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Wen C, Dechsupa N, Yu Z, Zhang X, Liang S, Lei X, Xu T, Gao X, Hu Q, Innuan P, Kantapan J, Lü M. Pentagalloyl Glucose: A Review of Anticancer Properties, Molecular Targets, Mechanisms of Action, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety Profile. Molecules 2023; 28:4856. [PMID: 37375411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is a natural hydrolyzable gallotannin abundant in various plants and herbs. It has a broad range of biological activities, specifically anticancer activities, and numerous molecular targets. Despite multiple studies available on the pharmacological action of PGG, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of PGG are unclear. Here, we have critically reviewed the natural sources of PGG, its anticancer properties, and underlying mechanisms of action. We found that multiple natural sources of PGG are available, and the existing production technology is sufficient to produce large quantities of the required product. Three plants (or their parts) with maximum PGG content were Rhus chinensis Mill, Bouea macrophylla seed, and Mangifera indica kernel. PGG acts on multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways associated with the hallmarks of cancer to inhibit growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of several cancers. Moreover, PGG can enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy by modulating various cancer-associated pathways. Therefore, PGG can be used for treating different human cancers; nevertheless, the data on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of PGG are limited, and further studies are essential to define the clinical use of PGG in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Wen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Human Microecology and Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Nathupakorn Dechsupa
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Zehui Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Human Microecology and Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Sicheng Liang
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Human Microecology and Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xianying Lei
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiaolan Gao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Phattarawadee Innuan
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Kantapan
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Muhan Lü
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Human Microecology and Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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Wang M, Bai Z, Zhu H, Zheng T, Chen X, Li P, Zhang J, Ma F. A New Strategy Based on LC-Q TRAP-MS for Determining the Distribution of Polyphenols in Different Apple Varieties. Foods 2022; 11:3390. [PMID: 36360003 PMCID: PMC9657627 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apples are a rich source of polyphenols in the human diet. However, the distribution of polyphenols in different apple varieties and tissues is still largely unclear. In this study, a new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) strategy was developed to reveal the spatial distribution of polyphenols in different apple tissues and varieties. A method based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-enhanced product ion (EPI) was established in the information-dependent acquisition (IDA) mode for pseudo-target screening of major apple polyphenols. A total of 39 apple polyphenolic metabolites were finally identified. Qualitative and quantitative results showed that the variety and content of polyphenols in apple peels were higher than those of other tissues. In apple roots, stems, and leaves, the highest polyphenol variety and content were found in wild species, followed by cultivars and elite varieties. Dihydrochalcone substances, one kind of major apple polyphenols, were more abundant in apple roots, stems, and leaves. This strategy can be applied as a model for other agricultural products, in addition to revealing the distribution of polyphenols in different tissues of apples, which provides a theoretical basis for the utilization of polyphenol resources and variety selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhangzhen Bai
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Huili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Tiantian Zheng
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiujiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
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