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Zhao J, Zhou C, Xiao Y, Zhang K, Zhang Q, Xia L, Jiang B, Jiang C, Ming W, Zhang H, Long H, Liang W. Oxygen generating biomaterials at the forefront of regenerative medicine: advances in bone regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1292171. [PMID: 38282892 PMCID: PMC10811251 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1292171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, an annual count of more than two million bone transplants is conducted, with conventional treatments, including metallic implants and bone grafts, exhibiting certain limitations. In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the field of bone regeneration. Oxygen tension regulates cellular behavior, which in turn affects tissue regeneration through metabolic programming. Biomaterials with oxygen release capabilities enhance therapeutic effectiveness and reduce tissue damage from hypoxia. However, precise control over oxygen release is a significant technical challenge, despite its potential to support cellular viability and differentiation. The matrices often used to repair large-size bone defects do not supply enough oxygen to the stem cells being used in the regeneration process. Hypoxia-induced necrosis primarily occurs in the central regions of large matrices due to inadequate provision of oxygen and nutrients by the surrounding vasculature of the host tissues. Oxygen generating biomaterials (OGBs) are becoming increasingly significant in enhancing our capacity to facilitate the bone regeneration, thereby addressing the challenges posed by hypoxia or inadequate vascularization. Herein, we discussed the key role of oxygen in bone regeneration, various oxygen source materials and their mechanism of oxygen release, the fabrication techniques employed for oxygen-releasing matrices, and novel emerging approaches for oxygen delivery that hold promise for their potential application in the field of bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Guanghua Hospital, Zhoushan, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Kunyan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Linying Xia
- Medical Research Center, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Rehabilitation Department, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Chanyi Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Wenyi Ming
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Hengjian Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Hengguo Long
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
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Luo T, Zheng L, Chen D, Zhang C, Liu S, Jiang C, Xie Y, Du D, Zhou W. Implantable microfluidics: methods and applications. Analyst 2023; 148:4637-4654. [PMID: 37698090 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00981e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Implantable microfluidics involves integrating microfluidic functionalities into implantable devices, such as medical implants or bioelectronic devices, revolutionizing healthcare by enabling personalized and precise diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, and regeneration of targeted tissues or organs. The impact of implantable microfluidics depends heavily on advancements in both methods and applications. Despite significant progress in the past two decades, continuous advancements are still required in fluidic control and manipulation, device miniaturization and integration, biosafety considerations, as well as the development of various application scenarios to address a wide range of healthcare issues. In this review, we discuss advancements in implantable microfluidics, focusing on methods and applications. Regarding methods, we discuss progress made in fluid manipulation, device fabrication, and biosafety considerations in implantable microfluidics. In terms of applications, we review advancements in using implantable microfluidics for drug delivery, diagnostics, tissue engineering, and energy harvesting. The purpose of this review is to expand research ideas for the development of novel implantable microfluidic devices for various healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lican Zheng
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Dongyang Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Chen Zhang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Sirui Liu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Chongjie Jiang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Yu Xie
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Dan Du
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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Gucluer S. A Miniaturized Archimedean Screw Pump for High-Viscosity Fluid Pumping in Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1409. [PMID: 37512720 PMCID: PMC10384537 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have revolutionized the field of lab-on-a-chip by enabling precise manipulation of small fluid volumes for various biomedical applications. However, most existing microfluidic pumps struggle to handle high-viscosity fluids, limiting their applicability in certain areas that involve bioanalysis and on-chip sample processing. In this paper, the design and fabrication of a miniaturized Archimedean screw pump for pumping high-viscosity fluids within microfluidic channels are presented. The pump was 3D-printed and operated vertically, allowing for continuous and directional fluid pumping. The pump's capabilities were demonstrated by successfully pumping polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions that are over 100 times more viscous than water using a basic mini-DC motor. Efficient fluid manipulation at low voltages was achieved by the pump, making it suitable for point-of-care and field applications. The flow rates of water were characterized, and the effect of different screw pitch lengths on the flow rate was investigated. Additionally, the pump's capacity for pumping high-viscosity fluids was demonstrated by testing it with PEG solutions of increasing viscosity. The microfluidic pump's simple fabrication and easy operation position it as a promising candidate for lab-on-a-chip applications involving high-viscosity fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Gucluer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09010, Turkey
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Kim MK, Paek K, Woo SM, Kim JA. Bone-on-a-Chip: Biomimetic Models Based on Microfluidic Technologies for Biomedical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37183366 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing importance of preclinical evaluation of newly developed drugs or treatments, in vitro organ or disease models are necessary. Although various organ-specific on-chip (organ-on-a-chip, or OOC) systems have been developed as emerging in vitro models, bone-on-a-chip (BOC) systems that recapitulate the bone microenvironment have been less developed or reviewed compared with other OOCs. The bone is one of the most dynamic organs and undergoes continuous remodeling throughout its lifetime. The aging population is growing worldwide, and healthcare costs are rising rapidly. Since in vitro BOC models that recapitulate native bone niches and pathological features can be important for studying the underlying mechanism of orthopedic diseases and predicting drug responses in preclinical trials instead of in animals, the development of biomimetic BOCs with high efficiency and fidelity will be accelerated further. Here, we review recently engineered BOCs developed using various microfluidic technologies and investigate their use to model the bone microenvironment. We have also explored various biomimetic strategies based on biological, geometrical, and biomechanical cues for biomedical applications of BOCs. Finally, we addressed the limitations and challenging issues of current BOCs that should be overcome to obtain more acceptable BOCs in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyeong Kim
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyurim Paek
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomicro System Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Woo
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Kim
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
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Durrer J, Agrawal P, Ozgul A, Neuhauss SCF, Nama N, Ahmed D. A robot-assisted acoustofluidic end effector. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6370. [PMID: 36289227 PMCID: PMC9605990 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid manipulation is the foundation of most laboratory processes. For macroscale liquid handling, both do-it-yourself and commercial robotic systems are available; however, for microscale, reagents are expensive and sample preparation is difficult. Over the last decade, lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems have come to serve for microscale liquid manipulation; however, lacking automation and multi-functionality. Despite their potential synergies, each has grown separately and no suitable interface yet exists to link macro-level robotics with micro-level LOC or microfluidic devices. Here, we present a robot-assisted acoustofluidic end effector (RAEE) system, comprising a robotic arm and an acoustofluidic end effector, that combines robotics and microfluidic functionalities. We further carried out fluid pumping, particle and zebrafish embryo trapping, and mobile mixing of complex viscous liquids. Finally, we pre-programmed the RAEE to perform automated mixing of viscous liquids in well plates, illustrating its versatility for the automatic execution of chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Durrer
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute or Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Prajwal Agrawal
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute or Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ali Ozgul
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute or Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan C. F. Neuhauss
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nitesh Nama
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Daniel Ahmed
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute or Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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A Battery-Powered Fluid Manipulation System Actuated by Mechanical Vibrations. ACTUATORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/act11050116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized fluid manipulation systems are an important component of lab-on-a-chip platforms implemented in resourced-limited environments and point-of-care applications. This work aims to design, fabricate, and test a low-cost and battery-operated microfluidic diffuser/nozzle type pump to enable an alternative fluid manipulation solution for field applications. For this, CNC laser cutting and 3D printing are used to fabricate the fluidic unit and casing of the driving module of the system, respectively. This system only required 3.5-V input power and can generate flow rates up to 58 µL/min for water. In addition, this portable pump can manipulate higher viscosity fluids with kinematic viscosities up to 24 mPa·s resembling biological fluids such as sputum and saliva. The demonstrated system is a low-cost, battery-powered, and highly versatile fluid pump that can be adopted in various lab-on-a-chip applications for field deployment and remote applications.
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Ficai D, Gheorghe M, Dolete G, Mihailescu B, Svasta P, Ficai A, Constantinescu G, Andronescu E. Microelectromechanical Systems Based on Magnetic Polymer Films. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030351. [PMID: 35334643 PMCID: PMC8952241 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have been increasingly used worldwide in a wide range of applications, including high tech, energy, medicine or environmental applications. Magnetic polymer composite films have been used extensively in the development of the micropumps and valves, which are critical components of the microelectromechanical systems. Based on the literature survey, several polymers and magnetic micro and nanopowders can be identified and, depending on their nature, ratio, processing route and the design of the device, their performances can be tuned from simple valves and pumps to biomimetic devices, such as, for instance, hearth ventricles. In many such devices, polymer magnetic films are used, the disposal of the magnetic component being either embedded into the polymer or coated on the polymer. One or more actuation zones can be used and the flow rate can be mono-directional or bi-directional depending on the design. In this paper, we review the main advances in the development of these magnetic polymer films and derived MEMS: microvalve, micropump, micromixer, microsensor, drug delivery micro-systems, magnetic labeling and separation microsystems, etc. It is important to mention that these MEMS are continuously improving from the point of view of performances, energy consumption and actuation mechanism and a clear tendency in developing personalized treatment. Due to the improved energy efficiency of special materials, wearable devices are developed and be suitable for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Ficai
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (G.D.); (E.A.)
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marin Gheorghe
- Center for Technological Electronics and Interconnection Techniques, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bulevardul Iuliu Maniu, 061071 Bucharest, Romania; (M.G.); (B.M.); (P.S.)
- NANOM—MEMS, George Cosbuc 9, 505400 Rasnov, Romania
| | - Georgiana Dolete
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (G.D.); (E.A.)
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Mihailescu
- Center for Technological Electronics and Interconnection Techniques, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bulevardul Iuliu Maniu, 061071 Bucharest, Romania; (M.G.); (B.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Paul Svasta
- Center for Technological Electronics and Interconnection Techniques, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bulevardul Iuliu Maniu, 061071 Bucharest, Romania; (M.G.); (B.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Anton Ficai
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (G.D.); (E.A.)
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabriel Constantinescu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari 8, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (G.D.); (E.A.)
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
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Joseph A, Rajendran A, Karthikeyan A, Nair BG. Implantable Microfluidic Device: An Epoch of Technology. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:679-689. [PMID: 34525928 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210825114403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Implantable microfluidic devices are milestones in developing devices that can either measure parameters like ocular pressure and blood glucose level or deliver various components for therapeutic needs or behavioral modification. Researchers are currently focusing on the miniaturization of almost all its tools for a better healthcare platform. Implantable microfluidic devices are a combination of various systems including, but not limited to, microfluidic platforms, reservoirs, sensors, and actuators, implanted inside the body of a living entity (in vivo) with the purpose of directly or indirectly helping the entity. It is a multidisciplinary approach with immense potential in the area of the biomedical field. Significant resources are utilizing on for the research and development of these devices for various applications. The induction of an implantable microfluidic device into an animal would enable us to measure the responses without any repeated invasive procedures. Such data would help in the development of a better drug delivery profile. Implantable microfluidic devices with reservoirs deliver specific chemical or biological products to treat situations like cancers and diabetes. They can also deliver fluorophores for specific imaging inside the body. Implantable microfluidic devices help provide a microenvironment for various cell differentiation procedure. These devices know no boundaries, and this article reviews these devices based on their design and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abey Joseph
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, India; b Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University; c RIKEN, Nanomedical Engineering Laboratory. Japan
| | - Arivazhagan Rajendran
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, India; b Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University; c RIKEN, Nanomedical Engineering Laboratory. Japan
| | - Akash Karthikeyan
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, India; b Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University; c RIKEN, Nanomedical Engineering Laboratory. Japan
| | - Baiju G Nair
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, India; b Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University; c RIKEN, Nanomedical Engineering Laboratory. Japan
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Ozcelik A, Aslan Z. A practical microfluidic pump enabled by acoustofluidics and 3D printing. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2021; 25:5. [PMID: 33424526 PMCID: PMC7780904 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-020-02411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Simple and low-cost solutions are becoming extremely important for the evolving necessities of biomedical applications. Even though, on-chip sample processing and analysis has been rapidly developing for a wide range of screening and diagnostic protocols, efficient and reliable fluid manipulation in microfluidic platforms still require further developments to be considered portable and accessible for low-resource settings. In this work, we present an extremely simple microfluidic pumping device based on three-dimensional (3D) printing and acoustofluidics. The fabrication of the device only requires 3D-printed adaptors, rectangular glass capillaries, epoxy and a piezoelectric transducer. The pumping mechanism relies on the flexibility and complexity of the acoustic streaming patterns generated inside the capillary. Characterization of the device yields controllable and continuous flow rates suitable for on-chip sample processing and analysis. Overall, a maximum flow rate of ~ 12 μL/min and the control of pumping direction by frequency tuning is achieved. With its versatility and simplicity, this microfluidic pumping device offers a promising solution for portable, affordable and reliable fluid manipulation for on-chip applications. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10404-020-02411-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Ozcelik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Aslan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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Editorial for the Special Issue on the ICAE 2019. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11090874. [PMID: 32962209 PMCID: PMC7570300 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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