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Wasilewski T, Kamysz W, Gębicki J. AI-Assisted Detection of Biomarkers by Sensors and Biosensors for Early Diagnosis and Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:356. [PMID: 39056632 PMCID: PMC11274923 DOI: 10.3390/bios14070356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The steady progress in consumer electronics, together with improvement in microflow techniques, nanotechnology, and data processing, has led to implementation of cost-effective, user-friendly portable devices, which play the role of not only gadgets but also diagnostic tools. Moreover, numerous smart devices monitor patients' health, and some of them are applied in point-of-care (PoC) tests as a reliable source of evaluation of a patient's condition. Current diagnostic practices are still based on laboratory tests, preceded by the collection of biological samples, which are then tested in clinical conditions by trained personnel with specialistic equipment. In practice, collecting passive/active physiological and behavioral data from patients in real time and feeding them to artificial intelligence (AI) models can significantly improve the decision process regarding diagnosis and treatment procedures via the omission of conventional sampling and diagnostic procedures while also excluding the role of pathologists. A combination of conventional and novel methods of digital and traditional biomarker detection with portable, autonomous, and miniaturized devices can revolutionize medical diagnostics in the coming years. This article focuses on a comparison of traditional clinical practices with modern diagnostic techniques based on AI and machine learning (ML). The presented technologies will bypass laboratories and start being commercialized, which should lead to improvement or substitution of current diagnostic tools. Their application in PoC settings or as a consumer technology accessible to every patient appears to be a real possibility. Research in this field is expected to intensify in the coming years. Technological advancements in sensors and biosensors are anticipated to enable the continuous real-time analysis of various omics fields, fostering early disease detection and intervention strategies. The integration of AI with digital health platforms would enable predictive analysis and personalized healthcare, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in related scientific fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wasilewski
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Gębicki
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland;
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2
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Liu H, He L, Kuzmanović M, Huang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Ren Y, Dong Y, Cardon L, Gou M. Advanced Nanomaterials in Medical 3D Printing. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301121. [PMID: 38009766 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is now recognized as a significant tool for medical research and clinical practice, leading to the emergence of medical 3D printing technology. It is essential to improve the properties of 3D-printed products to meet the demand for medical use. The core of generating qualified 3D printing products is to develop advanced materials and processes. Taking advantage of nanomaterials with tunable and distinct physical, chemical, and biological properties, integrating nanotechnology into 3D printing creates new opportunities for advancing medical 3D printing field. Recently, some attempts are made to improve medical 3D printing through nanotechnology, providing new insights into developing advanced medical 3D printing technology. With high-resolution 3D printing technology, nano-structures can be directly fabricated for medical applications. Incorporating nanomaterials into the 3D printing material system can improve the properties of the 3D-printed medical products. At the same time, nanomaterials can be used to expand novel medical 3D printing technologies. This review introduced the strategies and progresses of improving medical 3D printing through nanotechnology and discussed challenges in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liming He
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Maja Kuzmanović
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yiting Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ya Ren
- Huahang Microcreate Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610042, China
| | - Yinchu Dong
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Chengdu OrganoidMed Medical Laboratory, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent, 9159052, Belgium
| | - Maling Gou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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3
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Barroso PAA, Nascimento DR, Lima Neto MFD, De Assis EIT, Figueira CS, Silva JRV. Therapeutic potential of nanotechnology in reproduction disorders and possible limitations. ZYGOTE 2023; 31:433-440. [PMID: 37537957 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199423000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the prominent peculiarities of nanoparticles (NPs) is their ability to cross biological barriers. Therefore, the development of NPs with different properties has great therapeutic potential in the area of reproduction because the association of drugs, hormones and other compounds with NPs represents an alternative for delivering substances directly at a specific site and for treatment of reproductive problems. Additionally, lipid-based NPs can be taken up by the tissues of patients with ovarian failure, deep endometriosis, testicular dysfunctions, etc., opening up new perspectives for the treatment of these diseases. The development of nanomaterials with specific size, shape, ligand density and charge certainly will contribute to the next generation of therapies to solve fertility problems in humans. Therefore, this review discusses the potential of NPs to treat reproductive disorders, as well as to regulate the levels of the associated hormones. The possible limitations of the clinical use of NPs are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Alves Aguiar Barroso
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Reproduction (LABIREP), Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Sobral-CE, Brazil
| | - Danisvânia Ripardo Nascimento
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Reproduction (LABIREP), Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Sobral-CE, Brazil
| | - Miguel F De Lima Neto
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Reproduction (LABIREP), Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Sobral-CE, Brazil
- Research Center of Animal Experimentation (NUPEX), Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Sobral-CE, Brazil
| | - Ernando Igo T De Assis
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Reproduction (LABIREP), Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Sobral-CE, Brazil
- Research Center of Animal Experimentation (NUPEX), Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Sobral-CE, Brazil
| | - Ciro Siqueira Figueira
- Laboratory of Material Engineering and Simulation of Sobral (LEMSS), Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Sobral-CE, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Viana Silva
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Reproduction (LABIREP), Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Sobral-CE, Brazil
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4
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Pei Z, Lei H, Cheng L. Bioactive inorganic nanomaterials for cancer theranostics. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2031-2081. [PMID: 36633202 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00352j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive materials are a special class of biomaterials that can react in vivo to induce a biological response or regulate biological functions, thus achieving a better curative effect than traditional inert biomaterials. For cancer theranostics, compared with organic or polymer nanomaterials, inorganic nanomaterials possess unique physical and chemical properties, have stronger mechanical stability on the basis of maintaining certain bioactivity, and are easy to be compounded with various carriers (polymer carriers, biological carriers, etc.), so as to achieve specific antitumor efficacy. After entering the nanoscale, due to the nano-size effect, high specific surface area and special nanostructures, inorganic nanomaterials exhibit unique biological effects, which significantly influence the interaction with biological organisms. Therefore, the research and applications of bioactive inorganic nanomaterials in cancer theranostics have attracted wide attention. In this review, we mainly summarize the recent progress of bioactive inorganic nanomaterials in cancer theranostics, and also introduce the definition, synthesis and modification strategies of bioactive inorganic nanomaterials. Thereafter, the applications of bioactive inorganic nanomaterials in tumor imaging and antitumor therapy, including tumor microenvironment (TME) regulation, catalytic therapy, gas therapy, regulatory cell death and immunotherapy, are discussed. Finally, the biosafety and challenges of bioactive inorganic nanomaterials are also mentioned, and their future development opportunities are prospected. This review highlights the bioapplication of bioactive inorganic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Pei
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Huali Lei
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Liang Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Nano-Nutraceuticals for Health: Principles and Applications. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA : ORGAO OFICIAL DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA 2023; 33:73-88. [PMID: 36466145 PMCID: PMC9684775 DOI: 10.1007/s43450-022-00338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanotechnological products is increasing steadily. In this scenario, the application of nanotechnology in food science and as a technological platform is a reality. Among the several applications, the main use of this technology is for the development of foods and nutraceuticals with higher bioavailability, lower toxicity, and better sustainability. In the health field, nano-nutraceuticals are being used as supplementary products to treat an increasing number of diseases. This review summarizes the main concepts and applications of nano-nutraceuticals for health, with special focus on treating cancer and inflammation. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43450-022-00338-7.
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Ali SG, Jalal M, Ahmad H, Umar K, Ahmad A, Alshammari MB, Khan HM. Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Its Effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248685. [PMID: 36557818 PMCID: PMC9781250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has posed a serious health concern worldwide, which is mainly due to the excessive use of antibiotics. In this study, gold nanoparticles synthesized from the plant Tinospora cordifolia were used against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The active components involved in the reduction and stabilization of gold nanoparticles were revealed by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry(GC-MS) of the stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia. Gold nanoparticles (TG-AuNPs) were effective against P. aeruginosa at different concentrations (50,100, and 150 µg/mL). TG-AuNPs effectively reduced the pyocyanin level by 63.1% in PAO1 and by 68.7% in clinical isolates at 150 µg/mL; similarly, swarming and swimming motilities decreased by 53.1% and 53.8% for PAO1 and 66.6% and 52.8% in clinical isolates, respectively. Biofilm production was also reduced, and at a maximum concentration of 150 µg/mL of TG-AuNPs a 59.09% reduction inPAO1 and 64.7% reduction in clinical isolates were observed. Lower concentrations of TG-AuNPs (100 and 50 µg/mL) also reduced the pyocyanin, biofilm, swarming, and swimming. Phenotypically, the downregulation of exopolysaccharide secretion from P. aeruginosa due to TG-AuNPs was observed on Congo red agar plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ghazanfar Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mohammad Jalal
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Hilal Ahmad
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Khalid Umar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (K.U.); (A.A.)
| | - Akil Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (K.U.); (A.A.)
| | - Mohammed B. Alshammari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haris Manzoor Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Mohamed Haneef INH, Mohd Shaffiar N, Buys YF, Syed Shaharuddin SI, Abdul Hamid AM, Widiyati K. Recent advancement in polymer/halloysite nanotube nanocomposites for biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:2574-2588. [PMID: 35661579 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have recently been the subject of extensive research as a reinforcing filler. HNT is a natural nanoclay, non-toxic and biocompatible, hence, applicable in biomedical fields. This review focuses on the mechanical, thermal, and functional properties of polymer nanocomposites with HNT as a reinforcing agent from an experimental and theoretical perspective. In addition, this review also highlights the recent applications of polymer/HNT nanocomposites in the biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norhashimah Mohd Shaffiar
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yose Fachmi Buys
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Pertamina, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Abdul Malek Abdul Hamid
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khusnun Widiyati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Pertamina, Jakarta, Indonesia
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8
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Kumar R, Mehta P, Shankar KR, Rajora MAK, Mishra YK, Mostafavi E, Kaushik A. Nanotechnology-Assisted Metered-Dose Inhalers (MDIs) for High-Performance Pulmonary Drug Delivery Applications. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2831-2855. [PMID: 35552983 PMCID: PMC9097569 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Respiratory disorders pose a major threat to the morbidity and mortality to public health. Here we reviewed the nanotechnology based pulmonary drug delivery using metered dose inhalers. METHODS Major respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), asthma, acute lower respiratory tract infections, tuberculosis (TB) and lung cancer. At present, common treatments for respiratory disorders include surgery, radiation, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy or a combination. The major challenge is development of systemic delivery of the chemotherapeutic agents to the respiratory system. Conventional delivery of chemotherapy has various limitation and adverse side effected. Hence, targeted, and systemic delivery need to be developed. Towards this direction nanotechnology, based controlled, targeted, and systemic drug delivery systems are potential candidate to enhance therapeutic efficacy with minimum side effect. Among different route of administration, pulmonary delivery has unique benefits such as circumvents first pass hepatic metabolism and reduces dose and side effects. RESULTS Respiratory disorders pose a major threat to the morbidity and mortality to public health globally. Pulmonary delivery can be achieved through various drug delivery devices such as nebulizers, dry powder inhalers, and metered dose inhalers. Among them, metered dose inhalers are the most interesting and first choice of clinician over others. This review focused on nanotechnology based pulmonary drug delivery using metered dose inhalers. This report focused on delivery of various types of therapeutics using nanocarriers such as polymeric nanoparticles and micelles, dendrimers, lipid nanocarriers such as liposomes, solid lipid nanostructures and nanostructured lipid carriers, and other using metered dose inhalers discussed comprehensively. This report provides insight about the effect of parameters of MDI such as co-solvent, propellants, actuators shape, nozzle diameters, and jet lengths, and respiratory flow rate, and particle size of co-suspension of drug on aerodynamics and lung deposition of formulation. This review also provided the insight about various metered dose inhalers market scenario and digital metered dose inhalers. CONCLUSION This report concluded the clinical potential of metered dose inhalers, summary of current progress and future perspectives towards the smart digital metered dose inhalers development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA.
| | - Piyush Mehta
- Pharmaceutical Technology Center, Department of Aerosol, Zydus Life Sciences Ltd., Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Manju A K Rajora
- College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 100029, India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400, Sønderborg, Denmark.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health Systems Engineering, Department of Natural Sciences, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, USA
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health Systems Engineering, Department of Natural Sciences, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, USA.
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Jankowski T, Sobiech P, Jakubiak S. The Influence of Air Humidity on the Output Signal from an Ionization Smoke Detector in the Presence of Soot Nanoparticles. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22103639. [PMID: 35632046 PMCID: PMC9146982 DOI: 10.3390/s22103639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) initiated work on the preparation of a strategy for air quality monitoring at workplaces. The aim was to determine the concentrations of nano-objects and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAA) by means of direct measurements using low-cost sensors. There is a growing need for low-cost devices that can continuously monitor the concentrations of nanoparticles, and that can be installed where nanoparticles are used or created spontaneously. In search of such a device, in this study, a smoke detector with an ionization sensor was tested. The aim of the research was to investigate the response of the analog output signal with respect to changes in environmental parameters such as the relative humidity of air. The research was conducted in controlled laboratory conditions, and the results confirmed that an ionization detector could be used to measure the concentrations of nanoaerosols. The modified smoke detector detected soot particles smaller than 100 nm. The linear regression line was calculated for the relative humidity dataset and had a slope coefficient of −1.214 × 10−4; thus, the value of the output signal was constant during the experiment. The dependence on air temperature was approximated by a second-degree curve, with a slope coefficient of −8.113 × 10−2. Air humidity affected aerosol concentrations, which may be related to surface modification of nanoparticles.
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Dibazar ZE, Mohammadpour M, Samadian H, Zare S, Azizi M, Hamidi M, Elboutachfaiti R, Petit E, Delattre C. Bacterial Polyglucuronic Acid/Alginate/Carbon Nanofibers Hydrogel Nanocomposite as a Potential Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072494. [PMID: 35407826 PMCID: PMC8999617 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
3D nanocomposite scaffolds have attracted significant attention in bone tissue engineering applications. In the current study, we fabricated a 3D nanocomposite scaffold based on a bacterial polyglucuronic acid (PGU) and sodium alginate (Alg) composite with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) as the bone tissue engineering scaffold. The CNFs were obtained from electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers through heat treatment. The fabricated CNFs were incorporated into a PGU/Alg polymeric solution, which was physically cross-linked using CaCl2 solution. The fabricated nanocomposites were characterized to evaluate the internal structure, porosity, swelling kinetics, hemocompatibility, and cytocompatibility. The characterizations indicated that the nanocomposites have a porous structure with interconnected pores architecture, proper water absorption, and retention characteristics. The in vitro studies revealed that the nanocomposites were hemocompatible with negligible hemolysis induction. The cell viability assessment showed that the nanocomposites were biocompatible and supported bone cell growth. These results indicated that the fabricated bacterial PGU/Alg/CNFs hydrogel nanocomposite exhibited appropriate properties and can be considered a new biomaterial for bone tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ebrahimvand Dibazar
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz Asad University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran;
| | - Mahnaz Mohammadpour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran;
| | - Hadi Samadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (R.E.); (C.D.)
| | - Soheila Zare
- Student Research Committee, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 7797845157, Iran;
| | - Mehdi Azizi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838636, Iran;
| | - Masoud Hamidi
- BioMatter-Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 4188794755, Iran
| | - Redouan Elboutachfaiti
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, Laboratoire BIOPI, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, IUT d’Amiens, 80025 Amiens, France;
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (R.E.); (C.D.)
| | - Emmanuel Petit
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, Laboratoire BIOPI, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, IUT d’Amiens, 80025 Amiens, France;
| | - Cédric Delattre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 Rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (R.E.); (C.D.)
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Wasilewski T, Brito NF, Szulczyński B, Wojciechowski M, Buda N, Melo ACA, Kamysz W, Gębicki J. Olfactory Receptor-based Biosensors as Potential Future Tools in Medical Diagnosis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Akram Keramat AX, Kadkhoda J, Farahzadi R, Fathi E, Davaran S. The potential of Graphene Oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide in diagnosis and treatment of Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4529-4546. [PMID: 35135444 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220208092157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a pioneer field of study; for engineering smart nanosystems in targeted diagnosis and treatment in cancer therapy. The potent therapy for different kinds of solid tumors should ideally target individually the cancerous cells and tissue with no impact on healthy cells in the body. Nano-sized graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have phenomenal chemical versatility, high surface area ratio, and supernatural physical properties. The synergistic effects caused by the well-defined assembly of GO and rGO surface generate not only essential optical, mechanical, but also electronic behaviors. Developing novel multifunctional hybrid nanoparticles with great potential is highly considered in multimodal cancer treatment. GO, and rGO are engineered as a programmable targeting delivery system and combed with photonic energy they utilize in photothermal therapy. Its remarkable properties indicated its applications as a biosensor, bio-imaging for cancer diagnosis. In this current review, we show a remarkable highlight about GO, rGO, and discuss the notable applications for cancer diagnosis and treatment, and an overview of possible cellular signaling pathways that are affected by GO, rGO in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram X Akram Keramat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jamileh Kadkhoda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raheleh Farahzadi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ezzatollah Fathi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz-Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Khan ST, Adil SF, Shaik MR, Alkhathlan HZ, Khan M, Khan M. Engineered Nanomaterials in Soil: Their Impact on Soil Microbiome and Plant Health. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:109. [PMID: 35009112 PMCID: PMC8747355 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A staggering number of nanomaterials-based products are being engineered and produced commercially. Many of these engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are finally disposed into the soil through various routes in enormous quantities. Nanomaterials are also being specially tailored for their use in agriculture as nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, and nano-based biosensors, which is leading to their accumulation in the soil. The presence of ENMs considerably affects the soil microbiome, including the abundance and diversity of microbes. In addition, they also influence crucial microbial processes, such as nitrogen fixation, mineralization, and plant growth promoting activities. ENMs conduct in soil is typically dependent on various properties of ENMs and soil. Among nanoparticles, silver and zinc oxide have been extensively prepared and studied owing to their excellent industrial properties and well-known antimicrobial activities. Therefore, at this stage, it is imperative to understand how these ENMs influence the soil microbiome and related processes. These investigations will provide necessary information to regulate the applications of ENMs for sustainable agriculture and may help in increasing agrarian production. Therefore, this review discusses several such issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Tabrez Khan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 2002002, UP, India
| | - Syed Farooq Adil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.F.A.); (M.R.S.); (H.Z.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Mohammed Rafi Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.F.A.); (M.R.S.); (H.Z.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Hamad Z. Alkhathlan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.F.A.); (M.R.S.); (H.Z.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Merajuddin Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.F.A.); (M.R.S.); (H.Z.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Mujeeb Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.F.A.); (M.R.S.); (H.Z.A.); (M.K.)
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14
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Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Pan Z, Liu Y. Advanced bioactive nanomaterials for biomedical applications. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2021; 1:20210089. [PMID: 37323697 PMCID: PMC10191050 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive materials are a kind of materials with unique bioactivities, which can change the cellular behaviors and elicit biological responses from living tissues. Bioactive materials came into the spotlight in the late 1960s when the researchers found that the materials such as bioglass could react with surrounding bone tissue for bone regeneration. In the following decades, advances in nanotechnology brought the new development opportunities to bioactive nanomaterials. Bioactive nanomaterials are not a simple miniaturization of macroscopic materials. They exhibit unique bioactivities due to their nanoscale size effect, high specific surface area, and precise nanostructure, which can significantly influence the interactions with biological systems. Nowadays, bioactive nanomaterials have represented an important and exciting area of research. Current and future applications ensure that bioactive nanomaterials have a high academic and clinical importance. This review summaries the recent advances in the field of bioactive nanomaterials, and evaluate the influence factors of bioactivities. Then, a range of bioactive nanomaterials and their potential biomedical applications are discussed. Furthermore, the limitations, challenges, and future opportunities of bioactive nanomaterials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyFrontiers Science Center for New Organic MatterCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinP. R. China
| | - Zhanzhan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyFrontiers Science Center for New Organic MatterCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinP. R. China
| | - Zheng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyFrontiers Science Center for New Organic MatterCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinP. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyFrontiers Science Center for New Organic MatterCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinP. R. China
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15
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Modeling metal oxide nanoparticle GABA interactions: Complexation between the Keggin POM and γ-aminobutyric acid in the solid state and in solution influenced by additional ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Bustamante-Torres M, Romero-Fierro D, Arcentales-Vera B, Pardo S, Bucio E. Interaction between Filler and Polymeric Matrix in Nanocomposites: Magnetic Approach and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2998. [PMID: 34503038 PMCID: PMC8434030 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, polymer nanocomposites produced by combining nanofillers and a polymeric matrix are emerging as interesting materials. Polymeric composites have a wide range of applications due to the outstanding and enhanced properties that are obtained thanks to the introduction of nanoparticles. Therefore, understanding the filler-matrix relationship is an important factor in the continued growth of this scientific area and the development of new materials with desired properties and specific applications. Due to their performance in response to a magnetic field magnetic nanocomposites represent an important class of functional nanocomposites. Due to their properties, magnetic nanocomposites have found numerous applications in biomedical applications such as drug delivery, theranostics, etc. This article aims to provide an overview of the filler-polymeric matrix relationship, with a special focus on magnetic nanocomposites and their potential applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moises Bustamante-Torres
- Departamento de Biología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas e Ingeniería, Universidad de Investigación de Tecnología Experimental Yachay, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - David Romero-Fierro
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
- Departamento de Química, Escuela de Ciencias Química e Ingeniería, Universidad de Investigación de Tecnología Experimental Yachay, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador;
| | - Belén Arcentales-Vera
- Departamento de Química, Escuela de Ciencias Química e Ingeniería, Universidad de Investigación de Tecnología Experimental Yachay, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador;
| | - Samantha Pardo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito 170702, Ecuador;
| | - Emilio Bucio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito 170702, Ecuador;
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17
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Ramezani F, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Nosratiyan N, Ghasemi S, Feizi F. Acute administration of sulfur-doped g-C3N4 induces cognitive deficits and exacerbates the levels of glial activation in mouse hippocampus. Brain Res Bull 2021; 176:54-66. [PMID: 34419511 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has attracted increasing attention in several biomedical fields. In this study, the effects of sulfur-doped g-C3N4 (TCN) on cognitive function and histopathology of hippocampus were investigated in mice. The characteristics of synthetized sample were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Twenty-four male NMRI mice received vehicle, TCN at doses of 50, 150, or 500 mg/kg via gavage for one week. Morris water maze test was done to assess the cognitive function at day 14 post TCN administration. Nissl staining was used to determine the number of dark cells in the hippocampus. Immunostaining against NeuN, GFAP, and Iba1 was done to evaluate the neuronal density and levels of glial activation, respectively. Behavioral tests indicated that TCN reduces the spatial learning and memory in a dose-dependent manner. Histological evaluations showed an increased level of neuronal loss and glial activation in the hippocampus of TCN treated mice at doses of 150 and 500 mg/kg. Overall, our data indicate that TCN induces the cognitive impairment that is partly mediated via its exacerbating impacts on neuronal loss and glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farangis Ramezani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Nasrin Nosratiyan
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Shahram Ghasemi
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Farideh Feizi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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18
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Adhikari C. Polymer nanoparticles-preparations, applications and future insights: a concise review. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1939715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Adhikari
- School of Basic Science and Humanities, Institute of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India
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19
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Qais FA, Ahmad I, Altaf M, Alotaibi SH. Biofabrication of Gold Nanoparticles Using Capsicum annuum Extract and Its Antiquorum Sensing and Antibiofilm Activity against Bacterial Pathogens. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16670-16682. [PMID: 34235339 PMCID: PMC8246701 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The intensive use of antimicrobial agents has led to the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) among microbial pathogens. Such microbial (MDR) infections become more problematic in chronic diseases in which the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents is highly reduced. To combat the problem of drug resistance, inhibition of bacterial quorum sensing (QS) and biofilms are considered as promising strategies in the development of anti-infective agents. In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs-CA) were biofabricated using Capsicum annuum aqueous extract and characterized. The AuNPs-CA were tested against the QS-controlled virulence factors and biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Serratia marcescens MTCC 97. AuNPs-CA were found to be crystalline in nature with average particle size 19.97 nm. QS-mediated virulent traits of P. aeruginosa PAO1 such as pyocyanin, pyoverdin, exoprotease activity, elastase activity, rhamnolipids production, and swimming motility were reduced by 91.94, 72.16, 81.82, 65.72, 46.66, and 46.09%, respectively. Similarly, dose-dependent inhibition of virulence factors of S. marcescens MTCC 97 was recorded by the treatment of AuNPs-CA. The biofilm development and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production also decreased significantly. Microscopic analysis revealed that the adherence and colonization of the bacteria on solid support were reduced to a remarkable extent. The findings indicate the possibility of application of green synthesized gold nanoparticles in the management of bacterial infection after careful in vivo investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Abul Qais
- Department
of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department
of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Mohammad Altaf
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Central
Laboratory, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad H. Alotaibi
- Department
of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Altaf M, Zeyad MT, Hashmi MA, Manoharadas S, Hussain SA, Ali Abuhasil MS, Almuzaini MAM. Effective inhibition and eradication of pathogenic biofilms by titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized using Carum copticum extract. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19248-19257. [PMID: 35478667 PMCID: PMC9033554 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02876f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most bacteria exist in nature in the form of biofilms. One of the key survival strategies by bacteria to withstand chemical and physical stresses is by forming biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces. A different set of genes are expressed in biofilms compared to the planktonic mode of bacterial growth. According to data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly 80 percent of all human infections are encouraged by biofilms and roughly 65 percent of all hospital-acquired infections are associated with biofilms. Hence, considering the role of biofilms in clinical settings, there is an urgent need for the discovery/development of novel antibiofilm agents. In this study, we have tested the effect of freshly prepared titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) synthesized using Carum copticum extract on biofilms, both against Gram +ve and Gram −ve bacteria. Being environment friendly in nature, the green route of nanoparticle synthesis is believed to be advantageous over chemical synthesis of metal nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be predominantly spherical or spheroidal in shape with an average size of 12.01 ± 5.58 nm. As evident from data, more than 70% inhibition of biofilms of test bacteria was achieved in the presence of TiO2-NPs. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that the adherence and colonization of bacteria on the glass surface were remarkably reduced by the treatment of TiO2-NPs. The EPS secretion of E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa PAO1 were inhibited by 62.08 and 74.94%, respectively. The EPS secretion of S. aureus MTCC 3160 was least inhibited (<55%) compared to other test bacteria. Moreover, TiO2-NPs successfully eradicated the preformed biofilms of E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa PAO1, and S. aureus MTCC 3160 by 60.09, 64.14, and 48.30%, respectively. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles in inhibiting and eradicating the biofilms of bacterial pathogens and they may be further exploited for the development of a new alternative antibiofilm agent. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles inhibits and eradicates the biofilms of pathogenic bacteria.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Altaf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia.,Central Laboratory, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Tarique Zeyad
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh UP-202002 India
| | - Md Amiruddin Hashmi
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh UP-202002 India
| | - Salim Manoharadas
- Central Laboratory, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaik Althaf Hussain
- Central Laboratory, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Saeed Ali Abuhasil
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
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21
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Kyriakides TR, Raj A, Tseng TH, Xiao H, Nguyen R, Mohammed FS, Halder S, Xu M, Wu MJ, Bao S, Sheu WC. Biocompatibility of nanomaterials and their immunological properties. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:10.1088/1748-605X/abe5fa. [PMID: 33578402 PMCID: PMC8357854 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abe5fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) have revolutionized multiple aspects of medicine by enabling novel sensing, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches. Advancements in processing and fabrication have also allowed significant expansion in the applications of the major classes of NMs based on polymer, metal/metal oxide, carbon, liposome, or multi-scale macro-nano bulk materials. Concomitantly, concerns regarding the nanotoxicity and overall biocompatibility of NMs have been raised. These involve putative negative effects on both patients and those subjected to occupational exposure during manufacturing. In this review, we describe the current state of testing of NMs including those that are in clinical use, in clinical trials, or under development. We also discuss the cellular and molecular interactions that dictate their toxicity and biocompatibility. Specifically, we focus on the reciprocal interactions between NMs and host proteins, lipids, and sugars and how these induce responses in immune and other cell types leading to topical and/or systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themis R Kyriakides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Arindam Raj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Tiffany H Tseng
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Hugh Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Ryan Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Farrah S Mohammed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Saiti Halder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Mengqing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Michelle J Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Shuozhen Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Wendy C Sheu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
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22
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Lin T, Song YL, Liao J, Liu F, Zeng TT. Applications of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in detection fields. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2971-2989. [PMID: 33140686 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a Raman spectroscopy technique that has been widely used in food safety, environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis and treatment and drug monitoring because of its high selectivity, sensitivity, rapidness, simplicity and specificity in identifying molecular structures. This review introduces the detection mechanism of SERS and summarizes the most recent progress concerning the use of SERS for the detection and characterization of molecules, providing references for the later research of SERS in detection fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lin
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Ya-Li Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Juan Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, 710054, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
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23
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Mujawar MA, Gohel H, Bhardwaj SK, Srinivasan S, Hickman N, Kaushik A. Nano-enabled biosensing systems for intelligent healthcare: towards COVID-19 management. MATERIALS TODAY. CHEMISTRY 2020; 17:100306. [PMID: 32835155 PMCID: PMC7274574 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are emerging as efficient (sensitive and selective) and affordable analytical diagnostic tools for early-stage disease detection, as required for personalized health wellness management. Low-level detection of a targeted disease biomarker (pM level) has emerged extremely useful to evaluate the progression of disease under therapy. Such collected bioinformatics and its multi-aspects-oriented analytics is in demand to explore the effectiveness of a prescribed treatment, optimize therapy, and correlate biomarker level with disease pathogenesis. Owing to nanotechnology-enabled advancements in sensing unit fabrication, device integration, interfacing, packaging, and sensing performance at point-of-care (POC) has rendered diagnostics according to the requirements of disease management and patient disease profile i.e. in a personalized manner. Efforts are continuously being made to promote the state of art biosensing technology as a next-generation non-invasive disease diagnostics methodology. Keeping this in view, this progressive opinion article describes personalized health care management related analytical tools which can provide access to better health for everyone, with overreaching aim to manage healthy tomorrow timely. Considering accomplishments and predictions, such affordable intelligent diagnostics tools are urgently required to manage COVID-19 pandemic, a life-threatening respiratory infectious disease, where a rapid, selective and sensitive detection of human beta severe acute respiratory system coronavirus (SARS-COoV-2) protein is the key factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Mujawar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - H Gohel
- Department of Computer Science, School of Art and Sciences, University of Houston, Victoria, TX, USA
| | - S K Bhardwaj
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Srinivasan
- NnaoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Art, & Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, 33805, USA
| | - N Hickman
- NnaoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Art, & Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, 33805, USA
| | - A Kaushik
- NnaoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Art, & Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, 33805, USA
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24
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Green Synthesized Montmorillonite/Carrageenan/Fe 3O 4 Nanocomposites for pH-Responsive Release of Protocatechuic Acid and Its Anticancer Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144851. [PMID: 32659939 PMCID: PMC7402292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of a novel anticancer drug delivery agent is important to replace conventional cancer therapies which are often accompanied by undesired side effects. This study demonstrated the synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanocomposites (Fe3O4-NCs) using a green method. Montmorillonite (MMT) was used as matrix support, while Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and carrageenan (CR) were used as filler and stabilizer, respectively. The combination of these materials resulted in a novel nanocomposite (MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs). A series of characterization experiments was conducted. The purity of MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis revealed the uniform and spherical shape of Fe3O4 NPs with an average particle size of 9.3 ± 1.2 nm. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis showed an Ms value of 2.16 emu/g with negligible coercivity which confirmed the superparamagnetic properties. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) was loaded onto the MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs and a drug release study showed that 15% and 92% of PCA was released at pH 7.4 and 4.8, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays showed that both MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs and MMT/CR/Fe3O4-PCA effectively killed HCT116 which is a colorectal cancer cell line. Dose-dependent inhibition was seen and the killing was enhanced two-fold by the PCA-loaded NCs (IC50–0.734 mg/mL) compared to the unloaded NCs (IC50–1.5 mg/mL). This study highlights the potential use of MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs as a biologically active pH-responsive drug delivery agent. Further investigations are warranted to delineate the mechanism of cell entry and cancer cell killing as well as to improve the therapeutic potential of MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs.
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25
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Dekhili R, Cherni K, Liu H, Li X, Djaker N, Spadavecchia J. Aptamer-Gold(III) Complex Nanoparticles: A New Way to Detect Cu, Zn SOD Glycoprotein. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:13851-13859. [PMID: 32566851 PMCID: PMC7301578 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are small biomolecules composed of 20-100 nucleotides that recognize target molecules in three-dimensional structures. These natural targeting molecules have attracted interest in the biomedical field as biomarkers for cancer diagnostics. In this study, we investigated the interaction of a characteristic aptamer with its target protein, Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD 4), on a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) surface under experimental conditions. For this purpose, we applied two protocols to coat SOD 4 aptamer (APT) on the nanoparticle surface: carbodiimide chemistry (EDC/NHS) (Method ON) and a complexation methodology (Method IN). The nano-aptamer's interactions with SOD 4 were detected by UV-vis absorption and Raman spectroscopy in a range of protein concentrations (from 1 μM to 50 nM). We believe that the interaction is heavily dependent on the nature of the biomarker (SOD 4) and also on the steric arrangement of the aptamer on the gold nanoparticle surface. The lowest detectable concentration (limit of detection, LOD) was about 2 nM for APT IN PEG-AuNPs and 8 nM for APT ON PEG-AuNPs. For the first time, we demonstrated a very sensitive detection of SOD 4 in the nanomolar concentration range with new ways of biosensor synthesis (APT IN and ON), providing a very strong tool to understand the effect of aptamer conformation to detect SOD 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawdha Dekhili
- CNRS,
UMR 7244, NBD-CSPBAT, Laboratory of Chemistry, Structures and Properties
of Biomaterials and Therapeutic Agents University Paris13, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny 93000, France
| | - Khaoula Cherni
- CNRS,
UMR 7244, NBD-CSPBAT, Laboratory of Chemistry, Structures and Properties
of Biomaterials and Therapeutic Agents University Paris13, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny 93000, France
| | - Hui Liu
- Department
of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital &
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases
& Carson International Cancer Shenzhen University General Hospital
& Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaowu Li
- Department
of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital &
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases
& Carson International Cancer Shenzhen University General Hospital
& Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Nadia Djaker
- CNRS,
UMR 7244, NBD-CSPBAT, Laboratory of Chemistry, Structures and Properties
of Biomaterials and Therapeutic Agents University Paris13, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny 93000, France
| | - Jolanda Spadavecchia
- CNRS,
UMR 7244, NBD-CSPBAT, Laboratory of Chemistry, Structures and Properties
of Biomaterials and Therapeutic Agents University Paris13, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny 93000, France
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26
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Mamani JB, Marinho BS, Rego GNDA, Nucci MP, Alvieri F, Santos RSD, Ferreira JVM, Oliveira FAD, Gamarra LF. Magnetic hyperthermia therapy in glioblastoma tumor on-a-Chip model. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2020; 18:eAO4954. [PMID: 31939525 PMCID: PMC6924828 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020ao4954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the magnetic hyperthermia therapy in glioblastoma tumor-on-a-Chip model using a microfluidics device. METHODS The magnetic nanoparticles coated with aminosilane were used for the therapy of magnetic hyperthermia, being evaluated the specific absorption rate of the magnetic nanoparticles at 300 Gauss and 305kHz. A preculture of C6 cells was performed before the 3D cells culture on the chip. The process of magnetic hyperthermia on the Chip was performed after administration of 20μL of magnetic nanoparticles (10mgFe/mL) using the parameters that generated the specific absorption rate value. The efficacy of magnetic hyperthermia therapy was evaluated by using the cell viability test through the following fluorescence staining: calcein acetoxymethyl ester (492/513nm), for live cells, and ethidium homodimer-1 (526/619nm) for dead cells dyes. RESULTS Magnetic nanoparticles when submitted to the alternating magnetic field (300 Gauss and 305kHz) produced a mean value of the specific absorption rate of 115.4±6.0W/g. The 3D culture of C6 cells evaluated by light field microscopy imaging showed the proliferation and morphology of the cells prior to the application of magnetic hyperthermia therapy. Fluorescence images showed decreased viability of cultured cells in organ-on-a-Chip by 20% and 100% after 10 and 30 minutes of the magnetic hyperthermia therapy application respectively. CONCLUSION The study showed that the therapeutic process of magnetic hyperthermia in the glioblastoma on-a-chip model was effective to produce the total cell lise after 30 minutes of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mariana Penteado Nucci
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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27
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Noah NM, Ndangili PM. Current Trends of Nanobiosensors for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:2179718. [PMID: 31886019 PMCID: PMC6925704 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2179718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to provide better-quality health care, it is very important that high standards of health care management are achieved by making timely decisions based on rapid diagnostics, smart data analysis, and informatics analysis. Point-of-care testing ensures fast detection of analytes near to the patients facilitating a better disease diagnosis, monitoring, and management. It also enables quick medical decisions since the diseases can be diagnosed at an early stage which leads to improved health outcomes for the patients enabling them to start early treatment. In the recent past, various potential point-of-care devices have been developed and they are paving the way to next-generation point-of-care testing. Biosensors are very critical components of point-of-care devices since they are directly responsible for the bioanalytical performance of an essay. As such, they have been explored for their prospective point-of-care applications necessary for personalized health care management since they usually estimate the levels of biological markers or any chemical reaction by producing signals mainly associated with the concentration of an analyte and hence can detect disease causing markers such as body fluids. Their high selectivity and sensitivity have allowed for early diagnosis and management of targeted diseases; hence, facilitating timely therapy decisions and combination with nanotechnology can improve assessment of the disease onset and its progression and help to plan for treatment of many diseases. In this review, we explore how nanotechnology has been utilized in the development of nanosensors and the current trends of these nanosensors for point-of-care diagnosis of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naumih M. Noah
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University-Africa, P.O. Box 14634-00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter M. Ndangili
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology (DCST), Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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28
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Developments and future insights of using nanofluids for heat transfer enhancements in thermal systems: a review of recent literature. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40089-019-00281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Hale SJM, Perrins RD, Garcı A CE, Pace A, Peral U, Patel KR, Robinson A, Williams P, Ding Y, Saito G, Rodriguez MÁ, Perera I, Barrientos A, Conlon K, Damment S, Porter J, Coulter T. DM1 Loaded Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles Display Significant Efficacy and Improved Tolerability in Murine Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:703-713. [PMID: 30582799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with poor prognosis and limited options for treatment. Life expectancy after diagnosis is short; the currently available treatments are not well tolerated and have limited clinical benefit. There is a clear unmet clinical need for the development of new treatments. In this study, ultrasmall, 2 nm gold core nanoparticles (MidaCore) conjugated with the potent maytansine analogue DM1 (MTC-100038) were assessed as a systemic nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. The platform improved overall tolerability of DM1, permitting ∼3-fold higher levels of drug to be administered compared to free drug. Dose for dose, MTC-100038 also facilitated delivery of ∼2.0-fold higher ( p = 0.039) levels of DM1 to the tumor compared to free DM1. MTC-100038 produced significant efficacy (tumor growth index ∼102%; p = <0.0001), in several murine xenograft models of HCC, and was superior to both free DM1 and the current standard of care, sorafenib. Furthermore, MTC-100038 displayed potent (nM) in vitro activity in various HCC primary patient derived cell lines and across various other different cancer cell types. These data demonstrate the potential of MidaCore nanoparticles to enhance tumor delivery of cytotoxic drugs and indicate MTC-100038 is worthy of further investigation as a potential treatment for HCC and other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J M Hale
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Perrins
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | | | - Alessandro Pace
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Usoa Peral
- Midatech Pharma Espana , Parque Tecnológico Ibaizabal Bidea, 800-2a plta , 48160 , Derio , Bizakaia , Spain
| | - Ketan R Patel
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Angela Robinson
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Phil Williams
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Yao Ding
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Saito
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodriguez
- Midatech Pharma Espana , Parque Tecnológico Ibaizabal Bidea, 800-2a plta , 48160 , Derio , Bizakaia , Spain
| | - Ibon Perera
- Midatech Pharma Espana , Parque Tecnológico Ibaizabal Bidea, 800-2a plta , 48160 , Derio , Bizakaia , Spain
| | - Africa Barrientos
- Midatech Pharma Espana , Parque Tecnológico Ibaizabal Bidea, 800-2a plta , 48160 , Derio , Bizakaia , Spain
| | - Kelly Conlon
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Steve Damment
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - John Porter
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Tom Coulter
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
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30
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Kaushik A, Mujawar MA. Point of Care Sensing Devices: Better Care for Everyone. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E4303. [PMID: 30563249 PMCID: PMC6308549 DOI: 10.3390/s18124303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Improved health management is a key to provide a better health care [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Kaushik
- Center of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University (FIU), Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Mubarak A Mujawar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA.
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31
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Kaushik A, Jayant RD, Nair M. Nanomedicine for neuroHIV/AIDS management. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:669-673. [PMID: 29485351 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Kaushik
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert, Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Rahul D Jayant
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert, Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert, Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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