GNPs + CNTs results in a certain degree of poisonousness. In general, the findings of the present research attest to the viable application of MZ/GNPs + CNTs composites for implants as well as bone infection treatment.
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Nanoscale Tribological Properties of Nanostructure Fe3Al and (Fe,Ti)3Al Compounds Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering Method. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12071077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured powder particles of Fe3Al and (Fe,Ti)3Al phases were produced using mechanical alloying. These intermetallic phases with a nearly complete density were consolidated by spark plasma sintering. The mechanical properties of the bulk samples, i.e., elasticity modulus, hardness, and plasticity index, and also their tribological behavior were investigated using nanoindentation and nano-scratch tests. It was found that both Fe3Al and (Fe,Ti)3Al phases can be synthesized after 30 h of high-energy ball milling. In addition, no phase evolution was observed after spark plasma sintering. An analysis of the atomic force microscope images obtained from the nanoindentation tests showed a higher elasticity modulus, higher hardness, and lower plasticity index due to the addition of Ti to the Fe3Al system. (Fe,Ti)3Al displayed better tribological properties as compared with Fe3Al. A smaller volume of the scratched line was clearly seen in the atomic force microscope images of the nanostructured (Fe,Ti)3Al compound.
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A Review on Antibacterial Biomaterials in Biomedical Applications: From Materials Perspective to Bioinks Design. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112238. [PMID: 35683916 PMCID: PMC9182805 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In tissue engineering, three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging approach to producing functioning tissue constructs to repair wounds and repair or replace sick tissue/organs. It allows for precise control of materials and other components in the tissue constructs in an automated way, potentially permitting great throughput production. An ink made using one or multiple biomaterials can be 3D printed into tissue constructs by the printing process; though promising in tissue engineering, the printed constructs have also been reported to have the ability to lead to the emergence of unforeseen illnesses and failure due to biomaterial-related infections. Numerous approaches and/or strategies have been developed to combat biomaterial-related infections, and among them, natural biomaterials, surface treatment of biomaterials, and incorporating inorganic agents have been widely employed for the construct fabrication by 3D printing. Despite various attempts to synthesize and/or optimize the inks for 3D printing, the incidence of infection in the implanted tissue constructs remains one of the most significant issues. For the first time, here we present an overview of inks with antibacterial properties for 3D printing, focusing on the principles and strategies to accomplish biomaterials with anti-infective properties, and the synthesis of metallic ion-containing ink, chitosan-containing inks, and other antibacterial inks. Related discussions regarding the mechanics of biofilm formation and antibacterial performance are also presented, along with future perspectives of the importance of developing printable inks.
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