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Ahmadi N, Lee J, Godiya CB, Kim JM, Park BJ. A single-particle mechanofluorescent sensor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6094. [PMID: 39030167 PMCID: PMC11271541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Monitoring mechanical stresses in microchannels is challenging. Herein, we report the development of a mechanofluorescence sensor system featuring a fluorogenic single polydiacetylene (PDA) particle, fabricated using a co-flow microfluidic method. We construct a stenotic vessel-mimicking capillary channel, in which the hydrodynamically captured PDA particle is subjected to controlled fluid flows. Fluorescence responses of the PDA particle are directly monitored in real time using fluorescent microscopy. The PDA particle displays significant nonlinear fluorescence emissions influenced by fluid viscosity and the presence of nanoparticles and biomolecules in the fluid. This nonlinear response is likely attributed to the torsion energy along the PDA's main chain backbone. Computational fluid dynamic simulations indicate that the complete blue-to-red transition necessitates ~307 μJ, aligning with prior research. We believe this study offers a unique advantage for simulating specific problematic regions of the human body in an in vitro environment, potentially paving the way for future exploration of difficult-to-access areas within the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, South Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, South Korea
| | - Chirag Batukbhai Godiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, South Korea
| | - Jong-Man Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
| | - Bum Jun Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, South Korea.
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Hosseinzadeh E, Bosques-Palomo B, Carmona-Arriaga F, Fabiani MA, Aguirre-Soto A. Fabrication of Soft Transparent Patient-Specific Vascular Models with Stereolithographic 3D printing and Thiol-Based Photopolymerizable Coatings. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300611. [PMID: 38158746 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
An ideal vascular phantom should be anatomically accurate, have mechanical properties as close as possible to the tissue, and be sufficiently transparent for ease of visualization. However, materials that enable the convergence of these characteristics have remained elusive. The fabrication of patient-specific vascular phantoms with high anatomical fidelity, optical transparency, and mechanical properties close to those of vascular tissue is reported. These final properties are achieved by 3D printing patient-specific vascular models with commercial elastomeric acrylic-based resins before coating them with thiol-based photopolymerizable resins. Ternary thiol-ene-acrylate chemistry is found optimal. A PETMP/allyl glycerol ether (AGE)/polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) coating with a 30/70% AGE/PEGDA ratio applied on a flexible resin yielded elastic modulus, UTS, and elongation of 3.41 MPa, 1.76 MPa, and 63.2%, respectively, in range with the human aortic wall. The PETMP/AGE/PEGDA coating doubled the optical transmission from 40% to 80%, approaching 88% of the benchmark silicone-based elastomer. Higher transparency correlates with a decrease in surface roughness from 2000 to 90 nm after coating. Coated 3D-printed anatomical replicas are showcased for pre-procedural planning and medical training with good radio-opacity and echogenicity. Thiol-click chemistry coatings, as a surface treatment for elastomeric stereolithographic 3D-printed objects, address inherent limitations of photopolymer-based additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Hosseinzadeh
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64849, México
| | - Beatriz Bosques-Palomo
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64849, México
| | | | - Mario Alejandro Fabiani
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64710, México
| | - Alan Aguirre-Soto
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64849, México
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Henriques J, Amaro AM, Piedade AP. Biomimicking Atherosclerotic Vessels: A Relevant and (Yet) Sub-Explored Topic. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:135. [PMID: 38534820 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis represents the etiologic source of several cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accidents, and peripheral artery disease, which remain the leading cause of mortality in the world. Numerous strategies are being delineated to revert the non-optimal projections of the World Health Organization, by both designing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches or improving the interventional procedures performed by physicians. Deeply understanding the pathological process of atherosclerosis is, therefore, mandatory to accomplish improved results in these trials. Due to their availability, reproducibility, low expensiveness, and rapid production, biomimicking physical models are preferred over animal experimentation because they can overcome some limitations, mainly related to replicability and ethical issues. Their capability to represent any atherosclerotic stage and/or plaque type makes them valuable tools to investigate hemodynamical, pharmacodynamical, and biomechanical behaviors, as well as to optimize imaging systems and, thus, obtain meaningful prospects to improve the efficacy and effectiveness of treatment on a patient-specific basis. However, the broadness of possible applications in which these biomodels can be used is associated with a wide range of tissue-mimicking materials that are selected depending on the final purpose of the model and, consequently, prioritizing some materials' properties over others. This review aims to summarize the progress in fabricating biomimicking atherosclerotic models, mainly focusing on using materials according to the intended application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Henriques
- University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M Amaro
- University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana P Piedade
- University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
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Carvalho V, Gonçalves IM, Rodrigues N, Sousa P, Pinto V, Minas G, Kaji H, Shin SR, Rodrigues RO, Teixeira SFCF, Lima RA. Numerical evaluation and experimental validation of fluid flow behavior within an organ-on-a-chip model. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 243:107883. [PMID: 37944399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE By combining biomaterials, cell culture, and microfluidic technology, organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms have the ability to reproduce the physiological microenvironment of human organs. For this reason, these advanced microfluidic devices have been used to resemble various diseases and investigate novel treatments. In addition to the experimental assessment, numerical studies of biodevices have been performed aiming at their improvement and optimization. Despite considerable progress in numerical modeling of biodevices, the validation of these computational models through comparison with experimental assays remains a significant gap in the current literature. This step is critical to ensure the accuracy and reliability of numerical models, and consequently enhance confidence in their predictive results. The aim of the present work is to develop a numerical model capable of reproducing the fluid flow behavior within an OoC, for future investigations, encompassing the geometry optimization. METHODS In this study, the validation of a numerical model for an OoC microfluidic device was undertaken. This comprised both quantitative and qualitative assessments of trace microparticles flowing through a physical OoC model. High-speed microscopy images of the flow, using a blood analog fluid, were analyzed and compared with the numerical simulations run using the Ansys Fluent software. For a qualitative analysis, the particles' paths through the inlet and bifurcations were observed whereas, for a quantitative analysis, the particle velocities were measured. Furthermore, oxygen transport was simulated and evaluated for different Reynolds numbers. RESULTS In both qualitative and quantitative analyses, the results predicted by the numerical model and the ones outputted by the experimental model were in good agreement. These findings underscore the capability and potential of the developed numerical model. The examination of oxygen transport at various vertical positions within the organoid has revealed that for lower positions, oxygen transport predominantly occurs through diffusion, leading to a symmetric distribution of oxygen. Contrastingly, the convection phenomenon becomes more evident in the upper region of the organoid. CONCLUSIONS The successful validation of the numerical model against experimental data shows its accuracy and reliability in simulating the fluid flow within the OoC, which consequently can expedite the OoC design process by reducing the need for prototypes' fabrication and costly laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Carvalho
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; ALGORITMI Center/LASI, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Inês M Gonçalves
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nelson Rodrigues
- ALGORITMI Center/LASI, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paulo Sousa
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Vânia Pinto
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Graça Minas
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Raquel O Rodrigues
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Rui A Lima
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; CEFT - Transport Phenomena Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Lee J, Chadalavada SC, Ghodadra A, Ali A, Arribas EM, Chepelev L, Ionita CN, Ravi P, Ryan JR, Santiago L, Wake N, Sheikh AM, Rybicki FJ, Ballard DH. Clinical situations for which 3D Printing is considered an appropriate representation or extension of data contained in a medical imaging examination: vascular conditions. 3D Print Med 2023; 9:34. [PMID: 38032479 PMCID: PMC10688120 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-023-00196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical three-dimensional (3D) printing has demonstrated utility and value in anatomic models for vascular conditions. A writing group composed of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) Special Interest Group on 3D Printing (3DPSIG) provides appropriateness recommendations for vascular 3D printing indications. METHODS A structured literature search was conducted to identify all relevant articles using 3D printing technology associated with vascular indications. Each study was vetted by the authors and strength of evidence was assessed according to published appropriateness ratings. RESULTS Evidence-based recommendations for when 3D printing is appropriate are provided for the following areas: aneurysm, dissection, extremity vascular disease, other arterial diseases, acute venous thromboembolic disease, venous disorders, lymphedema, congenital vascular malformations, vascular trauma, vascular tumors, visceral vasculature for surgical planning, dialysis access, vascular research/development and modeling, and other vasculopathy. Recommendations are provided in accordance with strength of evidence of publications corresponding to each vascular condition combined with expert opinion from members of the 3DPSIG. CONCLUSION This consensus appropriateness ratings document, created by the members of the 3DPSIG, provides an updated reference for clinical standards of 3D printing for the care of patients with vascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonhyuk Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Anish Ghodadra
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arafat Ali
- Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Elsa M Arribas
- Department of Breast Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leonid Chepelev
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ciprian N Ionita
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Prashanth Ravi
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Justin R Ryan
- Webster Foundation 3D Innovations Lab, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lumarie Santiago
- Department of Breast Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicole Wake
- Department of Research and Scientific Affairs, GE HealthCare, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adnan M Sheikh
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Frank J Rybicki
- Department of Radiology, University of Arizona - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - David H Ballard
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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Bessa MJ, Brandão F, Rosário F, Moreira L, Reis AT, Valdiglesias V, Laffon B, Fraga S, Teixeira JP. Assessing the in vitro toxicity of airborne (nano)particles to the human respiratory system: from basic to advanced models. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:67-96. [PMID: 36692141 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2166638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have been conducted to address the potential adverse health risks attributed to exposure to nanoscale materials. While in vivo studies are fundamental for identifying the relationship between dose and occurrence of adverse effects, in vitro model systems provide important information regarding the mechanism(s) of action at the molecular level. With a special focus on exposure to inhaled (nano)particulate material toxicity assessment, this review provides an overview of the available human respiratory models and exposure systems for in vitro testing, advantages, limitations, and existing investigations using models of different complexity. A brief overview of the human respiratory system, pathway and fate of inhaled (nano)particles is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Bessa
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Brandão
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Rosário
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Luciana Moreira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Reis
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Departamento de Biología, Universidade da Coruña, Grupo NanoToxGen, Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía - CICA, A Coruña, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Blanca Laffon
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidade da Coruña, Grupo DICOMOSA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía - CICA, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sónia Fraga
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Wajihah SA, Sankar DS. A review on non-Newtonian fluid models for multi-layered blood rheology in constricted arteries. ARCHIVE OF APPLIED MECHANICS = INGENIEUR-ARCHIV 2023; 93:1771-1796. [PMID: 36743075 PMCID: PMC9886544 DOI: 10.1007/s00419-023-02368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Haemodynamics is a branch of fluid mechanics which investigates the features of blood when it flows not only via blood vessels of smaller/larger diameter, but also under normal as well as abnormal flow states, such as in the presence of stenosis, aneurysm, and thrombosis. This review aims to discuss the rheological properties of blood, geometry of constrictions, dilations and the emergence of single-layered fluid to four-layered fluid models. To discuss further the influence of the aforesaid parameters on the physiologically important flow quantities, the mathematical formulation and solution methodology of the two-layered and four layered arterial blood flow problems studied by the authors (Afiqah and Sankar in ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 15:1129--1143, 2020, Comput Methods Programs Biomed 199:105907, 2021. 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105907) are recalled. It should be pointed out that the increasing resistive impedance to flow in three distinct states encompassing healthy, anaemic, and diabetic demonstrates that the greater the restriction in the artery, very few blood is carried to the pathetic organs, leading to subjects' death. It is also discovered that the pulsatile nature of blood movement produces a dynamic environment that poses a slew of intriguing and unstable fluid mechanical state. It is hoped that the intriguing results gathered from this literature survey and review conducted may help the medical practitioners to forecast blood behaviour mobility in stenotic arteries. Furthermore, the physiological information gathered from the available clinical data from the literature on patients diagnosed with diabetes and anaemia may be beneficial to doctors in deciding the therapeutic procedure for treating some particular cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Afiqah Wajihah
- Applied Mathematics and Economics Programme Area, School of Applied Sciences and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410 Brunei Darussalam
| | - D. S. Sankar
- Applied Mathematics and Economics Programme Area, School of Applied Sciences and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410 Brunei Darussalam
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Understanding Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology: Can Additive Manufacturing Be Helpful? Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030480. [PMID: 36771780 PMCID: PMC9920326 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although this subject arouses much interest, there are limitations associated with the biomechanical investigation done in atherosclerotic tissues, namely the unstandardized tests for the mechanical characterization of these tissues and the inherent non-consensual results obtained. The variability of tests and typologies of samples hampers direct comparisons between results and hinders the complete understanding of the pathologic process involved in atherosclerosis development and progression. Therefore, a consensual and definitive evaluation of the mechanical properties of healthy and atherosclerotic blood vessels would allow the production of physical biomodels that could be used for surgeons' training and personalized surgical planning. Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as 3D printing, has attracted significant attention due to the potential to fabricate biomodels rapidly. However, the existing literature regarding 3D-printed atherosclerotic vascular models is still very limited. Consequently, this review intends to present the atherosclerosis disease and the consequences of this pathology, discuss the mechanical characterization of atherosclerotic vessels/plaques, and introduce AM as a potential strategy to increase the understanding of atherosclerosis treatment and pathophysiology.
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Cherkaoui I, Bettaibi S, Barkaoui A, Kuznik F. Magnetohydrodynamic blood flow study in stenotic coronary artery using lattice Boltzmann method. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 221:106850. [PMID: 35567865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis are the first engender of death in the world. The malfunctioning of cardiovascular system is attributed mainly to hemodynamics. However, blood magnetic properties are of major haemodynamic interest, with significant clinical applications. The aim of this work is to study numerically the effect of high magnetic field on blood flow in stenotic artery. METHODS In this paper, a double population D2Q9 lattice Boltzmann model is proposed. Velocity and magnetic field are both solved using Lattice Boltzmann method with single relaxation time. Blood is considered homogeneous and Newtonian bio-magnetic fluid. The results of the proposed model are compared and validated by recent numerical and experimental studies in the literature and show good agreement. In this study, simulations are carried out for both hydrodynamics and magneto-hydrodynamics. For the magneto-hydrodynamic case, five values of Hartmann number of 10, 30, 50, 75 and 100 at Reynolds number of 400, 600 and 800 are investigated Results: The results show that velocity and recirculation zone increase with the increase of the degree of stenosis and Reynolds number. In addition, a considerable decrease in velocity, recirculation zones and pressure drop across the stenotic artery is noticed with the increase of Hartmann number. CONCLUSION The suggested model is found to be effective and accurate in the treatment of magneto-hydrodynamic blood flow in stenotic artery. The found results can be used by clinicians in the treatment of certain cardiovascular disorders and in regulating blood flow movement, especially during surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Cherkaoui
- Laboratoire des Energies Renouvelable et Matériaux Avancés, Université Internationale de Rabat (UIR), Rocade Rabat-Salé, Rabat-Sala El Jadida, 11100, Morocco
| | - Soufiene Bettaibi
- Laboratoire des Energies Renouvelable et Matériaux Avancés, Université Internationale de Rabat (UIR), Rocade Rabat-Salé, Rabat-Sala El Jadida, 11100, Morocco.
| | - Abdelwahed Barkaoui
- Laboratoire des Energies Renouvelable et Matériaux Avancés, Université Internationale de Rabat (UIR), Rocade Rabat-Salé, Rabat-Sala El Jadida, 11100, Morocco
| | - Frédéric Kuznik
- INSA-Lyon, CETHIL, Villeurbanne F-69621, France; Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR5008, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
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Organ-on-a-Chip: Design and Simulation of Various Microfluidic Channel Geometries for the Influence of Fluid Dynamic Parameters. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Shear stress, pressure, and flow rate are fluid dynamic parameters that can lead to changes in the morphology, proliferation, function, and survival of many cell types and have a determinant impact on tissue function and viability. Microfluidic devices are promising tools to investigate these parameters and fluid behaviour within different microchannel geometries. This study discusses and analyses different designed microfluidic channel geometries regarding the influence of fluid dynamic parameters on their microenvironment at specified fluidic parameters. The results demonstrate that in the circular microchamber, the velocity and shear stress profiles assume a parabolic shape with a maximum velocity occurring in the centre of the chamber and a minimum velocity at the walls. The longitudinal microchannel shows a uniform velocity and shear stress profile throughout the microchannel. Simulation studies for the two geometries with three parallel microchannels showed that in proximity to the micropillars, the velocity and shear stress profiles decreased. Moreover, the pressure is inversely proportional to the width and directly proportional to the flow rate within the microfluidic channels. The simulations showed that the velocity and wall shear stress indicated different values at different flow rates. It was also found that the width and height of the microfluidic channels could affect both velocity and shear stress profiles, contributing to the control of shear stress. The study has demonstrated strategies to predict and control the effects of these forces and the potential as an alternative to conventional cell culture as well as to recapitulate the cell- and organ-specific microenvironment.
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Morco SR, Jensen BD, Bowden AE. Curvature-induced defects on carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotube forests. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2115-2122. [PMID: 35425237 PMCID: PMC8979125 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07243a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A morphological study of the micro-scale defects induced by growing a carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotube (CICNT) forest on concave substrates was conducted. Two CICNT heights (roughly 60 μm and 400 μm) and 4 curvatures (1–4 mm ID) were studied in order to test the geometric limitations. Defects were categorized and quantified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tops and cross-sections. These deformities were categorized as increased roughness on the top surface, a corrugated (also called wavy or rippled) forest, a curved forest, an inside crevice where the forest separates, and increased forest density on the top surface. Roughness increased nearly 3-fold with the taller forest heights no matter the substrate curvature. Due to the geometric limitations of CICNT height and substrate curvature, all other microscale defects were significantly more present on samples with a small radius of curvature and a tall CICNT forest (p < 0.05). These buckling and warping types of defects were attributed to the increase in circumferential compression as the forest grows as well as the van der Waals interactions between the nanotubes. Because the fabrication process for CICNT involves growing a CNT forest and then infiltrating it with pyrolytic carbon, this work may be applicable to other CNT forests on concave substrates within these forest heights and substrate curvatures. A morphological study of the micro-scale defects induced by growing a carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotube (CICNT) forest on concave substrates was conducted.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Morco
- Brigham Young University, Department of Mechanical Engineering 350 Engineering Building Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Brian D Jensen
- Brigham Young University, Department of Mechanical Engineering 350 Engineering Building Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Anton E Bowden
- Brigham Young University, Department of Mechanical Engineering 350 Engineering Building Provo UT 84602 USA
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12
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Carvalho V, Rodrigues RO, Lima RA, Teixeira S. Computational Simulations in Advanced Microfluidic Devices: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12101149. [PMID: 34683199 PMCID: PMC8539624 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerical simulations have revolutionized research in several engineering areas by contributing to the understanding and improvement of several processes, being biomedical engineering one of them. Due to their potential, computational tools have gained visibility and have been increasingly used by several research groups as a supporting tool for the development of preclinical platforms as they allow studying, in a more detailed and faster way, phenomena that are difficult to study experimentally due to the complexity of biological processes present in these models—namely, heat transfer, shear stresses, diffusion processes, velocity fields, etc. There are several contributions already in the literature, and significant advances have been made in this field of research. This review provides the most recent progress in numerical studies on advanced microfluidic devices, such as organ-on-a-chip (OoC) devices, and how these studies can be helpful in enhancing our insight into the physical processes involved and in developing more effective OoC platforms. In general, it has been noticed that in some cases, the numerical studies performed have limitations that need to be improved, and in the majority of the studies, it is extremely difficult to replicate the data due to the lack of detail around the simulations carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Carvalho
- MEtRICs, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ALGORITMI, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
- Correspondence:
| | - Raquel O. Rodrigues
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Rui A. Lima
- MEtRICs, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
- CEFT, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Senhorinha Teixeira
- ALGORITMI, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
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Numerical Study of the Unsteady Flow in Simplified and Realistic Iliac Bifurcation Models. FLUIDS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids6080284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death and disability worldwide and they are commonly associated with the occurrence of atherosclerotic plaque deposition in the vessel walls, a process denoted as atherosclerosis. This is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease of large-/medium-sized blood vessels that affects blood flow profiles, with the abdominal aorta and its branches being one of the locations prone to the development of this pathology, due to their curvatures and bifurcations. In this regard, the effect of flow patterns was studied and compared for both a simplified three-dimensional model of aorta bifurcation on the iliac arteries and a realistic model of iliac bifurcation, which was constructed from a computational tomography medical image. The flow patterns were analyzed in terms of velocity and wall shear stress distribution, but a special focus was given to the size and location of the recirculation zone. The simulations were performed using the Computational Fluid Dynamics software, FLUENT, taking into account the cardiac cycle profile at the infrarenal aorta. The shear stress and the velocity distribution observed for both models indicated that higher shear stress occurred along the flow divider wall (inner wall) and low shear stress occurred along the outer walls. In addition, the results demonstrated that the wall shear stress profiles were deeply affected by the transient profile of the cardiac cycle, with the deceleration phase being the most critical phase to the occurrence of backflow.
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Lee S, Squelch A, Sun Z. Quantitative Assessment of 3D Printed Model Accuracy in Delineating Congenital Heart Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020270. [PMID: 33673159 PMCID: PMC7917618 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Three-dimensional (3D) printing is promising in medical applications, especially presurgical planning and the simulation of congenital heart disease (CHD). Thus, it is clinically important to generate highly accurate 3D-printed models in replicating cardiac anatomy and defects. The present study aimed to investigate the accuracy of the 3D-printed CHD model by comparing them with computed tomography (CT) images and standard tessellation language (STL) files. Methods: Three models were printed, comprising different CHD pathologies, including the tetralogy of Fallot (ToF), ventricular septal defect (VSD) and double-outlet right-ventricle (DORV). The ten anatomical locations were measured in each comparison. Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman analysis and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) determined the model accuracy. Results: All measurements with three printed models showed a strong correlation (r = 0.99) and excellent reliability (ICC = 0.97) when compared to original CT images, CT images of the 3D-printed models, STL files and 3D-printed CHD models. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the high accuracy of 3D-printed heart models with excellent correlation and reliability when compared to multiple source data. Further investigation into 3D printing in CHD should focus on the clinical value and the benefits to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyuan Lee
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Science, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, GPO Box, U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia;
| | - Andrew Squelch
- Discipline of Exploration Geophysics, Western Australian School of Mines, Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia;
| | - Zhonghua Sun
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Science, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, GPO Box, U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-9266-7509; Fax: +61-8-9266-2377
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the main causes of cardiovascular events, namely, myocardium infarction and cerebral stroke, responsible for a great number of deaths every year worldwide. This pathology is caused by the progressive accumulation of low-density lipoproteins, cholesterol, and other substances on the arterial wall, narrowing its lumen. To date, many hemodynamic studies have been conducted experimentally and/or numerically; however, this disease is not yet fully understood. For this reason, the research of this pathology is still ongoing, mainly, resorting to computational methods. These have been increasingly used in biomedical research of atherosclerosis because of their high-performance hardware and software. Taking into account the attempts that have been made in computational techniques to simulate realistic conditions of blood flow in both diseased and healthy arteries, the present review aims to give an overview of the most recent numerical studies focused on coronary arteries, by addressing the blood viscosity models, and applied physiological flow conditions. In general, regardless of the boundary conditions, numerical studies have been contributed to a better understanding of the development of this disease, its diagnosis, and its treatment.
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Visualization and Measurements of Blood Cells Flowing in Microfluidic Systems and Blood Rheology: A Personalized Medicine Perspective. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10040249. [PMID: 33256123 PMCID: PMC7712771 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorheological alterations in the majority of metabolic diseases are always connected with blood rheology disturbances, such as the increase of blood and plasma viscosity, cell aggregation enhancement, and reduction of the red blood cells (RBCs) deformability. Thus, the visualizations and measurements of blood cells deformability flowing in microfluidic devices (point-of-care devices) can provide vital information to diagnose early symptoms of blood diseases and consequently to be used as a fast clinical tool for early detection of biomarkers. For instance, RBCs rigidity has been correlated with myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, among other blood diseases. In order to better understand the blood cells behavior in microfluidic devices, rheological properties analysis is gaining interest by the biomedical committee, since it is strongly dependent on the interactions and mechanical cells proprieties. In addition, the development of blood analogue fluids capable of reproducing the rheological properties of blood and mimic the RBCs behavior at in vitro conditions is crucial for the design, performance and optimization of the microfluidic devices frequently used for personalized medicine. By combining the unique features of the hemorheology and microfluidic technology for single-cell analysis, valuable advances in personalized medicine for new treatments and diagnosis approach can be achieved.
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Carvalho V, Rodrigues N, Ribeiro R, Costa PF, Teixeira JCF, Lima RA, Teixeira SFCF. Hemodynamic study in 3D printed stenotic coronary artery models: experimental validation and transient simulation. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2020; 24:623-636. [PMID: 33225743 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1842377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease that can significantly reduce blood supply to vital organs, being one of the main causes of death worldwide. In this work, a numerical and experimental study in 3D printed stenotic coronary arteries, considering both steady and pulsatile blood flow conditions, is presented. The results revealed that a degree of stenosis superior to 50% creates disturbed flows downstream of the contraction, with an accented increase in the wall shear stress measurements at the stenosis throat. Finally, the multiphase mixture was investigated and compared with a single-phase modelling, and only slight differences were observed right after the stenosis throat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Carvalho
- MEtRICs Research Center, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nelson Rodrigues
- ALGORITMI Research Center, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Rui A Lima
- MEtRICs Research Center, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.,CEFT, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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