1
|
Antoniac I, Manescu (Paltanea) V, Paltanea G, Antoniac A, Nemoianu IV, Petrescu MI, Dura H, Bodog AD. Additive Manufactured Magnesium-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8693. [PMID: 36500191 PMCID: PMC9739563 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is an important technology that led to a high evolution in the manufacture of personalized implants adapted to the anatomical requirements of patients. Due to a worldwide graft shortage, synthetic scaffolds must be developed. Regarding this aspect, biodegradable materials such as magnesium and its alloys are a possible solution because the second surgery for implant removal is eliminated. Magnesium (Mg) exhibits mechanical properties, which are similar to human bone, biodegradability in human fluids, high biocompatibility, and increased ability to stimulate new bone formation. A current research trend consists of Mg-based scaffold design and manufacture using AM technologies. This review presents the importance of biodegradable implants in treating bone defects, the most used AM methods to produce Mg scaffolds based on powder metallurgy, AM-manufactured implants properties, and in vitro and in vivo analysis. Scaffold properties such as biodegradation, densification, mechanical properties, microstructure, and biocompatibility are presented with examples extracted from the recent literature. The challenges for AM-produced Mg implants by taking into account the available literature are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iulian Antoniac
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Veronica Manescu (Paltanea)
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Paltanea
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora Antoniac
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iosif Vasile Nemoianu
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea Ionut Petrescu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Horatiu Dura
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Alin Danut Bodog
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 P-ta 1 December Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma SK, Grewal HS, Saxena KK, Mohammed KA, Prakash C, Davim JP, Buddhi D, Raju R, Mohan DG, Tomków J. Advancements in the Additive Manufacturing of Magnesium and Aluminum Alloys through Laser-Based Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8122. [PMID: 36431608 PMCID: PMC9698782 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Complex structures can now be manufactured easily utilizing AM technologies to meet the pre-requisite objectives such as reduced part numbers, greater functionality, and lightweight, among others. Polymers, metals, and ceramics are the few materials that can be used in AM technology, but metallic materials (Magnesium and Aluminum) are attracting more attention from the research and industrial point of view. Understanding the role processing parameters of laser-based additive manufacturing is critical to maximize the usage of material in forming the product geometry. LPBF (Laser powder-based fusion) method is regarded as a potent and effective additive manufacturing technique for creating intricate 3D forms/parts with high levels of precision and reproducibility together with acceptable metallurgical characteristics. While dealing with LBPF, some degree of porosity is acceptable because it is unavoidable; hot ripping and cracking must be avoided, though. The necessary manufacturing of pre-alloyed powder and ductility remains to be the primary concern while dealing with a laser-based additive manufacturing approach. The presence of the Al-Si eutectic phase in AlSi10Mg and AlSi12 alloy attributing to excellent castability and low shrinkage, attaining the most attention in the laser-based approach. Related studies with these alloys along with precipitation hardening and heat treatment processing were discussed. The Pure Mg, Mg-Al alloy, Mg-RE alloy, and Mg-Zn alloy along with the mechanical characteristics, electrochemical durability, and biocompatibility of Mg-based material have been elaborated in the work-study. The review article also summarizes the processing parameters of the additive manufacturing powder-based approach relating to different Mg-based alloys. For future aspects, the optimization of processing parameters, composition of the alloy, and quality of powder material used will significantly improve the ductility of additively manufactured Mg alloy by the LPBF approach. Other than that, the recycling of Mg-alloy powder hasn't been investigated yet. Meanwhile, the post-processing approach, including a homogeneous coating on the porous scaffolds, will mark the suitability in terms of future advancements in Mg and Al-based alloys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar Sharma
- Surface Science and Tribology Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harpreet Singh Grewal
- Surface Science and Tribology Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Kumar Saxena
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kahtan A. Mohammed
- Department of Medical Physics, Hilla University College, Babylon 51002, Iraq
| | - Chander Prakash
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144001, Punjab, India
| | - J. Paulo Davim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dharam Buddhi
- Division of Research & Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ramesh Raju
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College (Autonomous), Tirupathi 517102, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Dhanesh G. Mohan
- Department of Material Processing Engineering, Zhengzhou Research Institute of Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jacek Tomków
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-229 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou Y, Zhang K, Liang Y, Cheng J, Dai Y. Selective Laser Melted Magnesium Alloys: Fabrication, Microstructure and Property. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7049. [PMID: 36295117 PMCID: PMC9605101 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As the lightest metal structural material, magnesium and its alloys have the characteristics of low density, high specific strength and good biocompatibility, which gives magnesium alloys broad application prospects in fields of biomedicine, transportation, and aerospace. Laser selective melting technology has the advantages of manufacturing complex structural parts, high precision and high degree of freedom. However, due to some disadvantages of magnesium alloy, such as low boiling point and high vapor pressure, the application of it in laser selective melting was relatively undeveloped compared with other alloys. In this paper, the fabrication, microstructure, mechanical performance and corrosion resistance property of magnesium alloys were summarized, and the potential applications and the development direction of selective laser melting magnesium alloys in the future are prospected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Hunan Industry Polytechnic, Changsha 410208, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Hunan Industry Polytechnic, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Yaru Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research, Xi’an 710016, China
| | - Yilong Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Guo H. Influence of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ61 Magnesium Alloy Prepared by Selective Laser Melting (SLM). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15207067. [PMID: 36295131 PMCID: PMC9605493 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
From previous studies, it is known that the dissolution of β-Mg17Al12 at high temperature and the increase of densities at high pressure after hot isostatic pressing (HIP) are the two main reasons for significant improvement in the ductility of AZ61 magnesium alloy prepared by SLM. However, the mechanism of dissolution of β-Mg17Al12 in SLMed AZ61 magnesium alloy at high temperature is not clear. To illustrate the mechanism of the effect of β-Mg17Al12 dissolution on the ductility of SLMed AZ61 Mg alloy, the effect of solid solution heat treatment (T4) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SLMed AZ61 was investigated and the kinetic model of β-Mg17Al12 dissolution of SLMed AZ61 magnesium alloy was established. According to the results, there is no significant change in the dissolution of the β-Mg17Al12 with an increase of temperature and time when the T4 temperature is lower than 410 °C. At the optimum solution heat treatment temperature of 410 °C, the dissolution rate is accelerated and the β-Mg17Al12 is completely dissolved after 2 h. In addition, the dissolution rate of β-Mg17Al12 decreases with the increase of dissolution time. The strength of SLMed AZ61 magnesium alloy decreases and the ductility increases as the T4 temperature increases. The strength of the specimens is reduced by grain coarsening (29.2 ± 3.7 μm), but the elongation is increased by 90% compared to SLMed AZ61, due to the effect of β-Mg17Al12 dissolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-134-8868-1932
| | - Hanjie Guo
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Special Melting and Preparation of High-End Metal Materials, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mechanical Alloying Process Applied for Obtaining a New Biodegradable Mg-xZn-Zr-Ca Alloy. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to apply the mechanical alloying process to obtain from powder components a new biodegradable Mg-based alloy powder from the system Mg-xZn-Zr-Ca, with high biomechanical and biochemical performance. Various processing parameters for mechanical alloying have been experimented with the ultimate goal to establish an efficient processing route for the production of small biodegradable parts for the medical domain. It has been observed that for the same milling parameters, the composition of the powders has influenced the powder size and shape. On the other hand, for the same composition, the highest experimented milling speed and time conduct to finer powder particles, almost round-shaped, without pores or various inclusions. The most uniform size has been obtained for the powder sample with 10 wt.%Zn. These powders were finally processed by selective laser melting, an additive manufacturing technology, to obtain a homogeneous experimental sample, without cracking, for future more systematical trials.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mishra S, Mishra AK. Hydrothermally Synthesized MoS
2
Nanoclusters for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanu Mishra
- School of Materials Science and Technology Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi 221005 INDIA
| | - Ashish Kumar Mishra
- School of Materials Science and Technology Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi 221005 INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Y, Jahr H, Zhou J, Zadpoor AA. Additively manufactured biodegradable porous metals. Acta Biomater 2020; 115:29-50. [PMID: 32853809 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Partially due to the unavailability of ideal bone substitutes, the treatment of large bony defects remains one of the most important challenges of orthopedic surgery. Additively manufactured (AM) biodegradable porous metals that have emerged since 2018 provide unprecedented opportunities for fulfilling the requirements of an ideal bone implant. First, the multi-scale geometry of these implants can be customized to mimic the human bone in terms of both micro-architecture and mechanical properties. Second, a porous structure with interconnected pores possesses a large surface area, which is favorable for the adhesion and proliferation of cells and, thus, bony ingrowth. Finally, the freeform geometrical design of such biomaterials could be exploited to adjust their biodegradation behavior so as to maintain the structural integrity of the implant during the healing process while ensuring that the implant disappears afterwards, paving the way for full bone regeneration. While the AM biodegradable porous metals that have been studied so far have shown many unique properties as compared to their solid counterparts, the unprecedented degree of flexibility in their geometrical design has not yet been fully exploited to optimize their properties and performance. In order to develop the ideal bone implants, it is important to take advantage of the full potential of AM biodegradable porous metals through detailed and systematic study on their biodegradation behavior, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and bone regeneration performance. This review paper presents the state of the art in AM biodegradable porous metals and is focused on the effects of material type, processing, geometrical design, and post-AM treatments on the mechanical properties, biodegradation behavior, in vitro biocompatibility, and in vivo bone regeneration performance of AM porous Mg, Fe, and Zn as well as their alloys. We also identify a number of knowledge gaps and the challenges encountered in adopting AM biodegradable porous metals for orthopedic applications and suggest some promising areas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yageng Li
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, Netherlands.
| | - Holger Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, Netherlands
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, Netherlands
| | - Amir Abbas Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Balling Behavior of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Magnesium Alloy. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163632. [PMID: 32824450 PMCID: PMC7475986 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Macroscopic surface morphology and balling mechanism of AZ61 magnesium alloy prepared by Selective laser melting (SLM) have been investigated. This article studied and analyzed the surface morphology and balling phenomenon of Mg in the laser processing from the aspects of Mg inherent metal properties and laser processing. In terms of laser processing, the results show that, in the direction of increasing scanning speed, the energy density decreases, and the phenomenon of balling and porosity on the surface of the magnesium alloy is serious. When the energy density is 133.9-187.5 J/mm3, balling particles are significantly reduced. It can be seen from the low-magnification SEM image that, even at a scanning speed of 250 mm/s (Ev is 187.5 J/mm3), there are still a few small-sized balling particles on the surface. Therefore, in terms of inherent metal properties, the wettability, capillary instability, thermodynamic, and kinetic analysis of the balling behavior of Mg and other metal (Al, Fe, Cu, Ni, Ti) droplets in the SLM process has been carried out, and the dynamic model of magnesium droplet spreading/solidification was established basic on the result of experiment and metal inherent properties. The results show that SLMed magnesium alloy is a competitive process of melt diffusion and solidification. The final result depends on the intrinsic properties of the magnesium alloy and the applied laser processing parameters. The spreading process of Mg melt is very fast. Although the solidification time of Mg melts changes slowly with the increase of metal droplet temperature, the spreading speed is still very fast due to the low melt density, so the balling phenomenon of SLMed Mg can be controlled to a certain extent. Theoretically calculated, the solidification time of Mg melt droplet is longer than the wetting time at 1173 K (900 °C), so the spreading process is dominant, which can minimize the balling and realize the densification of SLMed Mg. The dynamic spreading of molten pool, the analysis of wetting and solidification process, and the establishment of SLM balling model can provide reference for the design of the SLM forming parameters of Mg and other different metals.
Collapse
|
9
|
A Review of SLMed Magnesium Alloys: Processing, Properties, Alloying Elements and Postprocessing. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing method with rapid solidification properties, which is conducive to the preparation of alloys with fine microstructures and uniform chemical compositions. Magnesium alloys are lightweight materials that are widely used in the aerospace, biomedical and other fields due to their low density, high specific strength, and good biocompatibility. However, the poor laser formability of magnesium alloy restricts its application. This paper discusses the current research status both related to the theoretical understanding and technology applications. There are problems such as limited processable materials, immature process conditions and metallurgical defects on SLM processing magnesium alloys. Some efforts have been made to solve the above problems, such as adding alloy elements and applying postprocessing. However, the breakthroughs in these two areas are rarely reviewed. Due to the paucity of publications on postprocessing and alloy design of SLMed magnesium alloy powders, we review the current state of research and progress. Moreover, traditional preparation techniques of magnesium alloys are evaluated and related to the SLM process with a view to gaining useful insights, especially with respect to the postprocessing and alloy design of magnesium alloys. The paper also reviews the influence of process parameters on formability, densification and mechanical behavior of magnesium. In addition, the progress of microstructure and metallurgical defects encountered in the SLM processed parts is described. Finally, this article summarizes the research results, and with respect to materials and metallurgy, the new challenges and prospects in the SLM processing of magnesium alloy powders are proposed with respect to alloy design, base material purification, inclusion control and theoretical calculation, and the role of intermetallic compounds.
Collapse
|
10
|
Qin Y, Wen P, Guo H, Xia D, Zheng Y, Jauer L, Poprawe R, Voshage M, Schleifenbaum JH. Additive manufacturing of biodegradable metals: Current research status and future perspectives. Acta Biomater 2019; 98:3-22. [PMID: 31029830 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The combination of biodegradable metals and additive manufacturing (AM) leads to a revolutionary change of metal implants in many aspects including materials, design, manufacturing, and clinical applications. The AM of nondegradable metals such as titanium and CoCr alloys has proven to be a tremendous success in clinical applications. The AM of biodegradable metals including magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) is still in its infancy, although much progress has been made in the research field. Element loss and porosity are common processing problems for AM of biodegradable metals like Zn and Mg, which are mainly caused by evaporation during melting under a high-energy beam. The resulting formation quality and properties are closely related to material, design, and processing, making AM of biodegradable metals a typical interdisciplinary subject involving biomaterials, mechanical engineering, and medicine. This work reviews the state of research and future perspective on AM of biodegradable metals from extensive viewpoints such as material, processing, formation quality, design, microstructure, and properties. Effects of powder properties and processing parameters on formation quality are characterized in detail. The microstructure and metallurgical defects encountered in the AM parts are described. Mechanical and biodegradable properties of AM samples are introduced. Design principles and potential applications of biodegradable metal implants produced by AM are discussed. Finally, current research status is summarized together with some proposed future perspectives for advancing knowledge about AM of biodegradable metals. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Rapid development of research and applications on biodegradable metals and additive manufacturing (AM) has been made in recent years. Customized geometric shapes of medical metals with porous structure can be realized accurately and efficiently by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), which is beneficial to achieve reliable stress conduction and balanced properties. This review introduces the development history and current status of AM of biodegradable metals and then critically surveys L-PBF of Mg-, Fe-, and Zn-based metals from multiple viewpoints including materials, processing, formation quality, structural design, microstructure, and mechanical and biological properties. The present findings are summarized together with some proposed future challenges for advancing AM of biodegradable metals into real clinical applications.
Collapse
|
11
|
Preparation and Characterization of Zinc Materials Prepared by Powder Metallurgy. METALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/met7100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
12
|
Prakasam M, Locs J, Salma-Ancane K, Loca D, Largeteau A, Berzina-Cimdina L. Biodegradable Materials and Metallic Implants-A Review. J Funct Biomater 2017; 8:E44. [PMID: 28954399 PMCID: PMC5748551 DOI: 10.3390/jfb8040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress made in biomaterials and their clinical applications is well known. In the last five decades, great advances have been made in the field of biomaterials, including ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, glass-ceramics and metal alloys. A variety of bioimplants are currently used in either one of the aforesaid forms. Some of these materials are designed to degrade or to be resorbed inside the body rather than removing the implant after its function is served. Many properties such as mechanical properties, non-toxicity, surface modification, degradation rate, biocompatibility, and corrosion rate and scaffold design are taken into consideration. The current review focuses on state-of-the-art biodegradable bioceramics, polymers, metal alloys and a few implants that employ bioresorbable/biodegradable materials. The essential functions, properties and their critical factors are discussed in detail, in addition to their challenges to be overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis Locs
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Kristine Salma-Ancane
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Dagnija Loca
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Alain Largeteau
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, ICMCB, UPR 9048, F-33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Liga Berzina-Cimdina
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.
| |
Collapse
|