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Gonda S, Szűcs Z, Plaszkó T, Cziáky Z, Kiss-Szikszai A, Sinka D, Bácskay I, Vasas G. Quality-controlled LC-ESI-MS food metabolomics of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) sprouts: Insights into changes in primary and specialized metabolites. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112347. [PMID: 36737938 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an important food and spice with bioactive compounds against diabetes. In this study, fenugreek seeds germinating in darkness for 72 h were studied using quantification of trigonelline and 4-hydroxyisoleucine and an LC-ESI-MS/MS-based metabolomic approach capable of accurately estimating 237 features from various primary and specialized compound classes. During germination, the concentrations of trigonelline and 4-hydroxyisoleucine rose by 33.5% and 33.3%, respectively. At the same time, untargeted metabolomics revealed 9 putative flavonoids increasing 1.19- to 2.77-fold compared to the dormant seeds. A set of 19 steroid saponins rose by 1.08- to 31.86-fold. Primary metabolites however showed much more variability: abundance changes in amino acid derivatives, peptides and saccharides fell in the 0.09- to 22.25-fold, 0.93- to 478.79-fold and 0.36- to 941.58-fold ranges, respectively. To increase biosynthesis of specialized metabolites during germination, sprouts were exposed to 1-100 mM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and methyl salicylate (MeSA). The hormone treatments affected normal metabolism: 67.1-83.1 % and 64.1-83.5 % of compounds showed a reduction compared to the controls in 100 mM MeJA and MeSA treatments at different sampling time points. Contrary to expectations, the abundance of flavonoids decreased, compared to the control sprouts (0.75- and 0.68-fold change medians, respectively). The same was observed for most, but not all steroid saponins. The quality-controlled untargeted metabolomics approach proved to yield excellent insight into the metabolic changes during germination of fenugreek. The results suggest that although fenugreek germination causes major shifts in plant metabolism, there are no major qualitative changes in bioactive specialized metabolites during the first three days. This stability likely translates into good bioactivity that is similar to that of the seeds. Because the large changes in the primary metabolites likely alter the nutritive value of the seed, further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Szűcs
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; Healthcare Industry Institute, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Plaszkó
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Cziáky
- University of Nyíregyháza, Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Sóstói út 31/b, Hungary
| | - Attila Kiss-Szikszai
- University of Debrecen, Department of Organic Chemistry, H-4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
| | - Dávid Sinka
- University of Debrecen, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, H-4032, Nagyerdei körút 98, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Healthcare Industry Institute, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, H-4032, Nagyerdei körút 98, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Shang X, Huang D, Wang Y, Xiao L, Ming R, Zeng W, Cao S, Lu L, Wu Z, Yan H. Identification of Nutritional Ingredients and Medicinal Components of Pueraria lobata and Its Varieties Using UPLC-MS/MS-Based Metabolomics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216587. [PMID: 34770994 PMCID: PMC8588241 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pueraria lobata and its variety P. lobata var. thomsonii are both traditional Chinese medicines that have high nutritional and medical value; whereas another variety, P. lobata var. montana has low nutritional and medicinal value and can cause ecological disasters. The material basis of different nutritional and medicinal values, which are caused by metabolite differences among these varieties, remains to be further clarified. Here, we performed ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based widely targeted metabolome analysis on Pueraria lobata, P. lobata var. thomsonii, and P. lobata var. montana. Among them, a total of 614 metabolites were identified, and distinguished from each other using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Our results suggest that the nutritional differences between P. lobata and its varieties can be explained by variations in the abundance of amino acids, nucleotides, saccharides, and lipids; differences in flavonoids, isoflavones, phenolic acids, organic acids, and coumarins contents caused the differences in the medicinal quality of P. lobata and its varieties. Additionally, the key metabolites responsible for the classification of the three Pueraria varieties were identified. This study provides new insights into the underlying metabolic causes of nutritional and medicinal variation in P. lobata and its varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Shang
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (L.X.); (W.Z.); (S.C.); (L.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ding Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (D.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (L.X.); (W.Z.); (S.C.); (L.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Liang Xiao
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (L.X.); (W.Z.); (S.C.); (L.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ruhong Ming
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (D.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Wendan Zeng
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (L.X.); (W.Z.); (S.C.); (L.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Sheng Cao
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (L.X.); (W.Z.); (S.C.); (L.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Liuying Lu
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (L.X.); (W.Z.); (S.C.); (L.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhengdan Wu
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (L.X.); (W.Z.); (S.C.); (L.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Huabing Yan
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (L.X.); (W.Z.); (S.C.); (L.L.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-0771-3245407
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