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Logan N, Cao C, Freitag S, Haughey SA, Krska R, Elliott CT. Advancing Mycotoxin Detection in Food and Feed: Novel Insights from Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309625. [PMID: 38224595 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The implementation of low-cost and rapid technologies for the on-site detection of mycotoxin-contaminated crops is a promising solution to address the growing concerns of the agri-food industry. Recently, there have been significant developments in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the direct detection of mycotoxins in food and feed. This review provides an overview of the most recent advancements in the utilization of SERS through the successful fabrication of novel nanostructured materials. Various bottom-up and top-down approaches have demonstrated their potential in improving sensitivity, while many applications exploit the immobilization of recognition elements and molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) to enhance specificity and reproducibility in complex matrices. Therefore, the design and fabrication of nanomaterials is of utmost importance and are presented herein. This paper uncovers that limited studies establish detection limits or conduct validation using naturally contaminated samples. One decade on, SERS is still lacking significant progress and there is a disconnect between the technology, the European regulatory limits, and the intended end-user. Ongoing challenges and potential solutions are discussed including nanofabrication, molecular binders, and data analytics. Recommendations to assay design, portability, and substrate stability are made to help improve the potential and feasibility of SERS for future on-site agri-food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Logan
- National Measurement Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Cuong Cao
- National Measurement Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
- Material and Advanced Technologies for Healthcare, Queen's University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Stephan Freitag
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, Tulln, 3430, Vienna, Austria
- FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Simon A Haughey
- National Measurement Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Rudolf Krska
- National Measurement Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, Tulln, 3430, Vienna, Austria
- FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- National Measurement Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Khong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
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2
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Wu Z, Wang E, Zhang G, Shen Y, Shao G. Recent Progress of Vertical Graphene: Preparation, Structure Engineering, and Emerging Energy Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307923. [PMID: 38009514 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Vertical graphene (VG) nanosheets have garnered significant attention in the field of electrochemical energy applications, such as supercapacitors, electro-catalysis, and metal-ion batteries. The distinctive structures of VG, including vertically oriented morphology, exposed, and extended edges, and separated few-layer graphene nanosheets, have endowed VG with superior electrode reaction kinetics and mass/electron transportation compared to other graphene-based nanostructures. Therefore, gaining insight into the structure-activity relationship of VG and VG-based materials is crucial for enhancing device performance and expanding their applications in the energy field. In this review, the authors first summarize the fabrication methods of VG structures, including solution-based, and vacuum-based techniques. The study then focuses on structural modulations through plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to tailor defects and morphology, aiming to obtain desirable architectures. Additionally, a comprehensive overview of the applications of VG and VG-based hybrids d in the energy field is provided, considering the arrangement and optimization of their structures. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of VG-based energy-related applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Wu
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-carbon and Environmental Materials (CDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Zhengzhou Materials Genome Institute (ZMGI), Building 2, Zhongyuanzhigu, Xingyang, Zhengzhou, 450100, China
| | - Erhao Wang
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-carbon and Environmental Materials (CDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Gongkai Zhang
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-carbon and Environmental Materials (CDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yonglong Shen
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-carbon and Environmental Materials (CDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Zhengzhou Materials Genome Institute (ZMGI), Building 2, Zhongyuanzhigu, Xingyang, Zhengzhou, 450100, China
| | - Guosheng Shao
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-carbon and Environmental Materials (CDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Zhengzhou Materials Genome Institute (ZMGI), Building 2, Zhongyuanzhigu, Xingyang, Zhengzhou, 450100, China
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3
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Reguig A, Vishal B, Smajic J, Bahabri M, Deokar G, Alrefae MA, Costa PMFJ. Graphene nanowalls grown on copper mesh. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:085602. [PMID: 37931315 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad0a0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanowalls (GNWs) can be described as extended nanosheets of graphitic carbon where the basal planes are perpendicular to a substrate. Generally, existing techniques to grow films of GNWsare based on plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and the use of diverse substrate materials (Cu, Ni, C, etc) shaped as foils or filaments. Usually, patterned films rely on substrates priorly modified by costly cleanroom procedures. Hence, we report here the characterization, transfer and application of wafer-scale patterned GNWsfilms that were grown on Cu meshes using low-power direct-current PECVD. Reaching wall heights of ∼300 nm, mats of vertically-aligned carbon nanosheets covered square centimeter wire meshes substrates, replicating well the thread dimensions and the tens of micrometer-wide openings of the meshes. Contrastingly, the same growth conditions applied to Cu foils resulted in limited carbon deposition, mostly confined to the substrate edges. Based on the wet transfer procedure turbostratic and graphitic carbon domains co-exist in the GNWsmicrostructure. Interestingly, these nanoscaled patterned films were quite hydrophobic, being able to reverse the wetting behavior of SiO2surfaces. Finally, we show that the GNWscan also be used as the active material for C-on-Cu anodes of Li-ion battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdeldjalil Reguig
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badri Vishal
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jasmin Smajic
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bahabri
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geetanjali Deokar
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed A Alrefae
- Mechanical Engineering Technology Department, Yanbu Industrial College, Yanbu 41912, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pedro M F J Costa
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang TT, Lv BH, Fan CC, Shi BY, Cao QJ, Wang W, Tao FF, Dou WD. Controllable Fabrication of Vertical Graphene with Tunable Growth Nature by Remote Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:36245-36252. [PMID: 37810641 PMCID: PMC10552111 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
As an important member of the graphene family, vertical graphene (VG) has broad applications like field emission, energy storage, and sensors owing to its fascinating physical and chemical properties. Among various fabrication methods for VG, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is most employed because of the fast growth rate at relatively low temperature for the high-quality VG. However, to date, relations between growth manner of VG and growth parameters such as growth temperature, dosage of gaseous carbon source, and electric power to generate plasma are still less known, which in turn hinder the massive production of VG for further applications. In this study, the growth behavior of VG was studied as functions of temperature, plasma power, and gas composition (or chamber pressure). It was found that the growth behavior of VG is sensitive to the growth conditions mentioned above. Although conditions with high growth temperature, large flow rate of mixed gas of methane and carrier gases, and high plasma power may be helpful for the fast growth of VG, brunching of VG is simultaneously enhanced, which in turn decreases the vertical growth nature of VG. High-quality VG can be achieved by optimizing the growth parameters. It was revealed that the vertical growth nature of VG is governed by the electric field at the interfacial layer between VG and the substrate, for which its strength is influenced by the density of plasma. These findings are important for the general understanding of the VG growth and provided a feasible way for the controllable fabrication of VG using the remote PECVD method which is usually believed to be unsuitable for the fabrication of VG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Zhang
- Laboratory
of Low-dimensional Carbon Materials and Department of Physics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Bing-Hao Lv
- Laboratory
of Low-dimensional Carbon Materials and Department of Physics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Chen-Chen Fan
- Laboratory
of Low-dimensional Carbon Materials and Department of Physics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Bi-Yun Shi
- Laboratory
of Low-dimensional Carbon Materials and Department of Physics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Qiao-Jun Cao
- Laboratory
of Low-dimensional Carbon Materials and Department of Physics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School
of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Fei-Fei Tao
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing
University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Wei-Dong Dou
- Laboratory
of Low-dimensional Carbon Materials and Department of Physics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
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5
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Shen Y, Li Y, Chen W, Jiang S, Li C, Cheng Q. High-Performance Graphene Nanowalls/Si Self-Powered Photodetectors with HfO 2 as an Interfacial Layer. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101681. [PMID: 37242098 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene/silicon (Si) heterojunction photodetectors are widely studied in detecting of optical signals from near-infrared to visible light. However, the performance of graphene/Si photodetectors is limited by defects created in the growth process and surface recombination at the interface. Herein, a remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition is introduced to directly grow graphene nanowalls (GNWs) at a low power of 300 W, which can effectively improve the growth rate and reduce defects. Moreover, hafnium oxide (HfO2) with thicknesses ranging from 1 to 5 nm grown by atomic layer deposition has been employed as an interfacial layer for the GNWs/Si heterojunction photodetector. It is shown that the high-k dielectric layer of HfO2 acts as an electron-blocking and hole transport layer, which minimizes the recombination and reduces the dark current. At an optimized thickness of 3 nm HfO2, a low dark current of 3.85 × 10-10, with a responsivity of 0.19 AW-1, a specific detectivity of 1.38 × 1012 as well as an external quantum efficiency of 47.1% at zero bias, can be obtained for the fabricated GNWs/HfO2/Si photodetector. This work demonstrates a universal strategy to fabricate high-performance graphene/Si photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Shen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yulin Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Wencheng Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Sijie Jiang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qijin Cheng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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6
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Balan AE, Bita BI, Vizireanu S, Dinescu G, Stamatin I, Trefilov AMI. Carbon-Nanowall Microporous Layers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1064. [PMID: 36363619 PMCID: PMC9698599 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cathode microporous layer (MPL), as one of the key components of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC), requires specialized carbon materials to ensure the two-phase flow and interfacial effects. In this respect, we designed a novel MPL based on highly hydrophobic carbon nanowalls (CNW). Employing plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition techniques directly on carbon paper, we produced high-quality microporous layers at a competitive yield-to-cost ratio with distinctive MPL properties: high porosity, good stability, considerable durability, high hydrophobicity, and substantial conductivity. The specific morphological and structural properties were determined by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Thermo-gravimetric analysis was employed to study the nanostructures' thermal stability and contact angle measurements were performed on the CNW substrate to study the hydrophobic character. Platinum ink, serving as a fuel cell catalyst, was sprayed directly onto the MPLs and incorporated in the FC assembly by hot-pressing against a polymeric membrane to form the membrane-electrode assembly and gas diffusion layers. Single-fuel-cell testing, at moderate temperature and humidity, revealed improved power performance comparable to industrial quality membrane assemblies (500 mW cm-2 mg-1 of cathodic Pt load at 80 °C and 80% RH), with elevated working potential (0.99 V) and impeccable fuel crossover for a low-cost system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Elena Balan
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ionut Bita
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
- National R&D Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
| | - Sorin Vizireanu
- National R&D Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Dinescu
- National R&D Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
| | - Ioan Stamatin
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
| | - Alexandra Maria Isabel Trefilov
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
- National R&D Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
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Maksimovskii EA, Maslova OV, Semenova OI, Vasileva IG, Kosinova ML. SYNTHESIS FEATURES AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBON NANOWALLS PREPARED FROM ORGANOBORON COMPOUNDS. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476622070125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Meškinis Š, Vasiliauskas A, Guobienė A, Talaikis M, Niaura G, Gudaitis R. The direct growth of planar and vertical graphene on Si(100) via microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition: synthesis conditions effects. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18759-18772. [PMID: 35873323 PMCID: PMC9237919 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02370a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present research, graphene was synthesized directly on a Si(100) substrate via combining direct microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and protective enclosure. The graphene flake orientation was controlled using suitable synthesis conditions. We revealed that high processing temperatures and plasma powers promote vertical graphene growth. The main related physical mechanisms were raised temperature gradients, thermal stress, ion bombardment, and elevated electric field effects. Lowering the synthesis temperature and plasma power resulted in planar graphene growth. An elevated synthesis temperature and long deposition time decreased the graphene layer number as the carbon desorption rate increased with temperature. Dominating defect types and their relationships to the graphene growth conditions were revealed. Planar graphene n-type self-doping was found due to substrate-based charge transfer. In the case of vertical graphene, the increased contact area between graphene and air resulted in the adsorption of more molecules, resulting in no doping or p-type doping. In the present research, graphene was synthesized directly on a Si(100) substrate via combining direct microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and protective enclosure.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Š. Meškinis
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - A. Vasiliauskas
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - A. Guobienė
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - M. Talaikis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - G. Niaura
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - R. Gudaitis
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
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M Santhosh N, Shvalya V, Modic M, Hojnik N, Zavašnik J, Olenik J, Košiček M, Filipič G, Abdulhalim I, Cvelbar U. Label-Free Mycotoxin Raman Identification by High-Performing Plasmonic Vertical Carbon Nanostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103677. [PMID: 34636140 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are widespread chemical entities in the agriculture and food industries that can induce cancer growth and immune deficiency, posing a serious health threat for humankind. These hazardous compounds are produced naturally by various molds (fungi) that contaminate different food products and can be detected in cereals, nuts, spices, and other food products. However, their detection, especially at minimally harmful concentrations, remains a serious analytical challenge. This research shows that high-performing plasmonic substrates (analytical enhancement factor = 5 × 107 ) based on plasma-grown vertical hollow carbon nanotubes can be applied for immediate detection of the most toxic mycotoxins. Due to excellent sensitivity allowing operation at ppb concentrations, it is possible to collect vibrational fingerprints of aflatoxin B1 , zearalenone, alternariol, and fumonisin B1 , highlighting the key spectral differences between them using principal component analysis. Regarding time-consuming conventional methods, including thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the designed surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates provide a clear roadmap to reducing the detection time-scale of mycotoxins down to seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakandan M Santhosh
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Vasyl Shvalya
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Martina Modic
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Hojnik
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Janez Zavašnik
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Olenik
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Martin Košiček
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Filipič
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ibrahim Abdulhalim
- Department of Electro-Optics and Photonics Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ilse-Katz Institute for Nano-Scale Science and Technology, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Uroš Cvelbar
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
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10
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One-Step Synthesis of SnO 2/Carbon Nanotube Nanonests Composites by Direct Current Arc-Discharge Plasma and Its Application in Lithium-Ion Batteries. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113138. [PMID: 34835902 PMCID: PMC8620677 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tin dioxide (SnO2)-based materials, as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), have been attracting growing research attention due to the high theoretical specific capacity. However, the complex synthesis process of chemical methods and the pollution of chemical reagents limit its commercialization. The new material synthesis method is of great significance for expanding the application of SnO2-based materials. In this study, the SnO2/carbon nanotube nanonests (SnO2/CNT NNs) composites are synthesized in one step by direct current (DC) arc-discharge plasma; compared with conventional methods, the plasma synthesis achieves a uniform load of SnO2 nanoparticles on the surfaces of CNTs while constructing the CNTs conductive network. The SnO2/CNT NNs composites are applied in LIBs, it can be found that the nanonest-like CNT conductive structure provides adequate room for the volume expansion and also helps to transfer the electrons. Electrochemical measurements suggests that the SnO2/CNT NNscomposites achieve high capacity, and still have high electrochemical stability and coulombic efficiency under high current density, which proves the reliability of the synthesis method. This method is expected to be industrialized and also provides new ideas for the preparation of other nanocomposites.
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11
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Physical properties of carbon nanowalls synthesized by the ICP-PECVD method vs. the growth time. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19287. [PMID: 34588481 PMCID: PMC8481469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of the physical properties of carbon nanowall (CNW) films is carried out in correlation with the growth time. The structural, electronic, optical and electrical properties of CNW films are investigated using electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Hall Effect measurement system, Four Point Probing system, and thermoelectric measurements. Shorter growth time results in thinner CNW films with a densely spaced labyrinth structure, while a longer growth time results in thicker CNW films with a petal structure. These changes in morphology further lead to changes in the structural, optical, and electrical properties of the CNW.
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12
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Santhosh N, Upadhyay KK, Stražar P, Filipič G, Zavašnik J, Mão de Ferro A, Silva RP, Tatarova E, Montemor MDF, Cvelbar U. Advanced Carbon-Nickel Sulfide Hybrid Nanostructures: Extending the Limits of Battery-Type Electrodes for Redox-Based Supercapacitor Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:20559-20572. [PMID: 33881814 PMCID: PMC8289178 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal sulfides combined with conductive carbon nanostructures are considered promising electrode materials for redox-based supercapacitors due to their high specific capacity. However, the low rate capability of these electrodes, still considered "battery-type" electrodes, presents an obstacle for general use. In this work, we demonstrate a successful and fast fabrication process of metal sulfide-carbon nanostructures ideal for charge-storage electrodes with ultra-high capacity and outstanding rate capability. The novel hybrid binder-free electrode material consists of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VCN), terminated by a nanosized single-crystal metallic Ni grain; Ni is covered by a nickel nitride (Ni3N) interlayer and topped by trinickel disulfide (Ni3S2, heazlewoodite). Thus, the electrode is formed by a Ni3S2/Ni3N/Ni@NVCN architecture with a unique broccoli-like morphology. Electrochemical measurements show that these hybrid binder-free electrodes exhibit one of the best electrochemical performances compared to the other reported Ni3S2-based electrodes, evidencing an ultra-high specific capacity (856.3 C g-1 at 3 A g-1), outstanding rate capability (77.2% retention at 13 A g-1), and excellent cycling stability (83% retention after 4000 cycles at 13 A g-1). The remarkable electrochemical performance of the binder-free Ni3S2/Ni3N/Ni@NVCN electrodes is a significant step forward, improving rate capability and capacity for redox-based supercapacitor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakandan
M. Santhosh
- Department
of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan
Institute, Jamova Cesta
39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Kush K. Upadhyay
- Charge2C-NewCap, Av. José Francisco Guerreiro,
No 28 Paiã Park, Armazém A2.12, Pontinha, Odivelas 1675-078, Portugal
- Centro
de Química Estrutural-CQE, Departamento de Engenharia Química,
Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade
de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Petra Stražar
- Department
of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan
Institute, Jamova Cesta
39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Filipič
- Department
of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan
Institute, Jamova Cesta
39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Janez Zavašnik
- Department
of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan
Institute, Jamova Cesta
39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - André Mão de Ferro
- Charge2C-NewCap, Av. José Francisco Guerreiro,
No 28 Paiã Park, Armazém A2.12, Pontinha, Odivelas 1675-078, Portugal
| | - Rui Pedro Silva
- Charge2C-NewCap, Av. José Francisco Guerreiro,
No 28 Paiã Park, Armazém A2.12, Pontinha, Odivelas 1675-078, Portugal
| | - Elena Tatarova
- Instituto
de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049, Portugal
| | - Maria de Fátima Montemor
- Centro
de Química Estrutural-CQE, Departamento de Engenharia Química,
Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade
de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Uroš Cvelbar
- Department
of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan
Institute, Jamova Cesta
39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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Hussain S, Kovacevic E, Berndt J, Santhosh NM, Pattyn C, Dias A, Strunskus T, Ammar MR, Jagodar A, Gaillard M, Boulmer-Leborgne C, Cvelbar U. Low-temperature low-power PECVD synthesis of vertically aligned graphene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:395604. [PMID: 32521529 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab9b4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The need for 2D vertical graphene nanosheets (VGNs) is driven by its great potential in diverse energy, electronics, and sensor applications, wherein many cases a low-temperature synthesis is preferred due to requirements of the manufacturing process. Unfortunately, most of today's known methods, including plasma, require either relatively high temperatures or high plasma powers. Herein, we report on a controllable synthesis of VGNs at a pushed down low-temperature boundary for synthesis, the low temperatures (450 °C) and low plasma powers (30 W) using capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) driven by radio-frequency power at 13.56 MHz. The strategies implemented also include unrevealing the role of Nickel (Ni) catalyst thin film on the substrates (Si/Al). It was found that the Ni catalyst on Si/Al initiates the nucleation/growth of VGNs at 450 °C in comparison to the substrates without Ni catalyst. With increasing temperature, the graphene nanosheets become bigger in size, well-structured and well separated. The role of Ni catalysts is hence to boost the growth rate, density, and quality of the growing VGNs. Furthermore, this CCP method can be used to synthesize VGNs at the lowest temperatures possible so far on a variety of substrates and provide new opportunities in the practical application of VGNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Hussain
- GREMI, UMR 7344, CNRS & Université d'Orléans, Orleans Cedex 2, 45067, France. Nanotechnology & Integrated Bio-Engineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
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Shavelkina MB, Ivanov PP, Bocharov AN, Amirov RK. Effect of the Plasma Gas Composition on the Properties of Graphene. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143920050136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Tigges S, Wöhrl N, Radev I, Hagemann U, Heidelmann M, Nguyen TB, Gorelkov S, Schulz S, Lorke A. One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:1419-1431. [PMID: 33014682 PMCID: PMC7509379 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cost-efficiency, durability, and reliability of catalysts, as well as their operational lifetime, are the main challenges in chemical energy conversion. Here, we present a novel, one-step approach for the synthesis of Pt/C hybrid material by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD). The platinum loading, degree of oxidation, and the very narrow particle size distribution are precisely adjusted in the Pt/C hybrid material due to the simultaneous deposition of platinum and carbon during the process. The as-synthesized Pt/C hybrid materials are promising electrocatalysts for use in fuel cell applications as they show significantly improved electrochemical long-term stability compared to the industrial standard HiSPEC 4000. The PE-CVD process is furthermore expected to be extendable to the general deposition of metal-containing carbon materials from other commercially available metal acetylacetonate precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Tigges
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Wöhrl
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ivan Radev
- The hydrogen and fuel cell center (ZBT GmbH), Carl-Benz-Straße 201, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hagemann
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heidelmann
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thai Binh Nguyen
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorelkov
- The hydrogen and fuel cell center (ZBT GmbH), Carl-Benz-Straße 201, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätstraße. 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Axel Lorke
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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Santhosh NM, Vasudevan A, Jurov A, Filipič G, Zavašnik J, Cvelbar U. Oriented Carbon Nanostructures from Plasma Reformed Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Polymer Gels for Gas Sensor Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1704. [PMID: 32872479 PMCID: PMC7559324 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Oriented carbon nanostructures (OCNs) with dominant graphitic characteristics have attracted research interest for various applications due to the excellent electrical and optical properties owing to their vertical orientation, interconnected structures, electronic properties, and large surface area. Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is considered as a promising method for the large-scale synthesis of OCNs. Alternatively, structural reformation of natural carbon precursor or phenol-based polymers using plasma-assisted surface treatment is also considered for the fabrication of OCNs. In this work, we have demonstrated a fast technique for the synthesis of OCNs by plasma-assisted structure reformation of resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) polymer gels using radio-frequency inductively coupled plasma (rf-ICP). A thin layer of RF polymer gel cast on a glass substrate was used as the carbon source and treated with rf plasma under different plasma discharge conditions. Argon and hydrogen gases were used in surface treatment, and the growth of carbon nanostructures at different discharge parameters was systematically examined. This study explored the influence of the gas flow rate, the plasma power, and the treatment time on the structural reformation of polymer gel to produce OCNs. Moreover, the gas-sensing properties of as-prepared OCNs towards ethanol at atmospheric conditions were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakandan M. Santhosh
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aswathy Vasudevan
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Jurov
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Filipič
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Janez Zavašnik
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Uroš Cvelbar
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
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17
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Shavelkina MB, Ivanov PP, Amirov RK, Bocharov AN. Influence of Temperature Profile on the Composition of Condensed Carbon in a Plasma Jet. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476620040137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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M Santhosh N, Filipič G, Kovacevic E, Jagodar A, Berndt J, Strunskus T, Kondo H, Hori M, Tatarova E, Cvelbar U. N-Graphene Nanowalls via Plasma Nitrogen Incorporation and Substitution: The Experimental Evidence. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:53. [PMID: 34138293 PMCID: PMC7770896 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-0395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating nitrogen (N) atom in graphene is considered a key technique for tuning its electrical properties. However, this is still a great challenge, and it is unclear how to build N-graphene with desired nitrogen configurations. There is a lack of experimental evidence to explain the influence and mechanism of structural defects for nitrogen incorporation into graphene compared to the derived DFT theories. Herein, this gap is bridged through a systematic study of different nitrogen-containing gaseous plasma post-treatments on graphene nanowalls (CNWs) to produce N-CNWs with incorporated and substituted nitrogen. The structural and morphological analyses describe a remarkable difference in the plasma-surface interaction, nitrogen concentration and nitrogen incorporation mechanism in CNWs by using different nitrogen-containing plasma. Electrical conductivity measurements revealed that the conductivity of the N-graphene is strongly influenced by the position and concentration of C-N bonding configurations. These findings open up a new pathway for the synthesis of N-graphene using plasma post-treatment to control the concentration and configuration of incorporated nitrogen for application-specific properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakandan M Santhosh
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Filipič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Kovacevic
- GREMI CNRS-University of Orleans, 14 rue d'Issoudun, 45067, Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - Andrea Jagodar
- GREMI CNRS-University of Orleans, 14 rue d'Issoudun, 45067, Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - Johannes Berndt
- GREMI CNRS-University of Orleans, 14 rue d'Issoudun, 45067, Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kaiserstr, 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hiroki Kondo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Nagoya, Furo-cho Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masaru Hori
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Nagoya, Furo-cho Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Elena Tatarova
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Uroš Cvelbar
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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19
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Synthesis of Graphene-based Materials for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Applications. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2019.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Pierpaoli M, Ficek M, Rycewicz M, Sawczak M, Karczewski J, Ruello ML, Bogdanowicz R. Tailoring Electro/Optical Properties of Transparent Boron-Doped Carbon Nanowalls Grown on Quartz. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12030547. [PMID: 30759814 PMCID: PMC6385157 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanowalls (CNWs) have attracted much attention for numerous applications in electrical devices because of their peculiar structural characteristics. However, it is possible to set synthesis parameters to vary the electrical and optical properties of such CNWs. In this paper, we demonstrate the direct growth of highly transparent boron-doped nanowalls (B-CNWs) on optical grade fused quartz. The effect of growth temperature and boron doping on the behavior of boron-doped carbon nanowalls grown on quartz was studied in particular. Temperature and boron inclusion doping level allow for direct tuning of CNW morphology. It is possible to operate with both parameters to obtain a transparent and conductive film; however, boron doping is a preferred factor to maintain the transparency in the visible region, while a higher growth temperature is more effective to improve conductance. Light transmittance and electrical conductivity are mainly influenced by growth temperature and then by boron doping. Tailoring B-CNWs has important implications for potential applications of such electrically conductive transparent electrodes designed for energy conversion and storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pierpaoli
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Mateusz Ficek
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Michał Rycewicz
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Sawczak
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Jakub Karczewski
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Department of Solid State Physics, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Maria Letizia Ruello
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Robert Bogdanowicz
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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