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Vasina M, Kovar D, Damborsky J, Ding Y, Yang T, deMello A, Mazurenko S, Stavrakis S, Prokop Z. In-depth analysis of biocatalysts by microfluidics: An emerging source of data for machine learning. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108171. [PMID: 37150331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the vastly increasing demand for novel biotechnological products is supported by the continuous development of biocatalytic applications which provide sustainable green alternatives to chemical processes. The success of a biocatalytic application is critically dependent on how quickly we can identify and characterize enzyme variants fitting the conditions of industrial processes. While miniaturization and parallelization have dramatically increased the throughput of next-generation sequencing systems, the subsequent characterization of the obtained candidates is still a limiting process in identifying the desired biocatalysts. Only a few commercial microfluidic systems for enzyme analysis are currently available, and the transformation of numerous published prototypes into commercial platforms is still to be streamlined. This review presents the state-of-the-art, recent trends, and perspectives in applying microfluidic tools in the functional and structural analysis of biocatalysts. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of available technologies, their reproducibility and robustness, and readiness for routine laboratory use. We also highlight the unexplored potential of microfluidics to leverage the power of machine learning for biocatalyst development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Vasina
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Kovar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yun Ding
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tianjin Yang
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stanislav Mazurenko
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Lin YW, Chen CY, Chang YF, Chang YN, Yao DJ. Programmable UV-Curable Resin by Dielectric Force. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:490. [PMID: 36838190 PMCID: PMC9964770 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, UV-curable resin was formed into different patterns through the programmable control of dielectric force. The dielectric force is mainly generated by the dielectric chip formed by the interdigitated electrodes. This study observed that of the control factors affecting the size of the UV resin driving area, current played an important role. We maintained the same voltage-controlled condition, changing the current from 0.1 A to 0.5 A as 0.1 A intervals. The area of droplets was significantly different at each current condition. On the other hand, we maintained the same current condition, and changed the voltage from 100 V to 300 V at 50 V intervals. The area of droplets for each voltage condition was not obviously different. The applied frequency of the AC (Alternating Current) electric field increased from 10 kHz to 50 kHz. After driving the UV resin, the pattern line width of the UV resin could be finely controlled from 224 um to 137 um. In order to form a specific pattern, controlling the current and frequency could achieved a more accurate shape. In this article, UV resin with different patterns was formed through the action of this dielectric force, and after UV curing, tiny structural parts could be successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Lin
- Institute of NanoEngineering and Microsystem, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Mechanical and Mechatronics System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yi Chen
- Mechanical and Mechatronics System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fang Chang
- Mechanical and Mechatronics System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan
| | - Yii-Nuoh Chang
- Institute of NanoEngineering and Microsystem, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Da-Jeng Yao
- Mechanical and Mechatronics System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Ruan L, Su M, Qin X, Ruan Q, Lang W, Wu M, Chen Y, Lv Q. Progress in the application of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100394. [PMID: 36042853 PMCID: PMC9420381 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained-release drug-loaded microspheres provide a long-acting sustained release, with targeted and other effects. There are many types of sustained-release drug microspheres and various preparation methods, and they are easy to operate. For these reasons, they have attracted widespread interest and are widely used in tissue engineering and other fields. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of the application of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering. First, we introduce this new type of drug delivery system (sustained-release drug carriers), describe the types of sustained-release drug microspheres, and summarize the characteristics of different microspheres. Second, we summarize the preparation methods of sustained-release drug microspheres and summarize the materials required for preparing microspheres. Third, various applications of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering are summarized. Finally, we summarize the shortcomings and discuss future prospects in the development of sustained-release drug microspheres. The purpose of this paper was to provide a further systematic understanding of the application of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering for the personnel engaged in related fields and to provide inspiration and new ideas for studies in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Ruan
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Mengrong Su
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Xinyun Qin
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Qingting Ruan
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Wen Lang
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Minhui Wu
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Qizhuang Lv
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yulin, 537000, China
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Microdroplet Actuation via Light Line Optoelectrowetting (LL-OEW). Int J Anal Chem 2022; 2021:3402411. [PMID: 34976066 PMCID: PMC8718280 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3402411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meanwhile, electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) is a well-known phenomenon, even often exploited in active micro-optics to change the curvature of microdroplet lenses or in analytical chemistry with digital microfluidics (DMF, lab on a chip 2.0) to move/actuate microdroplets. Optoelectrowetting (OEW) can bring more flexibility to DMF because in OEW, the operating point of the lab chip is locally controlled by a beam of light, usually impinging onto the chip perpendicularly. As opposed to pure EWOD, for OEW, none of the electrodes has to be structured, which makes the chip design and production technology simpler; the path of any actuated droplet is determined by the movement of the light spot. However, for applications in analytical chemistry, it would be helpful if the space both below as well as that above the lab chip were not obstructed by any optical components and light sources. Here, we report on the possibility to actuate droplets by laser light beams, which traverse the setup parallel to the chip surface and inside the OEW layer sequence. Since microdroplets are grabbed by this surface-parallel, nondiverging, and nonexpanded light beam, we call this principle "light line OEW" (LL-OEW).
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Lin YW, Ciou YJ, Yao DJ. Virtual Stencil for Patterning and Modeling in a Quantitative Volume Using EWOD and DEP Devices for Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1104. [PMID: 34577747 PMCID: PMC8464762 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Applying microfluidic patterning, droplets were precisely generated on an electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) chip considering these parameters: number of generating electrodes, number of cutting electrodes, voltage, frequency and gap between upper and lower plates of the electrode array on the EWOD chip. In a subsequent patterning experiment, an environment with three generating electrodes, one cutting electrode and a gap height 10 μm, we obtained a quantitative volume for patterning. Propylene carbonate liquid and a mixed colloid of polyphthalate carbonate (PPC) and photosensitive polymer material were manipulated into varied patterns. With support from a Z-axis lifting platform and a UV lamp, a cured 3D structure was stacked. Using an EWOD system, a multi-layer three-dimensional structure was produced for the patterning. A two-plate EWOD system patterned propylene carbonate in a quantitative volume at 140 Vpp/20 kHz with automatic patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Lin
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
- Mechanical and Mechatronics System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jhen Ciou
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Da-Jeng Yao
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
- Mechanical and Mechatronics System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
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An S, Zhu M, Gu K, Jiang M, Shen Q, Fu B, Song C, Tao P, Deng T, Shang W. Light-driven motion of water droplets with directional control on nanostructured surfaces. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:4295-4301. [PMID: 32025690 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09575f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Discrete droplet transport has drawn much interest in a broad range of applications. Controlling the motion direction in droplet transport, however, is a long-lasting challenge. In this work, a simple yet efficient approach is demonstrated to realize the motion of droplets with directional control on nanostructured surfaces with predefined channels. Light is used as the external stimulus to induce the uneven thermal expansion of the substrate, which leads to the tilting of nanostructured channels so that the droplet is driven to move along the channel. Due to the easy manipulation of light, including both the light position and power density, this study demonstrates the controllable entrance of static water droplets into targeted channels and the simultaneous control of the motion of multiple droplets in multi-channel systems, using just one light source. Besides static droplets, this approach can also be applied for the directional control of moving droplets in multi-channel systems. As a proof-of-concept, such an approach has been utilized for efficient multiplexed reactions for chemical sensing or microreactor applications. This work offers an alternative approach for the manipulation of droplet movement in applications that involve the control of droplet motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun An
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Soum V, Kim Y, Park S, Chuong M, Ryu SR, Lee SH, Tanev G, Madsen J, Kwon OS, Shin K. Affordable Fabrication of Conductive Electrodes and Dielectric Films for a Paper-based Digital Microfluidic Chip. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10020109. [PMID: 30736440 PMCID: PMC6412519 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to fabricate a digital microfluidic (DMF) chip, which requires a patterned array of electrodes coated with a dielectric film, we explored two simple methods: Ballpoint pen printing to generate the electrodes, and wrapping of a dielectric plastic film to coat the electrodes. For precise and programmable printing of the patterned electrodes, we used a digital plotter with a ballpoint pen filled with a silver nanoparticle (AgNP) ink. Instead of using conventional material deposition methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, printing, and spin coating, for fabricating the thin dielectric layer, we used a simple method in which we prepared a thin dielectric layer using pre-made linear, low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) plastic (17-μm thick) by simple wrapping. We then sealed it tightly with thin silicone oil layers so that it could be used as a DMF chip. Such a treated dielectric layer showed good electrowetting performance for a sessile drop without contact angle hysteresis under an applied voltage of less than 170 V. By using this straightforward fabrication method, we quickly and affordably fabricated a paper-based DMF chip and demonstrated the digital electrofluidic actuation and manipulation of drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veasna Soum
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Yunpyo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Sooyong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Mary Chuong
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Soo Ryeon Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Cooper Union for Advancement of Science and Art, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Georgi Tanev
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jan Madsen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Oh-Sun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
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Liu Y, Papautsky I. Heterogeneous Immunoassay Using Channels and Droplets in a Digital Microfluidic Platform. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10020107. [PMID: 30764575 PMCID: PMC6412725 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a heterogeneous immunoassay using the integrated functionalities of a channel and droplets in a digital microfluidic (DMF) platform. Droplet functionality in DMF allows for the programmable manipulation of discrete sample and reagent droplets in the range of nanoliters. Pressure-driven channels become advantageous over droplets when sample must be washed, as the supernatant can be thoroughly removed in a convenient and rapid manner while the sample is immobilized. Herein, we demonstrate a magnetic bead-based, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using ~60 nL of human interleukin-6 (IL-6) sample. The wash buffer was introduced in the form of a wall-less virtual electrowetting channel by a syringe pump at the flow rate of 10 μL/min with ~100% bead retention rate. Critical parameters such as sample wash flow rate and bead retention rate were optimized for reliable assay results. A colorimetric readout was analyzed in the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) color space without the need for costly equipment. The concepts presented in this work are potentially applicable in rapid neonatal disease screening using a finger prick blood sample in a DMF platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Liu
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Development of Coplanar Electro-Wetting Based Microfluidic Sorter to Select Micro-Particles in High Volume Throughput at Milliliter Amount within Twenty Minutes. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18092941. [PMID: 30181484 PMCID: PMC6164432 DOI: 10.3390/s18092941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the work of developing one coplanar microfluidic sorter while using the electro-wetting on dielectrics (EWOD) technique. When connected with delivery capillary to receive sample solution containing micro-particles, this device can select about 10 micro-particles in high volume throughput of milliliter amount within 20 min, to potentially match the requirement of efficiently determining the low amounts of bacteria in concentrated food and environmental samples, of which the typical bacteria density is 10 colony forming unit or less, much smaller than that of clinical pathogen samples. This coplanar T-shape EWOD device contains two fluidic channels, one inlet channel and the other collection channel stemmed from the middle of inlet channel. When the solution droplet falls from the delivery capillary to the entrance end of inlet channel, the droplet is driven to the intersection of two channels. The droplet containing fluorescent particle will be diverted to the lower channel to collect. Otherwise, the non-fluorescent droplet keeps moving toward the other end of inlet channel to waste zone. The particle fluorescence is collected through microscope lens to detect with one photomultiplier tube. The detected signals trigger the personal computer control board to active each EWOD electrode to direct the droplet moving directions. When the solution of 1 mL containing about 10 fluorescent micro-particles is delivered into this sorting device, nearly all the particles were correctly directed into collection zone in 20 min.
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Rackus DG, de Campos RPS, Chan C, Karcz MM, Seale B, Narahari T, Dixon C, Chamberlain MD, Wheeler AR. Pre-concentration by liquid intake by paper (P-CLIP): a new technique for large volumes and digital microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2272-2280. [PMID: 28604891 PMCID: PMC7734381 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00440k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms are an attractive option for incorporating complex fluid handling into low-cost and rapid diagnostic tests. A persistent challenge for microfluidics, however, is the mismatch in the "world-to-chip" interface - it is challenging to detect analytes present at low concentrations in systems that can only handle small volumes of sample. Here we describe a new technique termed pre-concentration by liquid intake by paper (P-CLIP) that addresses this mismatch, allowing digital microfluidics to interface with volumes on the order of hundreds of microliters. In P-CLIP, a virtual microchannel is generated to pass a large volume through the device; analytes captured on magnetic particles can be isolated and then resuspended into smaller volumes for further processing and analysis. We characterize this method and demonstrate its utility with an immunoassay for Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase, a malaria biomarker, and propose that the P-CLIP strategy may be useful for a wide range of applications that are currently limited by low-abundance analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius G Rackus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Richard P S de Campos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Calvin Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Maria M Karcz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Brendon Seale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Tanya Narahari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Christopher Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - M Dean Chamberlain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada and Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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Samiei E, Tabrizian M, Hoorfar M. A review of digital microfluidics as portable platforms for lab-on a-chip applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2376-96. [PMID: 27272540 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00387g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Following the development of microfluidic systems, there has been a high tendency towards developing lab-on-a-chip devices for biochemical applications. A great deal of effort has been devoted to improve and advance these devices with the goal of performing complete sets of biochemical assays on the device and possibly developing portable platforms for point of care applications. Among the different microfluidic systems used for such a purpose, digital microfluidics (DMF) shows high flexibility and capability of performing multiplex and parallel biochemical operations, and hence, has been considered as a suitable candidate for lab-on-a-chip applications. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances in the DMF platforms, and evaluate the feasibility of developing multifunctional packages for performing complete sets of processes of biochemical assays, particularly for point-of-care applications. The progress in the development of DMF systems is reviewed from eight different aspects, including device fabrication, basic fluidic operations, automation, manipulation of biological samples, advanced operations, detection, biological applications, and finally, packaging and portability of the DMF devices. Success in developing the lab-on-a-chip DMF devices will be concluded based on the advances achieved in each of these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Samiei
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
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