1
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Brenden CK, Iyer H, Zhang Y, Kim S, Shi W, Vlasov YA. Enhancement of faradaic current in an electrochemical cell integrated into silicon microfluidic channels. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2023; 385:133733. [PMID: 37214161 PMCID: PMC10194083 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.133733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Implantable electrochemical sensors enable fast and sensitive detection of analytes in biological tissue, but are hampered by bio-foulant attack and are unable to be recalibrated in-situ. Herein, an electrochemical sensor integrated into ultra-low flow (nL/min) silicon microfluidic channels for protection from foulants and in-situ calibration is demonstrated. The small footprint (5 μm radius channel cross-section) of the device allows its integration into implantable sampling probes for monitoring chemical concentrations in biological tissues. The device is designed for fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in the thin-layer regime when analyte depletion at the electrode is efficiently compensated by microfluidic flow. A 3X enhancement of faradaic peak currents is observed due to the increased flux of analytes towards the electrodes. Numerical analysis of in-channel analyte concentration confirmed near complete electrolysis in the thin-layer regime below 10 nL/min. The manufacturing approach is highly scalable and reproducible as it utilizes standard silicon microfabrication technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hrishikesh Iyer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sungho Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Weihua Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yurii A. Vlasov
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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de Bruijn DS, Van de Waal DB, Helmsing NR, Olthuis W, van den Berg A. Microfluidic Impedance Cytometry for Single-Cell Particulate Inorganic Carbon:Particulate Organic Carbon Measurements of Calcifying Algae. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200151. [PMID: 36910468 PMCID: PMC10000273 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcifying algae, like coccolithophores, greatly contribute to the oceanic carbon cycle and are therefore of particular interest for ocean carbon models. They play a key role in two processes that are important for the effective CO2 flux: The organic carbon pump (photosynthesis) and the inorganic carbon pump (calcification). The relative contribution of calcification and photosynthesis can be measured in algae by the amount of particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) and particulate organic carbon (POC). A microfluidic impedance cytometer is presented, enabling non-invasive and high-throughput assessment of the calcification state of single coccolithophore cells. Gradual modification of the exoskeleton by acidification results in a strong linear fit (R 2 = 0.98) between the average electrical phase and the PIC:POC ratio of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi 920/9. The effect of different CO2 treatments on the PIC:POC ratio, however, is inconclusive, indicating that there is no strong effect observed for this particular strain. Lower PIC:POC ratios in cultures that grew to higher cell densities are found, which are also recorded with the impedance-based PIC:POC sensor. The development of this new quantification tool for small volumes paves the way for high-throughput analysis while applying multi-variable environmental stressors to support projections of the future marine carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douwe S. de Bruijn
- BIOS Lab‐on‐a‐Chip groupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyMax Planck—University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid DynamicsUniversity of TwenteDrienerlolaan 5EnschedeOverijssel7522 NBThe Netherlands
| | - Dedmer B. Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Droevendaalsesteeg 10Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
| | - Nico R. Helmsing
- Department of Aquatic EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Droevendaalsesteeg 10Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS Lab‐on‐a‐Chip groupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyMax Planck—University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid DynamicsUniversity of TwenteDrienerlolaan 5EnschedeOverijssel7522 NBThe Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab‐on‐a‐Chip groupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyMax Planck—University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid DynamicsUniversity of TwenteDrienerlolaan 5EnschedeOverijssel7522 NBThe Netherlands
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3
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Bertelsen CV, Skands GE, González Díaz M, Dimaki M, Svendsen WE. Using Impedance Flow Cytometry for Rapid Viability Classification of Heat-Treated Bacteria. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7714-7721. [PMID: 36873038 PMCID: PMC9979241 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the future, rapid electrical characterization of cells with impedance flow cytometry promises to be a fast and accurate method for the evaluation of cell properties. In this paper, we investigate how the conductivity of the suspending medium along with the heat exposure time affects the viability classification of heat-treated E. coli. Using a theoretical model, we show that perforation of the bacteria membrane during heat exposure changes the impedance of the bacterial cell from effectively less conducting than the suspension medium to effectively more conducting. Consequently, this results in a shift in the differential argument of the complex electrical current that can be measured with impedance flow cytometry. We observe this shift experimentally through measurements on E. coli samples with varying medium conductivity and heat exposure times. We show that increased exposure time and lower medium conductivity results in improved classification between untreated and heat-treated bacteria. The best classification was achieved with a medium conductivity of 0.045 S/m after 30 min of heat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vinther Bertelsen
- DTU
Bioengineering, Technical University of
Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- SBT
Instruments A/S, Symfonivej
37, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | | | | | - Maria Dimaki
- DTU
Bioengineering, Technical University of
Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Winnie Edith Svendsen
- DTU
Bioengineering, Technical University of
Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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4
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Eades J, Audiffred JF, Fincher M, Choi JW, Soper SA, Monroe WT. A Simple Micromilled Microfluidic Impedance Cytometer with Vertical Parallel Electrodes for Cell Viability Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:283. [PMID: 36837983 PMCID: PMC9959585 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic impedance cytometry has been demonstrated as an effective platform for single cell analysis, taking advantage of microfabricated features and dielectric cell sensing methods. In this study, we present a simple microfluidic device to improve the sensitivity, accuracy, and throughput of single suspension cell viability analysis using vertical sidewall electrodes fabricated by a widely accessible negative manufacturing method. A microchannel milled through a 75 µm platinum wire, which was embedded into poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA), created a pair of parallel vertical sidewall platinum electrodes. Jurkat cells were interrogated in a custom low-conductivity buffer (1.2 ± 0.04 mS/cm) to reduce current leakage and increase device sensitivity. Confirmed by live/dead staining and electron microscopy, a single optimum excitation frequency of 2 MHz was identified at which live and dead cells were discriminated based on the disruption in the cell membrane associated with cell death. At this frequency, live cells were found to exhibit changes in the impedance phase with no appreciable change in magnitude, while dead cells displayed the opposite behavior. Correlated with video microscopy, a computational algorithm was created that could identify cell detection events and determine cell viability status by application of a mathematical correlation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Eades
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Julianne F. Audiffred
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Micah Fincher
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jin-Woo Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA
- Center of Biomodular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA
| | - William Todd Monroe
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Label-Free Microfluidic Impedance Cytometry for Acrosome Integrity Assessment of Boar Spermatozoa. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090679. [PMID: 36140064 PMCID: PMC9496365 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics and lab-on-chip technologies have been used in a wide range of biomedical applications. They are known as versatile, rapid, and low-cost alternatives for expensive equipment and time-intensive processing. The veterinary industry and human fertility clinics could greatly benefit from label-free and standardized methods for semen analysis. We developed a tool to determine the acrosome integrity of spermatozoa using microfluidic impedance cytometry. Spermatozoa from boars were treated with the calcium ionophore A23187 to induce acrosome reaction. The magnitude, phase and opacity of individual treated and non-treated (control) spermatozoa were analyzed and compared to conventional staining for acrosome integrity. The results show that the opacity at 19 MHz over 0.5 MHz is associated with acrosome integrity with a cut-off threshold at 0.86 (sensitivity 98%, specificity 97%). In short, we have demonstrated that acrosome integrity can be determined using opacity, illustrating that microfluidic impedance cytometers have the potential to become a versatile and efficient alternative in semen analysis and for fertility treatments in the veterinary industry and human fertility clinics.
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Farooq A, Hayat F, Zafar S, Butt NZ. Thin flexible lab-on-a-film for impedimetric sensing in biomedical applications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1066. [PMID: 35058505 PMCID: PMC8776742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMicrofluidic cytometers based on coulter principle have recently shown a great potential for point of care biosensors for medical diagnostics. Here, we explore the design of an impedimetric microfluidic cytometer on flexible substrate. Two coplanar microfluidic geometries are compared to highlight the sensitivity of the device to the microelectrode positions relative to the detection volume. We show that the microelectrodes surface area and the geometry of the sensing volume for the cells strongly influence the output response of the sensor. Reducing the sensing volume decreases the pulse width but increases the overall pulse amplitude with an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (~ max. SNR = 38.78 dB). For the proposed design, the SNR was adequate to enable good detection and differentiation of 10 µm diameter polystyrene beads and leukemia cells (~ 6–21 µm). Also, a systematic approach for irreversible & strong bond strength between the thin flexible surfaces that make up the biochip is explored in this work. We observed the changes in surface wettability due to various methods of surface treatment can be a valuable metric for determining bond strength. We observed permanent bonding between microelectrode defined polypropylene surface and microchannel carved PDMS due to polar/silanol groups formed by plasma treatment and consequent covalent crosslinking by amine groups. These experimental insights provide valuable design guidelines for enhancing the sensitivity of coulter based flexible lab-on-a-chip devices which have a wide range of applications in point of care diagnostics.
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8
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Zhang Z, Huang X, Liu K, Lan T, Wang Z, Zhu Z. Recent Advances in Electrical Impedance Sensing Technology for Single-Cell Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:470. [PMID: 34821686 PMCID: PMC8615761 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity is of significance in cell-based assays for life science, biomedicine and clinical diagnostics. Electrical impedance sensing technology has become a powerful tool, allowing for rapid, non-invasive, and label-free acquisition of electrical parameters of single cells. These electrical parameters, i.e., equivalent cell resistance, membrane capacitance and cytoplasm conductivity, are closely related to cellular biophysical properties and dynamic activities, such as size, morphology, membrane intactness, growth state, and proliferation. This review summarizes basic principles, analytical models and design concepts of single-cell impedance sensing devices, including impedance flow cytometry (IFC) to detect flow-through single cells and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to monitor immobilized single cells. Then, recent advances of both electrical impedance sensing systems applied in cell recognition, cell counting, viability detection, phenotypic assay, cell screening, and other cell detection are presented. Finally, prospects of impedance sensing technology in single-cell analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210018, China; (Z.Z.); (K.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu Province Hospital), Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing 210029, China;
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210018, China; (Z.Z.); (K.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Tiancong Lan
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210018, China; (Z.Z.); (K.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Zixin Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xingang Xi Road 135, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210018, China; (Z.Z.); (K.L.); (T.L.)
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Zhong J, Liang M, Ai Y. Submicron-precision particle characterization in microfluidic impedance cytometry with double differential electrodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2869-2880. [PMID: 34236057 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00481f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Submicron-precision particle characterization is crucial for counting, sizing and identifying a variety of biological particles, such as bacteria and apoptotic bodies. Microfluidic impedance cytometry has been attractive in current research for microparticle characterization due to its advantages of label-free detection, ease of miniaturization and affordability. However, conventional electrode configurations of three electrodes and floating electrodes have not yet demonstrated the capability of probing submicron particles or microparticles with a submicron size difference. In this study, we present a label-free high-throughput (∼800 particles per second) impedance-based microfluidic flow cytometry system integrated with a novel design of a double differential electrode configuration, enabling submicron particle detection (down to 0.4 μm) with a minimum size resolution of 200 nm. The signal-to-noise ratio has been boosted from 13.98 dB to 32.64 dB compared to a typical three-electrode configuration. With the proposed microfluidic impedance cytometry, we have shown results of sizing microparticles that accurately correlate with manufacturers' datasheets (R2 = 0.99938). It also shows that population ratios of differently sized beads in mixture samples are consistent with the results given by commercial fluorescence-based flow cytometry (within ∼1% difference). This work provides a label-free approach with submicron precision for sizing and counting microscale and submicron particles, and a new avenue of designing electrode configurations with a feature of suppressing the electrical noise for accomplishing a high signal-to-noise ratio in a wide range of frequencies. This novel double differential impedance sensing system paves a new pathway for real-time analysis and accurate particle screening in pathological and pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhong
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
| | - Minhui Liang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
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10
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Biochip with multi-planar electrodes geometry for differentiation of non-spherical bioparticles in a microchannel. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11880. [PMID: 34088942 PMCID: PMC8178319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A biosensor capable of differentiating cells or other microparticles based on morphology finds significant biomedical applications. Examples may include morphological determination in the cellular division process, differentiation of bacterial cells, and cellular morphological variation in inflammation and cancer etc. Here, we present a novel integrated multi-planar microelectrodes geometry design that can distinguish a non-spherical individual particle flowing along a microchannel based on its electrical signature. We simulated multi-planar electrodes design in COMSOL Multiphysics and have shown that the changes in electrical field intensity corresponding to multiple particle morphologies can be distinguished. Our initial investigation has shown that top-bottom electrodes configuration produces significantly enhanced signal strength for a spherical particle as compared to co-planar configuration. Next, we integrated the co-planar and top-bottom configurations to develop a multi-planar microelectrode design capable of electrical impedance measurement at different spatial planes inside a microchannel by collecting multiple output signatures. We tested our integrated multi-planar electrode design with particles of different elliptical morphologies by gradually changing spherical particle dimensions to the non-spherical. The computed electrical signal ratio of non-spherical to spherical particle shows a very good correlation to predict the particle morphology. The biochip sensitivity is also found be independent of orientation of the particle flowing in the microchannel. Our integrated design will help develop the technology that will allow morphological analysis of various bioparticles in a microfluidic channel in the future.
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David M, Amran O, Peretz A, Raviv A, Pracca F. Optimized electrical bioimpedance measurements of abdominal wall on a porcine model for the continuous non-invasive assessment of intra-abdominal pressure. J Clin Monit Comput 2020; 34:1209-1214. [PMID: 31802321 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-019-00441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the optimization of electrical bioimpedance measurements for indirect intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) assessment. The experimental run was performed on a female Sus scrofa domesticus (domestic pig). Different values of IAP were induced by inflation of the abdominal cavity, using a trocar placed near the umbilicus over the linea alba. The whole experiment was run within 1 h of the subject being sacrificed. The abdominal wall thickness was measured at an IAP of 5 mmHg. An exponential trend linking between the bioimpedance values at 99.8 kHz and the IAP was found. Non-optimized electrode placement presented a strongly reduced sensitivity to IAP changes above 7 mmHg. Upon optimization and placing the electrodes with a separation of about 3.6 times the measured abdominal wall thickness, the sensitivity for high IAP drastically increased, allowing continuous non-invasive monitoring of IAP, confirming the optimization method proposed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo David
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Jerusalem College of Technology - Lev Academic Center, HaVaad HaLeumi 21, 9372115, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Omer Amran
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Jerusalem College of Technology - Lev Academic Center, HaVaad HaLeumi 21, 9372115, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviad Peretz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Jerusalem College of Technology - Lev Academic Center, HaVaad HaLeumi 21, 9372115, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviad Raviv
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Jerusalem College of Technology - Lev Academic Center, HaVaad HaLeumi 21, 9372115, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francisco Pracca
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Núcleo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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12
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Bertelsen CV, Franco JC, Skands GE, Dimaki M, Svendsen WE. Investigating the Use of Impedance Flow Cytometry for Classifying the Viability State of E. coli. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6339. [PMID: 33172055 PMCID: PMC7664255 DOI: 10.3390/s20216339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria detection, counting and analysis is of great importance in several fields. When viability plays a major role in decision making, the counting of colony-forming units grown on agar plates remains the gold standard. However, because plate counts depend on the growth of the bacteria, it is a slow procedure and only works with culturable species. Impedance flow cytometry (IFC) is a promising technology for particle detection, counting and characterization. It relies on the perturbation of an electric field by particles flowing through a microfluidic channel. The perturbation is directly related to the electrical properties of the particles, and therefore provides information about their composition and structure. In this work we investigate whether IFC can be used to differentiate viable cells from inactivated cells. Our findings demonstrate that the specific viability state of the bacteria has to be considered, but that with proper characterization thresholds, IFC can be used to classify bacterial viability states. By using three different inactivation methods-ethanol, heat and autoclavation-we have been able to show that the impedance response of Escherichia coli depends on its viability state, but that the specific response depends on the inactivation method. With these findings we expect to be able to optimize IFC for more reliable bacteria detection and counting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vinther Bertelsen
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (J.C.F.); (M.D.); (W.E.S.)
- SBT Instruments A/S, Symfonivej 37, 2730 Herlev, Denmark;
| | - Julio César Franco
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (J.C.F.); (M.D.); (W.E.S.)
| | | | - Maria Dimaki
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (J.C.F.); (M.D.); (W.E.S.)
| | - Winnie Edith Svendsen
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (J.C.F.); (M.D.); (W.E.S.)
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13
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Non-invasive indirect monitoring of intra-abdominal pressure using microwave reflectometry: system design and proof-of-concept clinical trial. J Clin Monit Comput 2020; 35:1437-1443. [PMID: 33052517 PMCID: PMC7556589 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-020-00605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) has become a standard in intensive care units. Correlation between the abdominal wall’s thickness (AWTh) and IAP has been reported previously. The abdominal wall can be modeled as a compound of parallel dielectric slabs; changes in their width have a direct effect on the reflection coefficient of the abdominal wall at microwave frequencies. This work describes the design of a reflectometry system and its proof-of-concept trial on five patients during laparoscopic surgery. The system complies with IEEE Std. C95.1-2005 concerning exposure of humans to microwave electromagnetic fields in controlled environments. The results putatively show an inverse correlation between IAP and the reflection coefficient, and a strong dependence on the body mass index. A better understanding of the dynamics in the changes of the AWTh (during intra-abdominal hypertension) will allow further development of a microwave-based technique for the continuous non-invasive indirect monitoring of IAP in critical patients.
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Farooq A, Butt NZ, Hassan U. Exceedingly Sensitive Restructured Electrodes Design for Pathogen Morphology Detection using Impedance Flow Cytometry. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2500-2503. [PMID: 33018514 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cellular morphology is a vital biological characteristic for determining explicit information about its physiological state. Monitoring real-time cell shape is of great importance in infectious pathogen detection. Here, we designed a highly sensitive coplanar electrode sensing system and merged it with planar electrodes for simultaneous impedance signals in two dimensions. We simulated the proposed design in this study for the detection of different single cell pathogens based on their morphology. The optimized design has a great potential to monitor and characterize different bacteria based on their sizes and shapes. In this report, spherical and rod shaped particles were used to illustrate the device performance. This simple and extremely sensitive modified electrode design is very promising for bacterial detection and will serve as a future guiding tool for discriminating different morphologies of singular cells.
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Sweelssen J, Blokland H, Rajamäki T, Sarjonen R, Boersma A. A Versatile Capacitive Sensing Platform for the Assessment of the Composition in Gas Mixtures. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11020116. [PMID: 31973055 PMCID: PMC7074232 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The energy market is facing a major transition, in which natural gas and renewable gasses will play an important role. However, changing gas sources and compositions will force the gas transporters, gas engine manufacturers, and gas grid operators to monitor the gas quality in a more intensive way. This leads to the need for lower cost, smaller, and easy to install gas quality sensors. A new approach is proposed in this study that is based on the chemical interactions of the various gas components and responsive layers applied to an array of capacitive interdigitated electrodes. For Liquid Natural Gas (LNG), containing a relative high concentration of higher hydrocarbons, an array of ten capacitive chips is proposed, that is sufficient to calculate the full composition, and can be used to calculate energy parameters, such as Wobbe Index, Calorific Value, and Methane Number. A first prototype was realized that was small enough to be inserted in low and medium pressure gas pipes and LNG engine fuel lines. Adding the pressure and temperature data to the chip readings enables the determination of the concentrations of the various alkanes, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, including small fluctuations in water vapor pressure. The sensitivity and selectivity of the new sensor is compared to a compact analyzer employing tunable filter infrared spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huib Blokland
- TNO, HTC25, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (J.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Timo Rajamäki
- National Metrology Institute VTT MIKES, Tekniikantie 1, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland; (T.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Risto Sarjonen
- National Metrology Institute VTT MIKES, Tekniikantie 1, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland; (T.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Arjen Boersma
- TNO, HTC25, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (J.S.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Selective Detection of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells Based on the Aptamer-Conjugated Self-Assembled Monolayer of Gold Nanoparticles. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10030195. [PMID: 30893795 PMCID: PMC6470481 DOI: 10.3390/mi10030195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study established a microfluidic chip for the capture of A549 human lung circulating tumor cells via the aptamer-conjugated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the channel. AuNPs are among the most attractive nanomaterials for the signal enhancement of biosensors owing to their unique chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. The microchip was fabricated using soft photolithography and casting and molding techniques. A self-assembly method was designed to attach AuNPs, cell-specific aptamers, and target cells onto the desired area (i.e., SAM area). In this study, the gold microelectrode configuration was characterized by fluorescence microscopy and impedance measurements to confirm the important modification steps. Subsequently, several investigations with the proposed assay were conducted with different cell samples to determine the specific binding ability of the device for A549 adenocarcinoma cancer cells. This work has ensured a simple, convenient, selective, and sensitive approach for the development of biosensors for lung cancer detection during the early stages.
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17
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Bacteria Detection and Differentiation Using Impedance Flow Cytometry. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18103496. [PMID: 30336557 PMCID: PMC6210208 DOI: 10.3390/s18103496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of bacteria concentrations is of great importance in drinking water management. Continuous real-time monitoring enables better microbiological control of the water and helps prevent contaminated water from reaching the households. We have developed a microfluidic sensor with the potential to accurately assess bacteria levels in drinking water in real-time. Multi frequency electrical impedance spectroscopy is used to monitor a liquid sample, while it is continuously passed through the sensor. We investigate three aspects of this sensor: First we show that the sensor is able to differentiate Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) bacteria from solid particles (polystyrene beads) based on an electrical response in the high frequency phase and individually enumerate the two samples. Next, we demonstrate the sensor’s ability to measure the bacteria concentration by comparing the results to those obtained by the traditional CFU counting method. Last, we show the sensor’s potential to distinguish between different bacteria types by detecting different signatures for S. aureus and E. coli mixed in the same sample. Our investigations show that the sensor has the potential to be extremely effective at detecting sudden bacterial contaminations found in drinking water, and eventually also identify them.
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18
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Numerical Investigation of a Novel Wiring Scheme Enabling Simple and Accurate Impedance Cytometry. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:mi8090283. [PMID: 30400471 PMCID: PMC6190262 DOI: 10.3390/mi8090283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic impedance cytometry is a label-free approach for high-throughput analysis of particles and cells. It is based on the characterization of the dielectric properties of single particles as they flow through a microchannel with integrated electrodes. However, the measured signal depends not only on the intrinsic particle properties, but also on the particle trajectory through the measuring region, thus challenging the resolution and accuracy of the technique. In this work we show via simulation that this issue can be overcome without resorting to particle focusing, by means of a straightforward modification of the wiring scheme for the most typical and widely used microfluidic impedance chip.
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19
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Khaliqi K, Ghazal A, Azmi IDM, Amenitsch H, Mortensen K, Salentinig S, Yaghmur A. Direct monitoring of lipid transfer on exposure of citrem nanoparticles to an ethanol solution containing soybean phospholipids by combining synchrotron SAXS with microfluidics. Analyst 2017; 142:3118-3126. [PMID: 28744529 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00860k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipid exchange among citrem nanoparticles and an ethanol micellar solution containing soy phosphatidylcholine was investigated in situ by coupling small angle X-ray scattering with a microfluidic device. The produced soy phosphatidylcholine/citrem nanoparticles have great potential in the development of hemocompatible nanocarriers for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Khaliqi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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20
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Caselli F, Bisegna P. Simulation and performance analysis of a novel high-accuracy sheathless microfluidic impedance cytometer with coplanar electrode layout. Med Eng Phys 2017; 48:81-89. [PMID: 28462824 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The performance of a novel microfluidic impedance cytometer (MIC) with coplanar configuration is investigated in silico. The main feature of the device is the ability to provide accurate particle-sizing despite the well-known measurement sensitivity to particle trajectory. The working principle of the device is presented and validated by means of an original virtual laboratory providing close-to-experimental synthetic data streams. It is shown that a metric correlating with particle trajectory can be extracted from the signal traces and used to compensate the trajectory-induced error in the estimated particle size, thus reaching high-accuracy. An analysis of relevant parameters of the experimental setup is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Caselli
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bisegna
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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21
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De Ninno A, Errico V, Bertani FR, Businaro L, Bisegna P, Caselli F. Coplanar electrode microfluidic chip enabling accurate sheathless impedance cytometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1158-1166. [PMID: 28225104 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01516f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic impedance cytometry offers a simple non-invasive method for single-cell analysis. Coplanar electrode chips are especially attractive due to ease of fabrication, yielding miniaturized, reproducible, and ultimately low-cost devices. However, their accuracy is challenged by the dependence of the measured signal on particle trajectory within the interrogation volume, that manifests itself as an error in the estimated particle size, unless any kind of focusing system is used. In this paper, we present an original five-electrode coplanar chip enabling accurate particle sizing without the need for focusing. The chip layout is designed to provide a peculiar signal shape from which a new metric correlating with particle trajectory can be extracted. This metric is exploited to correct the estimated size of polystyrene beads of 5.2, 6 and 7 μm nominal diameter, reaching coefficient of variations lower than the manufacturers' quoted values. The potential impact of the proposed device in the field of life sciences is demonstrated with an application to Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele De Ninno
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vito Errico
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Romana Bertani
- Italian National Research Council - Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR - IFN), via Cineto Romano 42, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Businaro
- Italian National Research Council - Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR - IFN), via Cineto Romano 42, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Bisegna
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Caselli
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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22
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Rollo E, Tenaglia E, Genolet R, Bianchi E, Harari A, Coukos G, Guiducci C. Label-free identification of activated T lymphocytes through tridimensional microsensors on chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:193-199. [PMID: 28284079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Label-free approaches to assess cell properties ideally suit the requirements of cell-based therapeutics, since they permit to characterize cells with minimal perturbation and manipulation, at the benefit of sample recovery and re-employment for treatment. For this reason, label-free techniques would find sensible application in adoptive T cell-based immunotherapy. In this work, we describe the label-free and single-cell detection of in vitro activated T lymphocytes in flow through an electrical impedance-based setup. We describe a novel platform featuring 3D free-standing microelectrodes presenting passive upstream and downstream extensions and integrated into microfluidic channels. We employ such device to measure the impedance change associated with T cell activation at electrical frequencies maximizing the difference between non-activated and activated T cells. Finally, we harness the impedance signature of unstimulated T cells to set a boundary separating activated and non-activated clones, so to characterize the selectivity and specificity of the system. In conclusion, the strategy here proposed highlights the possible employment of impedance to assess T cell activation in label-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Rollo
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Tenaglia
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Genolet
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research - University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Elena Bianchi
- CMIC "Giulio Natta", LaBS - Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics - Politecnico di Milano, I-20133, Italy
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research - University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research - University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Guiducci
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
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