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Roberts CJ, Gough LA. Contemporary Themes in Dietary Intake in Rugby Union Players: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:3011. [PMID: 39275326 DOI: 10.3390/nu16173011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Rugby union is an intermittent team sport with variability in body composition and match-play demands between positions which requires careful consideration for individual dietary requirements. While previous reviews have detailed the macronutrient intake in rugby players, none have discussed the further determinants of dietary intake in this population. Therefore, the purpose of the current review was to summarise the current evidence detailing dietary intake in rugby union players, report on contemporary nutritional research themes, and provide recommendations for athletes, nutritionists, and other stakeholders. In total, eighteen articles report on dietary intake in rugby players, with only one of these detailing dietary intake in female athletes. Recent studies have reported on both protein and carbohydrate periodisation practices in rugby union players; however, there is currently limited evidence as to the influence of these on performance, recovery, and well-being. Factors influencing eating patterns, the impact of sports nutritionists on dietary intake, and food consumption in catered and non-catered environments has been explored in isolated studies. Nutrition knowledge levels in rugby players have been reported in several studies; however, the influence this has on dietary intake in rugby players is unknown. Collectively, despite new contemporary themes emerging in the literature concerning dietary intake in rugby players, the studies are isolated; as such, there is limited scope to the translatability of information due to heterogeneity in sex, level of play, and location of participants. Given this, future research should aim to build upon the themes identified in this review in combination to support practitioners working within their specific environments. This will subsequently build towards the generation of rugby-specific recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie J Roberts
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Science (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
| | - Lewis A Gough
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Science (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
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Duttagupta S, Krishna Roy N, Dey G. Efficacy of amino acids in sports nutrition- review of clinical evidences. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114311. [PMID: 38763626 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The efficacy of amino acids as popular sports supplements has triggered debates, with their impact on athletic performance varying across sports disciplines due to diversity and heterogeneity in clinical trials. This review evaluates the ergogenic potential of amino acids, by critical appraisal of results of clinical trials of Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), arginine, glutamine, citrulline, β-alanine, and taurine, performed on elite sportsmen from various land and water sports. Clinical trials reviewed here confirm notable physiological benefits thereby supporting the claim that BCAA, citrulline and arginine in various doses can have positive effects on endurance and overall performance in sportsperson. Furthermore, results of clinical trials and metabolomic studies indicate that in future it would be more beneficial to design precise formulations to target the requirement of specific sports. For instance, some combinations of amino acids may be more suitable for long term endurance and some others may be suitable for short burst of excessive energy. The most important insights from this review are the identification of three key areas where research is urgently needed: a) Biomarkers that can identify the physiological end points and to distinguish the specific role of amino acid as anti-fatigue or reducing muscle soreness or enhancing energy b) In-depth sports-wise clinical trials on elite sportsperson to understand the ergogenic needs for the particular sports c) Design of precision formula for similar types of sports instead of common supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Duttagupta
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT-Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Niladri Krishna Roy
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT-Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Gargi Dey
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT-Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
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Scantlebury S, Costello N, Owen C, Chantler S, Ramirez C, Zabaloy S, Collins N, Allen H, Phillips G, Alexander M, Barlow M, Williams E, Mackreth P, Barrow S, Parelkar P, Clarke A, Samuels B, Roe S, Blake C, Jones B. Longitudinal changes in anthropometric, physiological, and physical qualities of international women's rugby league players. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298709. [PMID: 38743656 PMCID: PMC11093382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This is the first study to assess longitudinal changes in anthropometric, physiological, and physical qualities of international women's rugby league players. Thirteen forwards and 11 backs were tested three times over a 10-month period. Assessments included: standing height and body mass, body composition measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a blood panel, resting metabolic rate (RMR) assessed by indirect calorimetry, aerobic capacity (i.e.,[Formula: see text]) evaluated by an incremental treadmill test, and isometric force production measured by a force plate. During the pre-season phase, lean mass increased significantly by ~2% for backs (testing point 1: 47 kg; testing point 2: 48 kg) and forwards (testing point 1: 50 kg; testing point 2: 51 kg) (p = ≤ 0.05). Backs significantly increased their [Formula: see text] by 22% from testing point 1 (40 ml kg-1 min-1) to testing point 3 (49 ml kg-1 min-1) (p = ≤ 0.04). The [Formula: see text] of forwards increased by 10% from testing point 1 (41 ml kg-1 min-1) to testing point 3 (45 ml kg-1 min-1), however this change was not significant (p = ≥ 0.05). Body mass (values represent the range of means across the three testing points) (backs: 68 kg; forwards: 77-78 kg), fat mass percentage (backs: 25-26%; forwards: 30-31%), resting metabolic rate (backs: 7 MJ day-1; forwards: 7 MJ day-1), isometric mid-thigh pull (backs: 2106-2180 N; forwards: 2155-2241 N), isometric bench press (backs: 799-822 N; forwards: 999-1024 N), isometric prone row (backs: 625-628 N; forwards: 667-678 N) and bloods (backs: ferritin 21-29 ug/L, haemoglobin 137-140 g/L, iron 17-21 umol/L, transferrin 3 g/L, transferring saturation 23-28%; forwards: ferritin 31-33 ug/L, haemoglobin 141-145 g/L, iron 20-23 umol/L, transferrin 3 g/L, transferrin saturation 26-31%) did not change (p = ≥ 0.05). This study provides novel longitudinal data which can be used to better prepare women rugby league players for the unique demands of their sport, underpinning female athlete health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Scantlebury
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nessan Costello
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Owen
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Ramirez
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Neil Collins
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hayden Allen
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Phillips
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Hull Kingston Rovers, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Alexander
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Barlow
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Williams
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mackreth
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Barrow
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Parag Parelkar
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Clarke
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Samuels
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Roe
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Blake
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Physiological Sciences and Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Premiership Rugby, London, United Kingdom
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Grainger A, Comfort P, Twist C, Heffernan SM, Tarantino G. Real-World Fatigue Testing in Professional Rugby Union: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:855-874. [PMID: 38114782 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professional rugby union is a high-intensity contact sport with position-specific high training and match volumes across a season that may lead to periods of fatigue if above a typically experienced threshold. This study assesses the influence of match play and/or training on fatigue levels in rugby union players. OBJECTIVE We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of measures used to assess fatigue status in male professional rugby union players. METHODS Using electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and MEDLINE), a systematic review of fatigue testing in rugby union was conducted on (1) neuromuscular, (2) subjective self-report, (3) biochemical, and (4) heart rate-derived measures. RESULTS Thirty-seven articles were included in this systematic review, of which 14 were further included in a meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis revealed small, yet not significant, decreases in countermovement jump height immediately after (effect size [ES] = - 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.64 to 0.06), 24 h (ES = - 0.43; 95% CI - 3.99 to 3.21), and 48 h (ES = - 0.22; 95% CI - 0.47 to 0.02) after exposure to rugby union match play or training. Reported wellness (ES = - 0.33; 95% CI - 1.70 to 1.04) and tiredness (ES = - 0.14; 95% CI - 1.30 to 1.03) declined over a period of a few weeks (however, the results were not-statistically significant), meanwhile muscle soreness increased (ES = 0.91; 95% CI 0.06 to 1.75) within the 96 h after the exposure to rugby union match play or training. Finally, while cortisol levels (ES = 1.87; 95% CI - 1.54 to 5.29) increased, testosterone declined (ES = - 1.54; 95% CI - 7.16 to 4.08) within the 24 h after the exposure. However, these results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Subjective measures of muscle soreness can be used to assess fatigue after match play and training in rugby union players. Within-study and between-study variability for countermovement jump height, biochemical markers, and heart rate-derived measures means the utility (practical application) of these measures to assess fatigue in professional rugby union players after matches and training is unclear. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO ID: CRD42020216706.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Grainger
- Kitman Labs, Dublin, Ireland.
- Institute of Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Paul Comfort
- University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
- Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Craig Twist
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Qi S, Li X, Yu J, Yin L. Research advances in the application of metabolomics in exercise science. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1332104. [PMID: 38288351 PMCID: PMC10822880 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1332104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise training can lead to changes in the metabolic composition of an athlete's blood, the magnitude of which depends largely on the intensity and duration of exercise. A variety of behavioral, biochemical, hormonal, and immunological biomarkers are commonly used to assess an athlete's physical condition during exercise training. However, traditional invasive muscle biopsy testing methods are unable to comprehensively detect physiological differences and metabolic changes in the body. Metabolomics technology is a high-throughput, highly sensitive technique that provides a comprehensive assessment of changes in small molecule metabolites (molecular weight <1,500 Da) in the body. By measuring the overall metabolic characteristics of biological samples, we can study the changes of endogenous metabolites in an organism or cell at a certain moment in time, and investigate the interconnection and dynamic patterns between metabolites and physiological changes, thus further understanding the interactions between genes and the environment, and providing possibilities for biomarker discovery, precise training and nutritional programming of athletes. This paper summaries the progress of research on the application of exercise metabolomics in sports science, and looks forward to the future development of exercise metabolomics, with a view to providing new approaches and perspectives for improving human performance, promoting exercise against chronic diseases, and advancing sports science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qi
- School of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Xun Li
- School of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinglun Yu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Yin
- School of Sport, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Pérez-Castillo ÍM, Rueda R, Bouzamondo H, López-Chicharro J, Mihic N. Biomarkers of post-match recovery in semi-professional and professional football (soccer). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1167449. [PMID: 37113691 PMCID: PMC10126523 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1167449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-level football (soccer) players face intense physical demands that result in acute and residual fatigue, impairing their physical performance in subsequent matches. Further, top-class players are frequently exposed to match-congested periods where sufficient recovery times are not achievable. To evaluate training and recovery strategies, the monitoring of players' recovery profiles is crucial. Along with performance and neuro-mechanical impairments, match-induced fatigue causes metabolic disturbances denoted by changes in chemical analytes that can be quantified in different body fluids such as blood, saliva, and urine, thus acting as biomarkers. The monitoring of these molecules might supplement performance, neuromuscular and cognitive measurements to guide coaches and trainers during the recovery period. The present narrative review aims to comprehensively review the scientific literature on biomarkers of post-match recovery in semi-professional and professional football players as well as provide an outlook on the role that metabolomic studies might play in this field of research. Overall, no single gold-standard biomarker of match-induced fatigue exists, and a range of metabolites are available to assess different aspects of post-match recovery. The use of biomarker panels might be suitable to simultaneously monitoring these broad physiological processes, yet further research on fluctuations of different analytes throughout post-match recovery is warranted. Although important efforts have been made to address the high interindividual heterogeneity of available markers, limitations inherent to these markers might compromise the information they provide to guide recovery protocols. Further research on metabolomics might benefit from evaluating the long-term recovery period from a high-level football match to shed light upon new biomarkers of post-match recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José López-Chicharro
- Real Madrid, Medical Services, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: José López-Chicharro,
| | - Niko Mihic
- Real Madrid, Medical Services, Madrid, Spain
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Posthumus L, Driller M, Darry K, Winwood P, Rollo I, Gill N. Dietary Intakes of Elite Male Professional Rugby Union Players in Catered and Non-Catered Environments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16242. [PMID: 36498314 PMCID: PMC9737971 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In professional rugby union, it is common for players to switch between catered and non-catered dietary environments throughout a season. However, little is known about the difference in dietary intake between these two settings. Twelve elite male professional rugby union players (28.3 ± 2.9 y, 188.9 ± 9.5 cm, 104.1 ± 13.3 kg) from the New Zealand Super Rugby Championship completed seven-day photographic food diaries with two-way communication during two seven-day competition weeks in both catered and non-catered environments. While no significant differences were observed in relative carbohydrate intake, mean seven-day absolute energy intakes (5210 ± 674 vs. 4341 ± 654 kcal·day-1), relative protein (2.8 ± 0.3 vs. 2.3 ± 0.3 g·kgBM·day-1) and relative fat (2.1 ± 0.3 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3 g·kgBM·day-1) intakes were significantly higher in the catered compared to the non-catered environment (respectively) among forwards (n = 6). Backs (n = 6) presented non-significantly higher energy and macronutrient intakes within a catered compared to a non-catered environment. More similar dietary intakes were observed among backs regardless of the catering environment. Forwards may require more support and/or attention when transitioning between catered and non-catered environments to ensure that recommended dietary intakes are being achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Posthumus
- Faculty of Health, Education and Environment, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga 3112, New Zealand
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Driller
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | | | - Paul Winwood
- Faculty of Health, Education and Environment, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga 3112, New Zealand
- Department of Sport and Recreation, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK
| | - Nicholas Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
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Hertzog A, Selvanathan A, Devanapalli B, Ho G, Bhattacharya K, Tolun AA. A narrative review of metabolomics in the era of "-omics": integration into clinical practice for inborn errors of metabolism. Transl Pediatr 2022; 11:1704-1716. [PMID: 36345452 PMCID: PMC9636448 DOI: 10.21037/tp-22-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Traditional targeted metabolomic investigations identify a pre-defined list of analytes in samples and have been widely used for decades in the diagnosis and monitoring of inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). Recent technological advances have resulted in the development and maturation of untargeted metabolomics: a holistic, unbiased, analytical approach to detecting metabolic disturbances in human disease. We aim to provide a summary of untargeted metabolomics [focusing on tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS)] and its application in the field of IEMs. METHODS Data for this review was identified through a literature search using PubMed, Google Scholar, and personal repositories of articles collected by the authors. Findings are presented within several sections describing the metabolome, the current use of targeted metabolomics in the diagnostic pathway of patients with IEMs, the more recent integration of untargeted metabolomics into clinical care, and the limitations of this newly employed analytical technique. KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS Untargeted metabolomic investigations are increasingly utilized in screening for rare disorders, improving understanding of cellular and subcellular physiology, discovering novel biomarkers, monitoring therapy, and functionally validating genomic variants. Although the untargeted metabolomic approach has some limitations, this "next generation metabolic screening" platform is becoming increasingly affordable and accessible. CONCLUSIONS When used in conjunction with genomics and the other promising "-omic" technologies, untargeted metabolomics has the potential to revolutionize the diagnostics of IEMs (and other rare disorders), improving both clinical and health economic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Hertzog
- NSW Biochemical Genetics Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Arthavan Selvanathan
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Beena Devanapalli
- NSW Biochemical Genetics Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Gladys Ho
- Sydney Genome Diagnostics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Specialty of Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kaustuv Bhattacharya
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Specialty of Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adviye Ayper Tolun
- NSW Biochemical Genetics Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Specialty of Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Metabolomics in Team-Sport Athletes: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10030027. [PMID: 35997439 PMCID: PMC9396992 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is a promising tool for studying exercise physiology and exercise-associated metabolism. It has recently been defined with the term “sportomics” due to metabolomics’ capability to characterize several metabolites in several biological samples simultaneously. This narrative review on exercise metabolomics provides an initial and brief overview of the different metabolomics technologies, sample collection, and further processing steps employed for sport. It also discusses the data analysis and its biological interpretation. Thus, we do not cover sample collection, preparation, and analysis paragraphs in detail here but outline a general outlook to help the reader to understand the metabolomics studies conducted in team-sports athletes, alongside endeavoring to recognize existing or emergent trends and deal with upcoming directions in the field of exercise metabolomics in a team-sports setting.
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