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Chandy M, Hill T, Jimenez-Tellez N, Wu JC, Sarles SE, Hensel E, Wang Q, Rahman I, Conklin DJ. Addressing Cardiovascular Toxicity Risk of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems in the Twenty-First Century: "What Are the Tools Needed for the Job?" and "Do We Have Them?". Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024; 24:435-471. [PMID: 38555547 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is positively and robustly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), including hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmias, stroke, thromboembolism, myocardial infarctions, and heart failure. However, after more than a decade of ENDS presence in the U.S. marketplace, uncertainty persists regarding the long-term health consequences of ENDS use for CVD. New approach methods (NAMs) in the field of toxicology are being developed to enhance rapid prediction of human health hazards. Recent technical advances can now consider impact of biological factors such as sex and race/ethnicity, permitting application of NAMs findings to health equity and environmental justice issues. This has been the case for hazard assessments of drugs and environmental chemicals in areas such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and developmental toxicity. Despite these advances, a shortage of widely accepted methodologies to predict the impact of ENDS use on human health slows the application of regulatory oversight and the protection of public health. Minimizing the time between the emergence of risk (e.g., ENDS use) and the administration of well-founded regulatory policy requires thoughtful consideration of the currently available sources of data, their applicability to the prediction of health outcomes, and whether these available data streams are enough to support an actionable decision. This challenge forms the basis of this white paper on how best to reveal potential toxicities of ENDS use in the human cardiovascular system-a primary target of conventional tobacco smoking. We identify current approaches used to evaluate the impacts of tobacco on cardiovascular health, in particular emerging techniques that replace, reduce, and refine slower and more costly animal models with NAMs platforms that can be applied to tobacco regulatory science. The limitations of these emerging platforms are addressed, and systems biology approaches to close the knowledge gap between traditional models and NAMs are proposed. It is hoped that these suggestions and their adoption within the greater scientific community will result in fresh data streams that will support and enhance the scientific evaluation and subsequent decision-making of tobacco regulatory agencies worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Chandy
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Thomas Hill
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Nerea Jimenez-Tellez
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - S Emma Sarles
- Biomedical and Chemical Engineering PhD Program, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Edward Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Qixin Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiometabolic Science, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Delia Baxter, Rm. 404E, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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D'Antoni C, Mautone L, Sanchini C, Tondo L, Grassmann G, Cidonio G, Bezzi P, Cordella F, Di Angelantonio S. Unlocking Neural Function with 3D In Vitro Models: A Technical Review of Self-Assembled, Guided, and Bioprinted Brain Organoids and Their Applications in the Study of Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10762. [PMID: 37445940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complexities of the human brain and its associated disorders poses a significant challenge in neuroscience. Traditional research methods have limitations in replicating its intricacies, necessitating the development of in vitro models that can simulate its structure and function. Three-dimensional in vitro models, including organoids, cerebral organoids, bioprinted brain models, and functionalized brain organoids, offer promising platforms for studying human brain development, physiology, and disease. These models accurately replicate key aspects of human brain anatomy, gene expression, and cellular behavior, enabling drug discovery and toxicology studies while providing insights into human-specific phenomena not easily studied in animal models. The use of human-induced pluripotent stem cells has revolutionized the generation of 3D brain structures, with various techniques developed to generate specific brain regions. These advancements facilitate the study of brain structure development and function, overcoming previous limitations due to the scarcity of human brain samples. This technical review provides an overview of current 3D in vitro models of the human cortex, their development, characterization, and limitations, and explores the state of the art and future directions in the field, with a specific focus on their applications in studying neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara D'Antoni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Mautone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Sanchini
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Tondo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Grassmann
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cidonio
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federica Cordella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
- D-Tails s.r.l., 00165 Rome, Italy
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Kennedy SR, Lafond M, Haworth KJ, Escudero DS, Ionascu D, Frierson B, Huang S, Klegerman ME, Peng T, McPherson DD, Genstler C, Holland CK. Initiating and imaging cavitation from infused echo contrast agents through the EkoSonic catheter. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6191. [PMID: 37062767 PMCID: PMC10106464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-enhanced delivery of therapeutic-loaded echogenic liposomes is under development for vascular applications using the EkoSonic Endovascular System. In this study, fibrin-targeted echogenic liposomes loaded with an anti-inflammatory agent were characterized before and after infusion through an EkoSonic catheter. Cavitation activity was nucleated by Definity or fibrin-targeted, drug-loaded echogenic liposomes infused and insonified with EkoSonic catheters. Passive cavitation imaging was used to quantify and map bubble activity in a flow phantom mimicking porcine arterial flow. Cavitation was sustained during 3-min infusions of Definity or echogenic liposomes along the distal 6 cm treatment zone of the catheter. Though the EkoSonic catheter was not designed specifically for cavitation nucleation, infusion of drug-loaded echogenic liposomes can be employed to trigger and sustain bubble activity for enhanced intravascular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya R Kennedy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cardiovascular Center 3935, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0586, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maxime Lafond
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cardiovascular Center 3935, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0586, USA
- LabTAU, Inserm, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Kevin J Haworth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cardiovascular Center 3935, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0586, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Suarez Escudero
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cardiovascular Center 3935, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0586, USA
| | - Dan Ionascu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brion Frierson
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shaoling Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melvin E Klegerman
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David D McPherson
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Christy K Holland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cardiovascular Center 3935, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0586, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Phukan A, Kharphanbuh SM, Nath A. An empirical experimental investigation on the effect of an external electric field on the behaviour of laser-induced cavitation bubbles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2477-2485. [PMID: 36601990 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study is an attempt to empirically investigate the behaviour of laser-induced cavitation bubbles under the influence of an external electric field. As such two targets (copper and iridium) were subjected to a high-power Nd:YAG laser beam while being submerged in a liquid. Three different liquids were chosen for this purpose viz. acetone, ethanol, and distilled de-ionized water. The choice of the liquids was made with the underlying assumption that the conductivity of the liquids would play a significant role in responding to the applied external electric field and thus dictate the behaviour of the cavitation bubbles. A probe-beam method known as a beam deflection setup was employed for this experiment and the results were analyzed using the Rayleigh-Plesset model. The results revealed that the maximum radii of the cavitation bubbles increased in response to an increasing electric field. This effect was more pronounced in the presence of acetone medium and decreased successively while using ethanol and water media owing to their varying magnitudes of electrical conductivity. The bubble collapse speeds and their energies were also measured and similar trends were observed in both cases. The results from cavitation bubble dynamics were then applied to a Gilmore model and the sizes of the NPs synthesized using laser ablation with and without an external electric field were calculated using classical nucleation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindom Phukan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, India.
| | | | - Arpita Nath
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, India.
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Sun C, Zhang M, Huang G, Zhang P, Lin R, Wang X, You H. A Microfluidic System of Gene Transfer by Ultrasound. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1126. [PMID: 35888943 PMCID: PMC9318161 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic gene transfer has advantages beyond other cell transfer techniques because ultrasound does not directly act on cells, but rather pushes the gene fragments around the cells into cells through an acoustic hole effect. Most examples reported were carried out in macro volumes with conventional ultrasonic equipment. In the present study, a MEMS focused ultrasonic transducer based on piezoelectric thin film with flexible substrate was integrated with microchannels to form a microfluidic system of gene transfer. The core part of the system is a bowl-shaped curved piezoelectric film structure that functions to focus ultrasonic waves automatically. Therefore, the low input voltage and power can obtain the sound pressure exceeding the cavitation threshold in the local area of the microchannel in order to reduce the damage to cells. The feasibility of the system is demonstrated by finite element simulation and an integrated system of MEMS ultrasonic devices and microchannels are developed to successfully carry out the ultrasonic gene transfection experiments for HeLa cells. The results show that having more ultrasonic transducers leads a higher transfection rate. The system is of great significance to the development of single-cell biochip platforms for early cancer diagnosis and assessment of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuimin Sun
- School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (C.S.); (M.Z.)
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Information Processing, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Menghua Zhang
- School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (C.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Guangyong Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (P.Z.); (R.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Ronghui Lin
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (P.Z.); (R.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiangjun Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (P.Z.); (R.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Hui You
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
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Royse MK, Means AK, Calderon GA, Kinstlinger IS, He Y, Durante MR, Procopio A, Veiseh O, Xu J. A 3D printable perfused hydrogel vascular model to assay ultrasound-induced permeability. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3158-3173. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00223j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of an in vitro model to study vascular permeability is vital for clinical applications such as the targeted delivery of therapeutics. This work demonstrates the use of a...
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