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Luo K, Liu Z, Yu R, Xu T, Legut D, Yin X, Zhang R. Electrochemical stability of biodegradable Zn-Cu alloys through machine-learning accelerated high-throughput discovery. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:23010-23022. [PMID: 39171693 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02307b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Zn-Cu alloys have attracted great attention as biodegradable alloys owing to their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, with corrosion characteristics being crucial for their suitability for biomedical applications. However, the unresolved identification of intermetallic compounds in Zn-Cu alloys affecting corrosion and the complexity of the application environment hamper the understanding of their electrochemical behavior. Utilizing high-throughput first-principles calculations and machine-learning accelerated evolutionary algorithms for screening the most stable compounds in Zn-Cu systems, a dataset encompassing the formation energy of 2033 compounds is generated. It reveals that most of the experimentally reported Zn-Cu compounds can be replicated, especially the structure of R32 CuZn5 is first discovered which possesses the lowest formation energy of -0.050 eV per atom. Furthermore, the simulated X-ray diffraction pattern matches perfectly with the experimental ones. By formulating 342 potential electrochemical reactions based on the binary compounds, the Pourbaix diagrams for Zn-Cu alloys are constructed to clarify the fundamental competition between different phases and ions. The calculated equilibrium potential of CuZn5 is higher than that of Zn through the forward reaction Zn + CuZn5 ⇌ CuZn5 + Zn2+ + 2e-, resulting in microcell formation owing to the stronger charge density localization in Zn compared to CuZn5. The presence of chlorine accelerates the corrosion of Zn through the reaction Zn + CuZn5 + 6Cl- + 6H2O ⇌ Cu + 6ZnOHCl + 6H+ + 12e-, where the formation of ZnOHCl disrupts the ZnO passive film and expands the corrosion pH range from 9.2 to 8.8. Our findings reveal an accurate quantitative corrosion mechanism for Zn-Cu alloys, providing an effective pathway to investigate the corrosion resistance of biodegradable alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.
- Center for Integrated Computational Engineering (International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science) and Key Laboratory of High-Temperature Structural Materials & Coatings Technology (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.
- Center for Integrated Computational Engineering (International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science) and Key Laboratory of High-Temperature Structural Materials & Coatings Technology (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Rui Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.
- Center for Integrated Computational Engineering (International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science) and Key Laboratory of High-Temperature Structural Materials & Coatings Technology (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Tengfei Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.
- Center for Integrated Computational Engineering (International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science) and Key Laboratory of High-Temperature Structural Materials & Coatings Technology (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Dominik Legut
- IT4Innovations, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, CZ-70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Xing Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Nuclear Reactor Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.
- Center for Integrated Computational Engineering (International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science) and Key Laboratory of High-Temperature Structural Materials & Coatings Technology (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
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2
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Surendran AK, Jayaraj J, Veerappan R, Gupta M, Amirthalingam S, K Gopalan R. Gd Added Mg Alloy for Biodegradable Implant Applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35474. [PMID: 39215555 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Microstructure, mechanical, in vitro and in vivo behavior of extruded Mg alloys with varying Zn/Gd ratios, Mg-2Gd-2Zn-0.5Zr (Zn/Gd = 1), Mg-2Gd-6Zn-0.5Zr (Zn/Gd = 3), and Mg-10Gd-1Zn-0.5Zr (Zn/Gd = 0.1) were investigated. The results revealed that the major secondary phases such as W (Mg3Zn3Gd2), (Mg,Zn)3Gd, LPSO (Long period stacking order) and I (Mg3Zn6Gd) phase in alloys depended on Zn/Gd ratio. These second phases influenced the mechanical as well as biological characteristics of the alloys. Among studied alloys, Mg-10Gd-1Zn-0.5Zr alloy showed the highest yield strength and tensile strength of 270 (±9.29) and 330 MPa (±15.8), respectively, with a reasonably good elongation of 12% (±2.36). The presence of Gd2O3 in the degradation film of Mg-10Gd-1Zn-0.5Zr enhanced the resistance offered by the film, which resulted in its lowest biodegradation, better viability, and cell proliferation under in vitro condition. The short term (subcutaneous implantation in rats for 1 month) in vivo studies showed that the alloy Mg-10Gd-1Zn-0.5Zr degraded at a rate of 0.35 mm/y (±0.02) and did not induce any toxicity to the vital organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Surendran
- Material Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Jithu Jayaraj
- Material Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rajinikanth Veerappan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Materials Engineering Department, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, India
| | - Manoj Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srinivasan Amirthalingam
- Material Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Raghu K Gopalan
- Material Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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3
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Wan Y, Ma H, Ma Z, Tan L, Miao L. Enhanced Degradability of the Apatite-Based Calcium Phosphate Cement Incorporated with Amorphous MgZnCa Alloy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6084-6093. [PMID: 37909852 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Degradability is vital for bone filling and plays an important role in bone regeneration. Evidence indicates that apatite-based calcium phosphate cement (ACPC) is a prospective biomaterial for bone repair with enhanced osteogenesis. However, poor degradability restricts their clinical application. In this study, MgZnCa-doped ACPC (MgZnCa/ACPC) composites were fabricated by adding 3 (wt) % amorphous MgZnCa powder in the solid phase of ACPC to enhance the biodegradation and bioactivity of the apatite ACPC. The chemical and the physical properties of the MgZnCa/ACPC composite were investigated and compared with the ACPC composite. The results showed that the incorporation of MgZnCa improved both the degradability and the compressive strength of the ACPC composite. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry analysis suggested significant changes in the microstructures of the composites due to the incorporation and the anodic dissolution of MgZnCa alloy. These findings indicate that the MgZnCa/ACPC composite is capable of facilitating bone repair and regeneration by endowing favorable degradation property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Liaoning 110168, China
| | - Haoxiang Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Liaoning 110168, China
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lili Tan
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lei Miao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning 110002, China
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Keerthiga G, Prasad MJNV, Vijayshankar D, Singh Raman RK. Polymeric Coatings for Magnesium Alloys for Biodegradable Implant Application: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4700. [PMID: 37445014 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) alloys are a very attractive material of construction for biodegradable temporary implants. However, Mg alloys suffer unacceptably rapid corrosion rates in aqueous environments, including physiological fluid, that may cause premature mechanical failure of the implant. This necessitates a biodegradable surface barrier coating that should delay the corrosion of the implant until the fractured/damaged bone has healed. This review takes a brief account of the merits and demerits of various existing coating methodologies for the mitigation of Mg alloy corrosion. Since among the different coating approaches investigated, no single coating recipe seems to address the degradation control and functionality entirely, this review argues the need for polymer-based and biodegradable composite coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Keerthiga
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
- Microstructural Engineering and Mechanical Performance Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
- Electrochemistry at Interface Lab, Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - M J N V Prasad
- Microstructural Engineering and Mechanical Performance Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dandapani Vijayshankar
- Electrochemistry at Interface Lab, Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - R K Singh Raman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Vinogradov A, Merson E, Myagkikh P, Linderov M, Brilevsky A, Merson D. Attaining High Functional Performance in Biodegradable Mg-Alloys: An Overview of Challenges and Prospects for the Mg-Zn-Ca System. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1324. [PMID: 36770330 PMCID: PMC9920771 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a concise overview of modern achievements and existing knowledge gaps in the area of biodegradable magnesium alloys. Hundreds of Mg-based alloys have been proposed as candidates for temporary implants, and this number tends to increase day by day. Therefore, while reviewing common aspects of research in this field, we confine ourselves primarily to the popular Mg-Zn-Ca system, taken as a representative example. Over the last decades, research activities in this area have grown enormously and have produced many exciting results. Aiming at highlighting the areas where research efforts are still scarce, we review the state-of-the-art processing techniques and summarize the functional properties attained via a wide variety of processing routes devised towards achieving a desired properties profile, including the mechanical response in terms of strength, ductility, and fatigue resistance paired with biocompatibility and bio-corrosion resistance or controlled degradability. We pay keen attention to a summary of corrosion properties and mechano-chemical interactions between an aggressive environment and loaded Mg-based structures, resulting in stress corrosion cracking and premature corrosion fatigue failures. The polemic issues and challenges practitioners face in their laboratory research are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Vinogradov
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 4791 Trondheim, Norway
- Magnesium Research Center, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Evgeniy Merson
- Institute of Advanced Technologies, Togliatti State University, 445020 Togliatti, Russia
| | - Pavel Myagkikh
- Institute of Advanced Technologies, Togliatti State University, 445020 Togliatti, Russia
| | - Mikhail Linderov
- Institute of Advanced Technologies, Togliatti State University, 445020 Togliatti, Russia
| | - Alexandr Brilevsky
- Institute of Advanced Technologies, Togliatti State University, 445020 Togliatti, Russia
| | - Dmitry Merson
- Institute of Advanced Technologies, Togliatti State University, 445020 Togliatti, Russia
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Singh N, Batra U, Kumar K, Ahuja N, Mahapatro A. Progress in bioactive surface coatings on biodegradable Mg alloys: A critical review towards clinical translation. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:717-757. [PMID: 35633903 PMCID: PMC9117289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mg and its alloys evince strong candidature for biodegradable bone implants, cardiovascular stents, and wound closing devices. However, their rapid degradation rate causes premature implant failure, constraining clinical applications. Bio-functional surface coatings have emerged as the most competent strategy to fulfill the diverse clinical requirements, besides yielding effective corrosion resistance. This article reviews the progress of biodegradable and advanced surface coatings on Mg alloys investigated in recent years, aiming to build up a comprehensive knowledge framework of coating techniques, processing parameters, performance measures in terms of corrosion resistance, adhesion strength, and biocompatibility. Recently developed conversion and deposition type surface coatings are thoroughly discussed by reporting their essential therapeutic responses like osteogenesis, angiogenesis, cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, anti-bacterial, and controlled drug release towards in-vitro and in-vivo study models. The challenges associated with metallic, ceramic and polymeric coatings along with merits and demerits of various coatings have been illustrated. The use of multilayered hybrid coating comprising a unique combination of organic and inorganic components has been emphasized with future perspectives to obtain diverse bio-functionalities in a facile single coating system for orthopedic implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep Singh
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Uma Batra
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Neeraj Ahuja
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Anil Mahapatro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, 67260, United States
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7
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Influence of Magnesium Content on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Hydroxyapatite Electrochemically Deposited on a Nanostructured Titanium Surface. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12081097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to obtain hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based coatings doped with different concentrations of Mg on a Ti nanostructured surface through electrochemical techniques and to evaluate the influence of Mg content on the properties of HAp. The undoped and doped HAp-based coatings were electrochemically deposited in galvanostatic pulsed mode on titania nanotubes with a diameter of ~72 nm, being designed to enhance the adhesion of the HAp coatings to the Ti substrate. The obtained materials were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR). The adhesion of the coatings to the substrate was also evaluated with the help of the “tape-test” and the micro-scratch test. The morphology (SEM) of all the coatings is made of very thin and narrow ribbon-like crystals, with some alterations with respect to the Mg amount in the coatings. Thus, a concentration of 1 mM of Mg in the electrolyte leads to wider and thicker ribbon-like crystals, while a concentration of 1.5 mM in the electrolyte generated a morphology that resembles the undoped HAp. Both phase composition (XRD) and chemical bonds (FTIR) analysis proved the formation of HAp in all coatings. Moreover, according to XRD, all coatings have a strong orientation toward the (002) plane. Irrespective of the Mg content, all coatings registered an average roughness between approx. 500 and 600 nm, while the coating thickness increased after addition of Mg, from a value of 9.6 μm, for the undoped HAp, to 11.3 μm and ~13.7 μm for H/Mg1 and H/Mg2, respectively. In terms of adhesion, it was shown that the coatings a H/Mg2 had a poorer adhesion when compared to H/Mg1 and the undoped HAp (H), which registered similar adhesion, indicating that a concentration of 1.5 mM of Mg in the electrolyte reduces the adhesion of the Hap-based coatings to the nanostructured surface. The obtained results indicated that Mg concentrations up to 1 mM in the electrolyte can enhance the properties of HAp-based coatings electrochemically deposited on a nanostructured surface, while even a slightly higher concentration of 1.5 mM can negatively impact the characteristics of HAp coatings.
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Abstract
The increased demand for alloys that can serve as implantation devices with outstanding bio-properties has led to the development of numerous biomedical Mg-based alloys. These alloys have been extensively investigated for their performance in living tissue with mixed results. Hence, there are still major concerns regarding the use of magnesium alloys for such applications. Among the issues raised are elevated corrosion rates, hydrogen generation, and the maintenance of mechanical integrity for designated healing times. In addition, toxicity can arise from the addition of alloying elements that are intended to improve the mechanical integrity and corrosion resistance of Mg alloys. The current work reviews the recent advances in the development of Mg alloys for applications as bio-absorbable materials in living organic environments. In particular, it attempts to develop a roadmap of effective factors that can be utilized when designing Mg alloys. Among the factors reviewed are the effects of alloying additions and processing methods on the exhibited mechanical properties and corrosion rates in simulated bio-fluids used in biomedical applications.
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Peron M, Bertolini R, Cogo S. On the corrosion, stress corrosion and cytocompatibility performances of ALD TiO 2 and ZrO 2 coated magnesium alloys. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 125:104945. [PMID: 34740009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium alloys are increasingly studied as materials for temporary implants. However, their high corrosion rate and susceptibility to corrosion-assisted cracking phenomena, such as stress corrosion cracking (SCC), continue to prevent their mainstream use. Recently, coatings have been considered to provide an effective solution to these issues and researchers have focused their attention on Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). ALD stands out as a coating technology due to the outstanding film conformality and density achievable, and has shown encouraging preliminary results in terms of reduced corrosion rate and reduced SCC susceptibility. Here, we contribute to the ongoing interest in ALD-coated Mg alloys, providing a comprehensive characterisation of the effect of 100 nm thick ALD TiO2 and ZrO2 coatings on the corrosion behaviour and SCC susceptibility of AZ31 alloy. Moreover, we also investigate the effect of these coatings on the induced biological response. Our results suggest that the ALD coatings can improve the corrosion and SCC resistance of the Mg alloy, with the ZrO2 ALD coating showing the best improvements. We suggest that the different corrosion behaviours are the cause of the cytocompatibility results (only the ZrO2 ALD coating was found to meet the demands for cellular applications). Finally, we leverage on considerations about the coatings' wettability, electrochemical stability and surface integrity to justify the different results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peron
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei 2b, 7034, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - R Bertolini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - S Cogo
- School of Biological Sciences, Health and Life Sciences Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, RG6 6EX, Reading, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy
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10
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First Principles Study of Structure, Alloying and Electronic Properties of Mg-doped CuAg Nanoalloys. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Xavier JR. Corrosion protection performance and interfacial interactions of polythiophene/silanes/MnO2 nanocomposite coatings on magnesium alloy in marine environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2021.1887627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Raj Xavier
- Department of Chemistry, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Peron M, Bin Afif A, Dadlani AL, Berto F, Torgersen J. Improving stress corrosion cracking behavior of AZ31 alloy with conformal thin titania and zirconia coatings for biomedical applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 111:104005. [PMID: 32769072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys have been widely studied as materials for temporary implant devices. However, corrosion-assisted cracking phenomena such as stress corrosion cracking (SCC) continue to prevent their mainstream use. For the first time, we explore the SCC susceptibility of Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) coated AZ31 alloys in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF). Conformal 100 nm coatings of titania and zirconia were deposited on standard dogbone specimens and subjected to slow strain rate tests at 3.5 10-6 s-1 and a temperature of 37 °C. Remarkably, the SCC susceptibility index IUTS was reduced by 6% and 40% and the Iε was reduced by more than 70% and 76% with a titania and zirconia coating, respectively. Potentiodynamic polarization, hydrogen evolution and fracture behavior of the samples revealed the drastic corrosion reduction to be the main reason for the susceptibility reduction. We discuss the observed SCC behavior of our samples in light of the coatings' electrochemical activities, wettabilities, surface integrities and mechanical properties. This straightforward conformal surface treatment can be useful as a workaround for one of the major bottlenecks of biomedical Mg based implants and hence provides a possible pathway for making them more commonplace in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peron
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei 2b, 7034, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - A Bin Afif
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei 2b, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - A L Dadlani
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei 2b, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - F Berto
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei 2b, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Torgersen
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei 2b, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
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Graphene Family Nanomaterial Reinforced Magnesium-Based Matrix Composites for Biomedical Application: A Comprehensive Review. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Together with the enhancement of the load-bearing implant process for bone substitution and reproduction, an increasing requirement was observed concerning biodegradable magnesium and its alloys with lighter density and outstanding characteristics. Regardless of the current great potential of Mg utilization currently, the broader use of Mg alloys continues to be constrained by several natural causes, such as low resistance of corrosion, inadequate mechanical integrity during the healing process, and poor antibacterial performance. In this perspective, Mg-based composite encapsulated within graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) such as graphene (Gr), graphene oxide (GO), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as reinforcement agents present great antibacterial activity, as well as cellular response and depicted numerous benefits for biomedical use. Magnesium matrix nanocomposites reinforced with GFNs possess enhanced mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance (low concentration graphene). It is worth noting that numerous elements including the production technique of the Mg-based composite containing GFNs and the size, distribution, and amounts of GFNs in the Mg-based matrix have a crucial role in their properties and applications. Then, the antibacterial mechanisms of GFN-based composite are briefly described. Subsequently, the antibacterial and strengthening mechanisms of GFN-embedded Mg-based composites are briefly described. This review article is designed to wrap up and explore the most pertinent research performed in the direction of Mg-based composites encapsulated within GFNs. Feasible upcoming investigation directions in the field of GFN-embedded Mg-based composites are discussed in detail.
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Istrate B, Munteanu C, Lupescu S, Chelariu R, Vlad MD, Vizureanu P. Electrochemical Analysis and In Vitro Assay of Mg-0.5Ca-xY Biodegradable Alloys. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13143082. [PMID: 32664267 PMCID: PMC7411681 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, biodegradable Mg-based materials have been increasingly studied to be used in the medical industry and beyond. A way to improve biodegradability rate in sync with the healing process of the natural human bone is to alloy Mg with other biocompatible elements. The aim of this research was to improve biodegradability rate and biocompatibility of Mg-0.5Ca alloy through addition of Y in 0.5/1.0/1.5/2.0/3.0wt.%. To characterize the chemical composition and microstructure of experimental Mg alloys, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), light microscopy (LM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used. The linear polarization resistance (LPR) method was used to calculate corrosion rate as a measure of biodegradability rate. The cytocompatibility was evaluated by MTT assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and fluorescence microscopy. Depending on chemical composition, the dendritic α-Mg solid solution, as well as lamellar Mg2Ca and Mg24Y5 intermetallic compounds were found. The lower biodegradability rates were found for Mg-0.5Ca-2.0Y and Mg-0.5Ca-3.0Y which have correlated with values of cell viability. The addition of 2-3 wt.%Y in the Mg-0.5Ca alloy improved both the biodegradability rate and cytocompatibility behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Istrate
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Gheorghe Asachi University of Iasi, 6 D. Mangeron Blvd, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Corneliu Munteanu
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Gheorghe Asachi University of Iasi, 6 D. Mangeron Blvd, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (S.L.); Tel.: +40-744-647-991 (C.M.); +40-753-867-926 (S.L.)
| | - Stefan Lupescu
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Gheorghe Asachi University of Iasi, 6 D. Mangeron Blvd, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (S.L.); Tel.: +40-744-647-991 (C.M.); +40-753-867-926 (S.L.)
| | - Romeu Chelariu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering Department, Gheorghe Asachi University of Iasi, 41 DimitrieMangeron str., 700050 Iasi, Romania; (R.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Maria Daniela Vlad
- Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Iasi, 9-13 Kogălniceanu Str, 700454 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Petrică Vizureanu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering Department, Gheorghe Asachi University of Iasi, 41 DimitrieMangeron str., 700050 Iasi, Romania; (R.C.); (P.V.)
- Romanian Inventors Forum, Sf. P. Movila 3, 700089 Iasi, Romania
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15
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Influence of Cu 2+ Ions on the Corrosion Resistance of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy with Microarc Oxidation. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13112647. [PMID: 32531988 PMCID: PMC7321596 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to reduce the corrosion rate and increase the cytocompatibility of AZ31 Mg alloy. Two coatings were considered. One coating contained MgO (MAO/AZ31). The other coating contained Cu2+ (Cu/MAO/AZ31), and it was produced on the AZ31 Mg alloy via microarc oxidation (MAO). Coating characterization was conducted using a set of methods, including scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Corrosion properties were investigated through an electrochemical test, and a H2 evolution measurement. The AZ31 Mg alloy with the Cu2+-containing coating showed an improved and more stable corrosion resistance compared with the MgO-containing coating and AZ31 Mg alloy specimen. Cell morphology observation and cytotoxicity test via Cell Counting Kit-8 assay showed that the Cu2+-containing coating enhanced the proliferation of L-929 cells and did not induce a toxic effect, thus resulting in excellent cytocompatibility and biological activity. In summary, adding Cu ions to MAO coating improved the corrosion resistance and cytocompatibility of the coating.
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16
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Peron M, Skaret PC, Fabrizi A, Varone A, Montanari R, Roven HJ, Ferro P, Berto F, Torgersen J. The effect of Equal Channel Angular Pressing on the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of AZ31 alloy in simulated body fluid. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 106:103724. [PMID: 32250950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the great potential of Mg and its alloys as material for biodegradable implants, their low resistance to the simultaneous action of corrosion and mechanical stresses in the human body have hampered their use. Stress Corrosion Cracking has been reported as one of the most critical failure modes to overcome to allow such materials to be clinically applied. Thus, in this paper we investigate the effect of Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) on the Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) susceptibility of the AZ31 Mg alloy. To do so, AZ31 alloy has been subjected to 1, 2 and 4 passes of ECAP, and the samples so obtained have then been tested by means Slow Strain Rate Tests (SSRTs) in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) at 37 °C. Samples subjected to one pass of ECAP are shown to be less susceptible to SCC compared to the material in the as-received condition, while further ECAP processing (2 and 4 passes) are found to worsen the SCC susceptibility. To understand the different SCC susceptibilities shown by the differently ECAPed samples, microstructural analyses, potentiodynamic polarization curves, hydrogen evolution experiments and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses of the fracture surfaces were carried out. The improved corrosion resistance of the samples subjected to 1 pass of ECAP compared to the samples in the as received condition (due to a finer grain size) and to the samples subjected to 2 and 4 passes (due to a more favourable texture evolution) represents the reason of their reduced SCC susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Peron
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei, 2b, 7034, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Pål Christian Skaret
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Alfred Getz vei, 2, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alberto Fabrizi
- Department of Management and Engineering, Padova University, Stradella San Nicola, 3, 36100, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Varone
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Montanari
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Hans Jørgen Roven
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Alfred Getz vei, 2, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Paolo Ferro
- Department of Management and Engineering, Padova University, Stradella San Nicola, 3, 36100, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Filippo Berto
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei, 2b, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Torgersen
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei, 2b, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
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17
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Grain Size-Related Strengthening and Softening of a Precompressed and Heat-Treated Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13020351. [PMID: 31940918 PMCID: PMC7014082 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of precompression, thermal treatment and its combination on the deformation behaviour of an extruded Mg–Zn–Ca (ZX10) alloy was studied with respect to a varied average grain size. The Hall–Petch plot was used to highlight the impact in a wide grain size interval. The initial texture of the wrought alloy was characterized by X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the evolution of microstructure and texture was provided by the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. The obtained results indicate the strong contribution of deformation-thermal treatment on the resulting deformation behaviour. Particularly, after precompression and heat treatment, higher strengthening effect was observed in the reversed tensile loaded compared to compressed samples without any change in the Hall–Petch slope throughout the grain size interval. Unlike this strengthening effect, a reversed tension–compression yield asymmetry with higher strength values in compression has been obtained.
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18
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Zhang C, Lin J, Nguyen NYT, Guo Y, Xu C, Seo C, Villafana E, Jimenez H, Chai Y, Guan R, Liu H. Antimicrobial Bioresorbable Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy for Bone Repair in a Comparison Study with Mg-Zn-Sr Alloy and Pure Mg. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:517-538. [PMID: 33463195 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium-zinc-calcium (Mg-Zn-Ca) alloys have attracted increasing attention for biomedical implant applications, especially for bone repair, because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and similar mechanical properties to human bone. The objectives of this study were to characterize Mg-2 wt % Zn-0.5 wt % Ca (named ZC21) alloy pins microstructurally and mechanically, and determine their degradation and interactions with host cells and pathogenic bacteria in vitro and in vivo in comparison with the previously studied Mg-4 wt % Zn-1 wt % strontium (named ZSr41) alloy and Mg control. Specifically, the in vitro degradation and cytocompatibility of ZC21 pins with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were investigated using both direct culture and direct exposure culture methods. The adhesion density of BMSCs on ZC21 pins (i.e., direct contact) was significantly higher than on pure Mg pins in both in vitro culture methods; the cell adhesion density around ZC21 pins (i.e., indirect contact) was similar to the cell-only positive control in both in vitro culture methods. Interestingly, ZC21 showed a higher daily degradation rate, crack width and crack area ratio in the direct exposure culture than in the direct culture, suggesting different culture methods did affect its in vitro degradation behaviors. When cultured with Gram-positive bacteria methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), ZC21 reduced bacterial adhesion on the surface more significantly than that of ZSr41 and Mg. The in vivo degradation and biocompatibility of the ZC21 pins for bone regeneration were studied in a mouse femoral defect model. The in vivo degradation rate of ZC21 pins was much slower than that of ZSr41 alloy and Mg control pins. After 12 weeks of implantation in vivo, the ZC21 group showed the shortest gap at the femoral defect, indicating that ZC21 pins promoted osteogenesis and bone healing more than ZSr41 and Mg control pins. Overall, the ZC21 alloy is promising for bone repair, while providing antibacterial activities, and should be further studied toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxing Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jiajia Lin
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Nhu-Y Thi Nguyen
- Microbiology Graduate Program, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yuxing Guo
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Changlu Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Catherine Seo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Edgar Villafana
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hector Jimenez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Renguo Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Huinan Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Microbiology Graduate Program, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Stem Cell Center, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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19
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Bagherifard S, Molla MF, Kajanek D, Donnini R, Hadzima B, Guagliano M. Accelerated biodegradation and improved mechanical performance of pure iron through surface grain refinement. Acta Biomater 2019; 98:88-102. [PMID: 31100463 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pure iron and its biocompatible and biodegradable alloys have a high potential to be used for temporary load bearing medical implants. Nevertheless, the formation of passive iron oxide and hydroxide layers, which lead to a considerably low degradation rate at the physiological environment, has highly restricted their application. Herein we used numerical and experimental methods to evaluate the effect of severe shot peening, as a scalable mechanical surface treatment, on adjusting the performance of pure iron for biomedical applications. The developed numerical model was used to identify the range of peening parameters that would promote grain refinement on the pure iron surface. Experimental tests were then performed to analyze the gradient structure and the characteristics of the interface free surface layer created on peened samples. The results indicated that severe shot peening could notably increase the surface roughness and wettability, induce remarkable surface deformation and grain refinement, enhance surface hardness and generate high in-depth compressive residual stresses. The increased surface roughness besides the high concentration of micro cracks and dislocation density in the grain refined top layer promoted pure iron's degradation in the biologically simulated environment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biodegradable metallic materials with resorbable degradation products have a high potential to be used for temporary implants such as screws, pins, staples, etc. They can eliminate the need for implant retrieval surgery after the damaged tissue is healed, and result in reduced patient suffering besides lowered hospitalization costs. Pure iron is biodegradable and is an essential nutrient in human body; however, its application as biomedical implant is highly restricted by its slow degradation rate in physiological environment. We applied a scalable surface treatment able to induce grain refinement and increase surface roughness. This treatment enhances mechanical performance of pure iron and accelerates its degradation rate, paving the way for its broader applications for biomedical implants.
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20
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Peron M, Bertolini R, Ghiotti A, Torgersen J, Bruschi S, Berto F. Enhancement of stress corrosion cracking of AZ31 magnesium alloy in simulated body fluid thanks to cryogenic machining. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 101:103429. [PMID: 31522123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys have recently attracted great attention as potential materials for the manufacture of biodegradable implants. Unfortunately, their inadequate resistance to the simultaneous action of corrosion and mechanical stresses in the human body have hampered their use as implant materials. This work aims at evaluating the Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) susceptibility of the AZ31 Mg alloy after being machined under cryogenic cooling. The SCC behaviour was evaluated by means of Slow Strain Rate Tests (SSRTs) in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) at 37 °C. Prior to testing, a full characterization of the machined surface integrity, including microstructural observations, residual stress, nano-hardness measurements and surface texture analysis was carried out together with the assessment of the corrosion properties through potentiodynamic polarization curves. In addition, the morphology of the fracture surfaces after SSRTs was analysed by means of 3D optical profiler and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The improved corrosion resistance due to the increased extension of the nano-surface layer and to the compressive residual stresses represents the reason of the reduced SCC susceptibility of cryogenically machined AZ31 samples as compared to dry machined ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peron
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei 2b, 7034, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - R Bertolini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - A Ghiotti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - J Torgersen
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei 2b, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S Bruschi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - F Berto
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei 2b, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
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21
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Kang Y, Li L, Li S, Zhou X, Xia K, Liu C, Qu Q. Temporary Inhibition of the Corrosion of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy by Formation of Bacillus subtilis Biofilm in Artificial Seawater. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12030523. [PMID: 30744166 PMCID: PMC6384576 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that microorganisms tend to form biofilms on metal surfaces to accelerate/decelerate corrosion and affect their service life. Bacillus subtilis was used to produce a dense biofilm on an AZ31B magnesium alloy surface. Corrosion behavior of the alloy with the B. subtilis biofilm was evaluated in artificial seawater. The results revealed that the biofilm hampered extracellular electron transfer significantly, which resulted in a decrease of icorr and increase of Rt clearly compared to the control group. Moreover, an ennoblement of Ecorr was detected under the condition of B. subtilis biofilm covering. Significant reduction of the corrosion was observed by using the cyclic polarization method. All of these prove that the existence of the B. subtilis biofilm effectively enhances the anti-corrosion performance of the AZ31B magnesium alloy. This result may enhance the usage of bio-interfaces for temporary corrosion control. In addition, a possible corrosion inhibition mechanism of B. subtilis on AZ31B magnesium alloy was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Kang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Shunling Li
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Ke Xia
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Qing Qu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
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22
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Gao Y, Wang L, Li L, Gu X, Zhang K, Xia J, Fan Y. Effect of stress on corrosion of high-purity magnesium in vitro and in vivo. Acta Biomater 2019; 83:477-486. [PMID: 30445159 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium-based implants are subjected to complicated stresses during implantation in the human body. The stress effects on corrosion of magnesium (Mg) in vitro were investigated in previous studies, whereas in this study, the corrosion behaviors of high-purity (HP) Mg under stress were comparatively studied in vitro in Hank's solution and in vivo in the subcutaneous environment of rats. Loading devices were designed to apply compressive stress (15.1 ± 0.5 MPa) and tensile stress (13.2 ± 0.2 MPa) on HP Mg specimens both in vitro and in vivo. Corrosion rates of HP Mg were characterized by mass and volume losses. It was shown that the applied compressive stress had no effect on in vitro corrosion behaviors and the applied tensile stress accelerated the in vitro corrosion, thereby causing severe pitting corrosions and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). However, there was no significant change for corrosion behaviors in vivo under neither compressive stress nor tensile stress. Severe pitting corrosion and SCC did not occur in vivo. Histological evaluation revealed that a fibrotic capsule induced by foreign body reaction was formed on the corrosion surfaces of HP Mg in the subcutaneous environment. It was proposed that the fibrotic capsule suppressed the effects of stress in vivo by protecting the corrosion surfaces. These results provided new insights into understanding the stress effects on the corrosion of Mg both in vitro and in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Mg and its alloys have shown potential as biodegradable metallic materials. During implantation, Mg is subjected to various mechanical environments in the human body. It is necessary to have a clear understanding of different effects of stress on Mg corrosion. However, few studies were performed in vivo. It is important to analyze the effect of quantitative stress on Mg corrosion in vivo. Therefore, in this study, quantitative stresses were applied on Mg both in vitro and in vivo. The effects of stress on in vitro and in vivo corrosions of Mg were investigated and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Gao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Linhao Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuenan Gu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Xia
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing 100176, China.
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23
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A Potential Biodegradable Mg-Y-Ag Implant with Strengthened Antimicrobial Properties in Orthopedic Applications. METALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/met8110948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to design a potential biodegradable implant, which combines with fine mechanical and antimicrobial properties, Mg-4Y-1Ag (mass fraction, %) alloys were produced by permanent mold casting and then hot extrusion. The microstructure, mechanical behavior, anti-corrosion behavior, and antimicrobial properties of the experimental alloys were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that α-Mg, Mg24Y5 (ε), and AgMg4 phases existed in the Mg-4Y-1Ag. The grain size of Mg-4Y-1Ag was greatly refined through hot-extrusion. The as-extruded Mg-4Y-1Ag alloy exhibit an ultimate tensile strength of 202.7 MPa with a good elongation of 33.6%. The compressive strength of as-extruded Mg-4Y-1Ag was 385 MPa, and the strength remained 183 MPa after immersing in PBS solution for four weeks. The as-extruded alloy had better corrosion resistance than as-cast alloy and as-extruded pure magnesium in PBS solution, for the reason of refined grain and the formation of Y2O3 film on the surface of Mg-4Y-1Ag alloy. Furthermore, the as-extruded Mg-4Y-1Ag alloys were superior to Ti6Al4V (TC4) and as-extruded pure magnesium in antimicrobial property for released Ag+ ion. Obvious inhibition halo was observed in the LB agar plate adding with as-extruded Mg-4Y-1Ag alloys. Also as-extruded Mg-4Y-1Ag alloys showed no cytotoxicity by co-culturing with L929 using the MTT method.
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A Novel Approach for Assessing the Fatigue Behavior of PEEK in a Physiologically Relevant Environment. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11101923. [PMID: 30308932 PMCID: PMC6213617 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the need of surgical procedures has continuously increased and, therefore, researchers and clinicians are broadly focusing on the development of new biocompatible materials. Among them, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has gained wide interest in load-bearing applications due to its yielding behaviour and its superior corrosion resistance. To assure its reliability in these applications where notches and other stress concentrators weaken implants resistance, a design tool for assessing its tensile and fatigue behaviour in the presence of geometrical discontinuities is highly claimed. Herein, a new fatigue design method based on a local approach is proposed for PEEK implant, and the results are compared with those obtained using the two main biomaterial design approaches available in literature, i.e., the theory of critical distances (TCD) and the notch stress intensity factor (NSIF) approach. To this aim, previously published datasets of PEEK-notched specimens are used, and the proposed method is reported to provide more accurate results and to be robust for different notch geometries.
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25
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Effect of Ca Additions on Ignition Temperature and Multi-Stage Oxidation Behavior of AZ80. METALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/met8100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AZ80, AZX801, and AZX802 alloys were prepared to investigate the ignition temperature and multi-stage oxidation behavior in air. Besides, the microstructures of alloys before and after oxidation were compared. The results reveal that AZX802 exhibits the characteristics of higher ignition temperature and best oxidation resistance compared to AZX801 and AZ80, which contributes to the increase of melting temperature of secondary phase in matrix due to the formation and increase of Al2Ca, with the addition of Ca in AZ80. In addition, the incubation periods before accelerated oxidation and the beginning of the accelerated oxidation temperatures of AZ80, AZX801, and AZX802 are different during multi-stage oxidation, which also contributes to the different onset melting temperature of the secondary phase. And the beginning of the accelerated oxidation of Mg alloys at high temperature is always accompanied by the onset melting of the low melting temperature of the secondary phase and the growth of oxide nodule on the surface.
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26
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Corrosion Behavior of Fe/Zr Composite Coating on ZK60 Mg Alloy by Ion Implantation and Deposition. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings8080261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Fe/Zr composite coating was prepared by duplex Fe/Zr ion implantation and deposition to modify the microstructure and corrosion behavior of Mg-5.5 Zn-0.6 Zr (in wt.%, ZK60) alloy. The surface and interface characteristics were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the Fe/Zr composite coating exhibited a bi-layer microstructure of outer Fe-rich layer and inner Zr-rich layer. Multi-phases of α-Fe, ZrO0.35 and Zr6Fe3O were formed on the modified surface. The electrochemical measurements and immersion tests revealed an improvement of corrosion behavior for the surface-modified sample due to the protective effect of Fe/Zr composite coating.
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27
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Zhang YQ, Li Y, Liu H, Bai J, Bao NR, Zhang Y, He P, Zhao JN, Tao L, Xue F, Zhou GX, Fan GT. Mechanical and Biological Properties of a Biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca Porous Alloy. Orthop Surg 2018; 10:160-168. [PMID: 29767463 DOI: 10.1111/os.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As promising alternative to current metallic biomaterials, the porous Mg scaffold with a 3-D open-pore framework has drawn much attention in recent years due to its suitable biodegradation, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties for human bones. This experiment's aim is to study the mechanical properties, biosafety, and osteogenesis of porous Mg-Zn alloy. METHODS A porous Mg-2Zn-0.3Ca (wt%) alloy was successfully prepared by infiltration casting, and the size of NaCl particles was detected by a laser particle size analyzer. The microstructure of the Mg-2Zn-0.3Ca alloy was characterized by the stereoscopic microscope and Sirion Field emission scanning electron microscope. X-ray computerized tomography scanning (x-CT) was used to create the 3-D image. The degradation rate was measured using the mass loss method and the pH values were determined together. The engineering stress-strain curve, compressive modulus, and yield strength were tested next. The bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) were cultured in vitro. The CCK-8 method was used to detect the proliferation of the BMSC. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red staining were used to reflect the differentiation effects. After co-culturing, cell growth on the material's surface was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cell adhesion was tested by confocal microscopy. RESULTS The obtained results showed that by using near-spherical NaCl filling particles, the porous Mg alloy formed complete open-cell foam with a very uniform size of pores in the range of 500-600 μm. Benefitting from the small size and uniform distribution of pores, the present porous alloy exhibited a very high porosity, up to 80%, and compressive yield strength up to 6.5 MPa. The degradation test showed that both the pH and the mass loss rate had similar change tendency, with a rapid rise in the early stage for 1-2 day's immersion and subsequently remaining smooth after 3 days. In vitro cytocompatibility trials demonstrated that in comparison with Ti, the porous alloy accelerated proliferation in 1, 3, 5, and 7 days (P < 0.001), and the osteogenic differentiation test showed that the ALP activity in the experimental group was significantly higher (P = 0.017) and has more osteogenesis nodules. Cell adhesion testing showed good osteoconductivity by more BMSC adhesion around the holes. The confocal microscopy results showed that cells in porous Mg-based alloy had better cytoskeletal morphology and were larger in number than in titanium. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that this porous Mg-based alloy fabricated by infiltration casting shows great mechanical properties and biocompatibilities, and it has potential as an ideal bone tissue engineering scaffold material for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Nanjing, China
| | - Ni-Rong Bao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Ning Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Tao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang-Xin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gen-Tao Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Sliding Contact Wear Damage of EBM built Ti6Al4V: Influence of Process Induced Anisotropic Microstructure. METALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/met8020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Effects of nanofeatures induced by severe shot peening (SSP) on mechanical, corrosion and cytocompatibility properties of magnesium alloy AZ31. Acta Biomater 2018; 66:93-108. [PMID: 29183850 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The application of biodegradable magnesium-based materials in the biomedical field is highly restricted by their low fatigue strength and high corrosion rate in biological environments. Herein, we treated the surface of a biocompatible magnesium alloy AZ31 by severe shot peening in order to evaluate the potential of surface grain refinement to enhance this alloy's functionality in a biological environment. The AZ31 samples were studied in terms of micro/nanostructural, mechanical, and chemical characteristics in addition to cytocompatibility properties. The evolution of surface grain structure and surface morphology were investigated using optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Surface roughness, wettability, and chemical composition, as well as in depth-microhardness and residual stress distribution, fatigue behaviour and corrosion resistance were investigated. Cytocompatibility tests with osteoblasts (bone forming cells) were performed using sample extracts. The results revealed for the first time that severe shot peening can significantly enhance mechanical properties of AZ31 without causing adverse effects on the growth of surrounding osteoblasts. The corrosion behavior, on the other hand, was not improved; nevertheless, removing the rough surface layer with a high density of crystallographic lattice defects, without removing the entire nanocrystallized layer, provided a good potential for improving corrosion characteristics after severe shot peening and thus, this method should be studied for a wide range of orthopedic applications in which biodegradable magnesium is used. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE A major challenge for most commonly used metals for bio-implants is their non-biodegradability that necessitates revision surgery for implant retrieval when used as fixation plates, screws, etc. Magnesium is reported among the most biocompatible metals that resorb over time without adverse tissue reactions and is indispensable for many biochemical processes in human body. However, fast and uncontrolled degradation of magnesium alloys in the physiological environment in addition to their inadequate mechanical properties especially under repeated loading have limited their application in the biomedical field. The present study providesdata on the effect of a relatively simple surface nanocrystallziation method with high potential to tailor the mechanical and chemical behavior of magnesium based material while maintaining its cytocompatibility.
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