Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 1,2,3-Triazole-Linked Triazino[5,6-B]Indole-Benzene Sulfonamide Conjugates as Potent Carbonic Anhydrase I, II, IX, and XIII Inhibitors

Chemistry of heterocycles as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: A pathway to novel research in medicinal chemistry review

Nowadays, the scientific community has focused on dealing with different kinds of diseases by exploring the chemistry of various heterocycles as novel drugs. In this connection, medicinal chemists identified carbonic anhydrases (CA) as one of the biologically active targets for curing various diseases. The widespread distribution of these enzymes and the high degree of homology shared by the different isoforms offer substantial challenges to discovering potential drugs. Medicinal and synthetic organic chemists have been continuously involved in developing CA inhibitors. This review explored the chemistry of different heterocycles as CA inhibitors using the last 11 years of published research work. It provides a pathway for young researchers to further explore the chemistry of a variety of synthetic as well as natural heterocycles as CA inhibitors.

Phthalimide-tethered isatins as novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors: Design, synthesis, biological evaluations, and molecular modeling investigations

Humanity is currently facing various diseases with significant mortality rates, particularly those associated with malignancies. Numerous enzymes and proteins have been identified as highly promising targets for the treatment of cancer. The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) family comprises 17 members which are essential in DNA damage repair, allowing the survival of cancer cells. Unlike other PARP family members, PARP-1 and, to a lesser extent, PARP-2 show more than 90% activity in response to DNA damage. PARP-1 levels were shown to be elevated in various tumor cells, including breast, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancer and melanomas. Accordingly, novel series of phthalimide-tethered isatins (6a-n, 10a-e, and 11a-e) were synthesized as potential PARP-1 inhibitors endowed with anticancer activity. All the synthesized molecules were assessed against PARP-1, where compounds 6f and 10d showed nanomolar activities with IC50  = 15.56 ± 2.85 and 13.65 ± 1.42 nM, respectively. Also, the assessment of the antiproliferative effects of the synthesized isatins was conducted on four cancer cell lines: leukemia (K-562), liver (HepG2), and breast (MCF-7 and HCC1937) cancers. Superiorly, compounds 6f and 10d demonstrated submicromolar IC50 values against breast cancer MCF-7 (IC50  = 0.92 ± 0.18 and 0.67 ± 0.12 µM, respectively) and HCC1937 (IC50  = 0.88 ± 0.52 and 0.53 ± 0.11 µM, respectively) cell lines. In addition, compounds 6f and 10d induced arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle as compared to untreated cells. Finally, in silico studies, including docking and molecular dynamic simulations, were performed to justify the biological results.

Design, synthesis, SAR, and biological evaluation of saccharin-based hybrids as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Saccharin is a cyclic secondary sulfonamide, which is a selective inhibitor of the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) enzymes CA IX and CA XII compared to many primary sulfonamides. In this study, new saccharin-1,2,3-triazole and saccharin-1,2,4-oxadiazole hybrids were synthesized. All the newly synthesized molecules were screened for their CA-inhibitory activity against four important human CA (hCA) isoforms: hCA I, hCA II, hCA IX, and hCA XII. Compounds 8a and 8f emerged as potent hCA II inhibitors (K_i  = 3 µM). Compounds 6d, 6e and 7a, 7b were highly selective against hCA IX (6d, 6e) and hCA II (7a, 7b), with moderate inhibitory activity. The activity of these compounds was further confirmed by performing in silico docking studies against hCA II and hCA IX.

1,2,3-Triazole hybrids as anticancer agents: A review

Despite the advancements in the development of anticancer agents, more effective and safer anticancer drugs still need to be developed as the current agents cause unwanted side effects and many patients have become drug resistant. 1,2,3-Triazoles, due to their remarkable biological potential, have received considerable attention in drug discovery for the development of anticancer agents. The present review article presents an overview of the recent advances in 1,2,3-triazole hybrids with anticancer potential over the last 2 years, their chemical structures, structure-activity relationships, and mechanisms of action, as well as insights into the docking studies.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Coumarin-Linked 4-Anilinomethyl-1,2,3-Triazoles as Potent Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrases IX and XIII Involved in Tumorigenesis

A series of coumarin-linked 4-anilinomethyl-1,2,3-triazoles (6a–t) was synthesized via a molecular hybridization approach, through carbon C-6 of the coumarin moiety. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms I, II, IX and XIII. CAs IX and XIII were selectively inhibited over the off-target isoforms I and II. The best inhibitory profiles against CA IX were shown by compounds 6a, 6e and 6f (K_i < 50 nM), with compound 6e displaying the best inhibition with a K_i value of 36.3 nM. Compounds 6a, 6b, 6j, 6o and 6q exhibited the best inhibitory profiles against CA XIII (K_i < 100 nM). These compounds can be further explored for the discovery of potent and effective CA IX and CA XIII inhibitors.

New Chalcone Derivatives with Pyrazole and Sulfonamide Pharmacophores as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Background:

Compound containing sulfonamide, pyrazole and chalcone groups are important in medicinal chemistry. They have a wide range of biological activities, including carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitory activities.

Introduction:

Carbonic anhydrase I and II inhibitors are used for the treatment of diseases, such as retinal and cerebral edema (CA I), epilepsy, and glaucoma (CA II). However, the currently available drugs have some limitations or side effects. Thus, there is a need for new drug candidates to overcome these issues. In this study, a series of compounds, (E)-4-(4-(3-aryl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)- 3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) benzenesulfonamides MS4-MS10, were designed to discover new CA inhibitors using a hybrid approach.

Methods:

Compounds MS4-MS10 were synthesized as shown in Scheme 1, and their chemical structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS spectra. The CAs (E.C.4.2.1.1) inhibitory effects of MS4-MS10 were tested on the hCA I and II isoenzymes using previously reported procedures.

Results:

The CA inhibitors MS4–MS10 gave IC50 values (nM) of 27.8–87.3 towards hCA I and 24.4–54.8 towards hCA II while the IC50 values for reference drug acetazolamide were 384.2 (hCA I) and 36.9 (hCA II). MS7 and MS9 exhibited 13.8 (hCA I) and 1.5 (hCA II) times more potent CA inhibition than the reference compound acetazolamide, respectively.

Conclusion:

MS7 (Ar: 2,4,5-trimethoxy phenyl) and MS9 (Ar: 3,4-dimethoxy phenyl) were the most promising compounds of our series with the lowest IC50 values towards hCA I and hCA II, respectively, and can be considered for further studies.