1
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Zheng G, Chen Z, Chen X, Liu S, Cao W. High-field complex parameters characterization of PMN-PT single crystal/epoxy 1-3 composites (φ = 0.4) under a high AC electric field with a varied intensity. ULTRASONICS 2024; 144:107447. [PMID: 39216210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
It is essential to characterize the high-field properties of piezoelectric composites for their applications in ultrasonic transducers. This study involved the development of an experimental characterization system of piezoelectric impedance spectra and mechanical quality factors under high-field conditions to analyze the properties of PMN-PT piezoelectric single-crystal composites. The impedance spectra and mechanical quality factors of a [001]c-poled 0.69PMN-0.31PT single crystal/epoxy 1-3 composite disk with filling ratio φ = 0.4 under thickness resonance mode were tested at different driving voltages ranging from 1 to 120 Vpp to explore the influence of AC electric field on the material properties. By utilizing a theoretical approach, an evaluation was conducted on the variations in the material properties such as stiffness, permittivity, piezoelectric coefficient, and electromechanical coupling factor, along with respective loss factors. Our results suggest that as the AC electric field increases, the elastic modulus c33D and the mechanical quality factor Qm decrease, while the piezoelectric strain coefficient d33 and the electromechanical coupling factor kt increase. However, the dielectric coefficient ε33X does not show an obvious change in this field range. Furthermore, the elastic loss factor tanϕ, the dielectric loss factor tanδ33', the piezoelectric loss factor tanθ33', and the electromechanical coupling loss factor tanχt all increase, indicating that the loss of the piezoelectric composite becomes more evident as the AC electric field grows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbin Zheng
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Zhaojiang Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Shiqing Liu
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Wenwu Cao
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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2
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Sim M, Je Y, Cho Y, Seo HS, Kim MJ. Derivation of Equivalent Material Coefficients of 2-2 Piezoelectric Single Crystal Composite. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:917. [PMID: 39064428 PMCID: PMC11279344 DOI: 10.3390/mi15070917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Piezoelectric composites, which consist of piezoelectric materials and polymers, are widely employed in various applications such as underwater sonar transducers and medical diagnostic ultrasonic transducers. Acoustic transducers based on piezoelectric composites can have high sensitivity with broad bandwidth. In recent studies, it is demonstrated that 2-2 composites based on single crystals provide further increased sensitivity and wide bandwidth. In order to utilize a 2-2 composite in acoustic sensors, it is required to demonstrate the full material coefficients of the 2-2 composite. In this study, we investigated an analytic solution for determining equivalent material coefficients of a 2-2 composite. Impedance spectrums of the single-phase resonators with equivalent material coefficients and 2-2 composite resonators were compared by the finite element method in order to verify the analytic solutions. Furthermore, the equivalent material coefficients derived from the analytic solution were also verified by comparing the measured and the simulated impedance spectrums. The difference in resonance and anti-resonance frequencies between the measured and simulated impedance spectrums was around 0.5% and 1.2%. By utilizing the analytic solutions in this study, it is possible to accurately derive full equivalent material coefficients of a 2-2 composite, which are essential for the development of acoustic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseop Sim
- Agency for Defense Development, Jinhae P.O. Box 18, Changwon 51678, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (Y.J.); (Y.C.); (H.-S.S.)
| | - Yub Je
- Agency for Defense Development, Jinhae P.O. Box 18, Changwon 51678, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (Y.J.); (Y.C.); (H.-S.S.)
| | - Yohan Cho
- Agency for Defense Development, Jinhae P.O. Box 18, Changwon 51678, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (Y.J.); (Y.C.); (H.-S.S.)
| | - Hee-Seon Seo
- Agency for Defense Development, Jinhae P.O. Box 18, Changwon 51678, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (Y.J.); (Y.C.); (H.-S.S.)
| | - Moo-Joon Kim
- Department of Physics, Pukyong National University 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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3
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Zhang J, Wu F, Meng F, Zhang G, Wang R, Yang Y, Cui J, He C, Jia L, Zhang W. A High-Resolution 3D Ultrasound Imaging System Oriented towards a Specific Application in Breast Cancer Detection Based on a 1 × 256 Ring Array. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:209. [PMID: 38398937 PMCID: PMC10891686 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents the design and development of a high-resolution 3D ultrasound imaging system based on a 1 × 256 piezoelectric ring array, achieving an accuracy of 0.1 mm in both ascending and descending modes. The system achieves an imaging spatial resolution of approximately 0.78 mm. A 256 × 32 cylindrical sensor array and a digital phantom of breast tissue were constructed using the k-Wave toolbox. The signal is acquired layer by layer using 3D acoustic time-domain simulation, resulting in the collection of data from each of the 32 layers. The 1 × 256 ring array moves on a vertical trajectory from the chest wall to the nipple at a constant speed. A data set was collected at intervals of 1.5 mm, resulting in a total of 32 data sets. Surface rendering and volume rendering algorithms were used to reconstruct 3D ultrasound images from the volume data obtained via simulation so that the smallest simulated reconstructed lesion had a diameter of 0.3 mm. The reconstructed three-dimensional image derived from the experimental data exhibits the contour of the breast model along with its internal mass. Reconstructable dimensions can be achieved up to approximately 0.78 mm. The feasibility of applying the system to 3D breast ultrasound imaging has been demonstrated, demonstrating its attributes of resolution, precision, and exceptional efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (F.M.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (C.H.)
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Fei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (F.M.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (C.H.)
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Fansheng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (F.M.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (C.H.)
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (F.M.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (C.H.)
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Renxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (F.M.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (C.H.)
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (F.M.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (C.H.)
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jiangong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (F.M.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (C.H.)
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Changde He
- State Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (F.M.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (C.H.)
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Licheng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (F.M.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (C.H.)
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Wendong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (F.M.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (C.H.)
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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Jia N, Wang T, Ning L, Ma Z, Dang Y, Li CC, Du H, Li F, Xu Z. Conformally Large-Area Single-Crystal Piezocomposites with High Performance for Acoustic Transducers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37471046 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Large-area and conformal piezoelectric elements are highly desired for acoustic transducers to possess a large power source level and wide detecting range. To date, single-crystal piezocomposites attract much attention on enhancing the power source level and bandwidth for next-generation acoustic transducers, owing to their higher piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling properties compared to traditional piezocomposites. Unfortunately, it is still challenging to achieve large-area and conformal single-crystal piezocomposites because of the fragile nature, large anisotropy, and the limited grown size of piezoelectric single crystals. Here, we successfully fabricate the conformally large-area single-crystal piezocomposite with an area of 160 × 50 mm2 and a bending angle of 162° by a modified 3D-printing-assisted inserting method. The single-crystal piezocomposite exhibits a high thickness electromechanical coupling factor kt of 85% and a large piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 1150 pC/N, surpassing those of the reported large-area piezocomposites. The influence of the volume fraction and curvature radius of single-crystal PCs and acoustic transducers was investigated. Furthermore, we designed an acoustic transducer based on the conformal single-crystal piezocomposite. Benefiting from the excellent piezoelectric and electromechanical properties of the single-crystal piezocomposite, the transducer indicates a high maximum transmitting voltage response of 171.8 dB. Especially, its bandwidth (-3 dB) achieves 60 kHz with a resonant frequency of 292 kHz, which is about 1.8 times superior to the conformal acoustic transducer based on the ceramic piezocomposite with a similar resonant frequency. This work may benefit the future design and fabrication of high-performance and complex-shape piezoelectric composites as key materials for next-generation transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxiang Jia
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Li Ning
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yujie Dang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Chun Chun Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hongliang Du
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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5
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Je Y, Sim M, Cho Y, Lee SG, Seo HS. Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Sensitivity and Bandwidth of Thickness-Mode Driving Hydrophone Utilizing A 2-2 Piezoelectric Single Crystal Composite. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3445. [PMID: 37050505 PMCID: PMC10099370 DOI: 10.3390/s23073445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric composites, which consist of a piezoelectric material and a polymer, have been extensively studied for the applications of underwater sonar sensors and medical diagnostic ultrasonic transducers. Acoustic sensors utilizing piezoelectric composites can have a high sensitivity and wide bandwidth because of their high piezoelectric coefficient and low acoustic impedance compared to single-phase piezoelectric materials. In this study, a thickness-mode driving hydrophone utilizing a 2-2 piezoelectric single crystal composite was examined. From the theoretical and numerical analysis, material properties that determine the bandwidth and sensitivity of the thickness-mode piezoelectric plate were derived, and the voltage sensitivity of piezoelectric plates with various configurations was compared. It was shown that the 2-2 composite with [011] poled single crystals and epoxy polymers can provide high sensitivity and wide bandwidth when used for hydrophones with a thickness resonance mode. The hydrophone element was designed and fabricated to have a thickness mode at a frequency around 220 kHz by attaching a composite plate of quarter-wavelength thickness to a hard baffle. The fabricated hydrophone demonstrated an open circuit voltage sensitivity of more than -180 dB re 1 V/μPa at the resonance frequency and a -3 dB bandwidth of more than 55 kHz. The theoretical and experimental studies show that the 2-2 single crystal composite can have a high sensitivity and wide bandwidth compared to other configurations of piezoelectric elements when they are used for thickness-mode hydrophones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yub Je
- Agency for Defense Development, Changwon 51678, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.)
| | - Minseop Sim
- Agency for Defense Development, Changwon 51678, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.)
| | - Yohan Cho
- Agency for Defense Development, Changwon 51678, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.)
| | - Sang-Goo Lee
- Ibule Photonics, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seon Seo
- Agency for Defense Development, Changwon 51678, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.)
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6
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Sun Y, Tao J, Guo F, Wang F, Dong J, Jin L, Li S, Huang X. AZ31B magnesium alloy matching layer for Lens-focused piezoelectric transducer application. ULTRASONICS 2023; 127:106844. [PMID: 36095851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Compared with planar transducers, focused transducers have higher ultrasound intensity and better lateral resolution in the focal zone. At present, the matching layer materials for focused transducers are mainly 0-3 composite materials, which have problems such as non-uniformity, difficulty to fabricate at high frequencies, and large sound attenuation. In this paper, finite element analysis is carried out to simulate lens-focused transducers with different matching layer structures and materials. It is found that the focused transducer with magnesium alloy matching layer has the best comprehensive performance. A lens-focused PZT-5H ultrasonic transducer was then fabricated with AZ31B magnesium alloy as the first matching layer. The measured results show that the center frequency of the transducer is 4.38 MHz, the -6-dB bandwidth is 68.35 % and the insertion loss is -13.88 dB. Benefiting from the high uniformity, high acoustic impedance and extremely low acoustic attenuation of magnesium alloy, the transducers in this research exhibit superior performances than other reported transducers with conventional matching layer. The current work suggests that AZ31B magnesium alloy is a promising matching layer material for ultrasonic transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhou Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingya Tao
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jie Dong
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyang Li
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyi Huang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Zhu K, Ma J, Liu Y, Shen B, Huo D, Yang Y, Qi X, Sun E, Zhang R. Increasing Performances of 1-3 Piezocomposite Ultrasonic Transducer by Alternating Current Poling Method. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13101715. [PMID: 36296068 PMCID: PMC9612043 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic transducers are the basic core component of diagnostic imaging devices, wherein the piezoelectric materials are the active element of transducers. Recent studies showed that the alternating current poling (ACP) method could develop the properties of piezocomposites, which had great potential to improve transducer performance. Herein, transducers (fc = 3 MHz) made of DCP and ACP 1-3 piezocomposites (prepared by PZT-5H ceramics and PMN-PT single crystals) were fabricated. The effect of the ACP method on the bandwidth and insertion loss (sensitivity) was explored. The results indicate that the ACP method can significantly enhance the bandwidth and slightly increase the insertion loss of transducers. Particularly, a superhigh bandwidth of 142.8% was achieved in the transducer of ACP 1-3 PMN-PT single crystal combined with suitable matching and backing layers. This bandwidth is higher than that of all reported transducers with similar center frequency. Moreover, the optimization mechanism of transducer performance by the ACP method was discussed. The obtained results suggested that the ACP is an effective and convenient technology to improve transducer performances, especially for the bandwidth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhu
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jinpeng Ma
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Functional Materials and Acousto-Optic Instruments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Functional Materials and Acousto-Optic Instruments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Bingzhong Shen
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Functional Materials and Acousto-Optic Instruments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Da Huo
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Functional Materials and Acousto-Optic Instruments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yixiao Yang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Functional Materials and Acousto-Optic Instruments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xudong Qi
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Enwei Sun
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Functional Materials and Acousto-Optic Instruments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Functional Materials and Acousto-Optic Instruments Laboratory, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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8
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Li J, Ma Y, Zhang T, Shung KK, Zhu B. Recent Advancements in Ultrasound Transducer: From Material Strategies to Biomedical Applications. BME FRONTIERS 2022; 2022:9764501. [PMID: 37850168 PMCID: PMC10521713 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9764501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound is extensively studied for biomedical engineering applications. As the core part of the ultrasonic system, the ultrasound transducer plays a significant role. For the purpose of meeting the requirement of precision medicine, the main challenge for the development of ultrasound transducer is to further enhance its performance. In this article, an overview of recent developments in ultrasound transducer technologies that use a variety of material strategies and device designs based on both the piezoelectric and photoacoustic mechanisms is provided. Practical applications are also presented, including ultrasound imaging, ultrasound therapy, particle/cell manipulation, drug delivery, and nerve stimulation. Finally, perspectives and opportunities are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapu Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Optics Valley Laboratory, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 430074
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Optics Valley Laboratory, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 430074
| | - Tao Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Optics Valley Laboratory, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 430074
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- NIH Resource Center for Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Benpeng Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Optics Valley Laboratory, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 430074
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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9
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Jia N, Wang T, Duan J, Qiang K, Xia S, Du H, Li F, Xu Z. High-Performance Curved Piezoelectric Single-Crystal Composites via 3D-Printing-Assisted Dice and Insert Technology for Underwater Acoustic Transducer Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:8137-8145. [PMID: 35107972 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric single-crystal composites (PSCCs) have been studied and applied because of their improved resolution and power source level performance in underwater acoustic transducer applications relative to traditional piezoelectric ceramic composites (PCCs). Currently, the methods to fabricate curved PSCCs are mostly derived from PCCs, including molding with flexible backing, molding with heating, and molding with the casting rubber method. Unfortunately, the methods mentioned above are not suitable for preparing curved PSCCs for underwater acoustic transducer applications because of their brittleness, the large anisotropy of piezoelectric single crystals, and the high thickness (>2 mm) of PSCCs for achieving the low operating frequency (<700 kHz). In the present work, we proposed a preparation method, 3D-printing-assisted dice and insert technology, and successfully prepared curved PSCCs with high performance. Although the PSCCs have a low volume fraction of single crystals in this work (∼33%), a high thickness electromechanical factor kt of 86% and a large piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 1550 pC/N were achieved in the curved 1-3 PSCCs, which are superior to other reported PSCCs and PCCs with nearly the same volume fraction of single crystals and piezoelectric ceramics. This work presents a paradigm for fabricating curved PSCCs for underwater acoustic transducers, and this method shows the potential for large-area, special-shaped PSCCs, which are key materials for next-generation underwater acoustic transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxiang Jia
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junwu Duan
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kai Qiang
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Song Xia
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongliang Du
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Fei Li
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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10
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Wang D, Lin P, Chen Z, Fei C, Qiu Z, Chen Q, Sun X, Wu Y, Sun L. Evolvable Acoustic Field Generated by a Transducer with 3D-Printed Fresnel Lens. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1315. [PMID: 34832726 PMCID: PMC8617849 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Evolvable acoustic fields are considered an effective method for solving technical problems related to fields such as biological imaging, particle manipulation, drug therapy and intervention. However, because of technical difficulties and the limited technology available for realizing flexible adjustments of sound fields, few studies have reported on this aspect in recent years. Herein, we propose a novel solution, using a Fresnel lens-focused ultrasonic transducer for generating excited-signal-dependent acoustic pressure patterns. Finite element analysis (FEA) is used to predict the performance of a transducer with a Fresnel lens. The Fresnel lens is printed using 3D additive manufacturing. Normalized intensity maps of the acoustic pressure fields are characterized from the Fresnel lens-focused transducer under various numbers of excited-signal cycles. The results demonstrate that under different cycle excitations, a temporal evolution acoustic intensity can be generated and regulated by an ultrasound transducer with a 3D Fresnel lens. This acoustical pattern control method is not only simple to realize but also has considerable application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;
| | - Pengfei Lin
- School of Microeletronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (P.L.); (Q.C.); (X.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zeyu Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;
| | - Chunlong Fei
- School of Microeletronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (P.L.); (Q.C.); (X.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhihai Qiu
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Ploytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Z.Q.); (L.S.)
| | - Qiang Chen
- School of Microeletronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (P.L.); (Q.C.); (X.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xinhao Sun
- School of Microeletronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (P.L.); (Q.C.); (X.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Microeletronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (P.L.); (Q.C.); (X.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lei Sun
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Ploytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Z.Q.); (L.S.)
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Cold Sintering of PZT 2-2 Composites for High Frequency Ultrasound Transducer Arrays. ACTUATORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/act10090235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Medical ultrasound and other devices that require transducer arrays are difficult to manufacture, particularly for high frequency devices (>30 MHz). To enable focusing and beam steering, it is necessary to reduce the center-to-center element spacing to half of the acoustic wavelength. Conventional methodologies prevent co-sintering ceramic–polymer composites due to the low decomposition temperatures of the polymer. Moreover, for ultrasound transducer arrays exceeding 30 MHz, methods such as dice-and-fill cannot provide the dimensional tolerances required. Other techniques in which the ceramic is formed in the green state often fail to retain the required dimensions without distortion on firing the ceramic. This paper explores the use of the cold sintering process to produce dense lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics for application in high frequency transducer arrays. PZT–polymer 2-2 composites were fabricated by cold sintering tape cast PZT with Pb nitrate as a sintering aid and ZnO as the sacrificial layer. PZT beams of 35 μm width with ~5.4 μm kerfs were produced by this technique. The ZnO sacrificial layer was also found to serve as a liquid phase sintering aid that led to grain growth in adjacent PZT. This composite produced resonance frequencies of >17 MHz.
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Hou C, Fei C, Li Z, Zhang S, Man J, Chen D, Wu R, Li D, Yang Y, Feng W. Optimized Backing Layers Design for High Frequency Broad Bandwidth Ultrasonic Transducer. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 69:475-481. [PMID: 34288870 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3098567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonic transducers with broad bandwidth are considered to have high axial resolution and good ultrasound scanning flexibility for the clinical applications. The limitations of spatial resolution due to bandwidth are of great concern in ultrasound medical imaging. The method of acoustic impedance matching between the piezoelectric element and medium is commonly used to obtain broad bandwidth and high resolution. In this study, an optimized backing layer design was proposed to broaden the bandwidth by adding a tunable acoustic impedance matching layer of backing (AIMLB) between the backing layer and the piezoelectric ceramic element. The Mason equivalent circuit method was used to analyze the effect of the backing material composition and its structure on the bandwidth of the transducer. The optimized transducer was simulated using the finite-element method with the PZFlex software. Based on the PZFlex simulations, a 20-MHz ultrasonic transducer using the AIMLB with a bandwidth of approximately 92.29% was fabricated. The experimental results were in good agreement with the simulations. The ultrasonic imaging indicated that the designed ultrasonic transducer with an additional AIMLB had high performance with good imaging capability.
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Liou JC, Peng CW, Chen ZX. Investigation of Cylindrical Piezoelectric and Specific Multi-Channel Circular MEMS-Transducer Array Resonator of Ultrasonic Ablation. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12040371. [PMID: 33808313 PMCID: PMC8066577 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cylindrical piezoelectric element and a specific multi-channel circular microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-transducer array of ultrasonic system were used for ultrasonic energy generation and ablation. A relatively long time is required for the heat to be conducted to the target position. Ultrasound thermal therapy has great potential for treating deep hyperplastic tissues and tumors, such as breast cancer and liver tumors. METHODS Ultrasound ablation technology produces thermal energy by heating the surface of a target, and the heat gradually penetrates to the target's interior. Beamforming was performed to observe energy distribution. A resonance method was used to generate ablation energy for verification. Energy was generated according to the coordinates of geometric graph positions to reach the ablation temperature. RESULTS The mean resonance frequency of Channels 1-8 was 2.5 MHz, and the cylindrical piezoelectric ultrasonic element of Channel A was 4.2546 Ω at 5.7946 MHz. High-intensity ultrasound has gradually been applied in clinical treatment. Widely adopted, ultrasonic hyperthermia involves the use of high-intensity ultrasound to heat tissues at 42-45 °C for 30-60 min. CONCLUSION In the ultrasonic energy method, when the target position reaches a temperature that significantly reduces the cell viability (46.9 °C), protein surface modification occurs on the surface of the target.
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