1
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Wang Q, Zhou C, Zhang H, Zhang X, Wen X, Bai J, Mao H. Preparation of Low-Molecular-Weight Polyacrylamide as the Delayed Crosslinking Plugging Agent for Drilling Fluid. Gels 2024; 10:112. [PMID: 38391442 PMCID: PMC10888126 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep wells and ultra-deep wells often encounter cracks, karst caves, and other developed strata, which can lead to leakage during drilling. Conventional bridge slurry plugging technology is prone to leaking due to the poor plugging effect of the plugging agent. The gel plugging agent possesses characteristics of flexible plugging and adaptive matching of formation leakage channels. It can fill cracks or caves and enhance the pressure-bearing capacity of the formation. A controllable crosslinking plugging agent based on low-molecular-weight polyacrylamide was studied. Polyacrylamide with different molecular weights is synthesized from acrylamide and an initiator. A crosslinking time-controllable polymer is synthesized from low-molecular-weight polyacrylamide by adding crosslinking agent and retarder. The low-molecular-weight polyacrylamide plugging agent has low viscosity before gelation and good fluidity in the wellbore. After being configured on the ground, it is transported by pipeline and sent underground to reach the thickening condition. The gel solution rapidly solidifies, and its strength improves after high-temperature crosslinking. The synthesis conditions of the polymer were as follows: a monomer concentration of 9%, initiator 3.5%, synthesis temperature of 65 °C, and hydrogen peroxide initiator. The optimal formula of the gel plugging agent is as follows: a polymer concentration of 6%, a crosslinking agent concentration of 1%, and a retarder concentration of 8%. The generated polymer molecular structure contains amide groups. This crosslinking time-controllable plugging agent based on low-molecular-weight polyacrylamide has stable rheology, and its temperature resistance can reach 150 °C. At 150 °C, the gelation time can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of retarder, and the longest can reach 4 h. The plugging efficiency of the gel plugging agent is more than 95%. With the increase in seam width, the pressure of the gel plugging agent gradually decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyang Wang
- Drilling Engineering Research Institute, Sinopec Xinan Oilfield Service Corporation, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Chenghua Zhou
- Drilling Engineering Research Institute, Sinopec Xinan Oilfield Service Corporation, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Honghu Zhang
- Drilling Engineering Research Institute, Sinopec Xinan Oilfield Service Corporation, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Drilling Engineering Research Institute, Sinopec Xinan Oilfield Service Corporation, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Xinxin Wen
- College of Energy Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Jiexin Bai
- College of Energy Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Hui Mao
- College of Energy Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
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2
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Wang Q, Cai J, Wang J, Zhou C, Wen X, Zhang J, Mao H. Development and Application of the Anti-High-Temperature Delayed Crosslinking Polymer as a Gel Plugging Additive for Drilling Fluid. Gels 2024; 10:73. [PMID: 38247795 PMCID: PMC10815597 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
With the gradual deepening of the exploration and development of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas resources, the problem of lost circulation in drilling operations is becoming more and more complex. From field experience, conventional plugging materials cannot fully meet the technical requirements of plugging operations in drilling engineering. In this study, a high-temperature- and salt-resistant polymer HDZ-A was synthesized. A high-temperature and delayed crosslinking polymer gel plugging agent can be prepared by adding a certain concentration of a crosslinking agent and a retarder. In this paper, the optimum synthesis conditions of the HDZ-A were determined with orthogonal experiments using viscoelasticity and viscosity as evaluation criteria for newly developed polymers. The molecular structure, temperature resistance, and relative molecular mass of HDZ-A were determined using infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. In addition, the optimal formula of the gel plugging agent was determined using gel strength as the evaluation standard. The results show that the newly developed gel plugging agent has stable performance after high-temperature crosslinking, and can resist high temperatures of 160 °C during formation. Under conditions of 160 °C, the gelation time can reach 4.5 h, and the plugging efficiency can reach more than 97%. Finally, the field test of the newly developed high-temperature-resistant delayed crosslinking polymer gel plugging agent was carried out in the direct exploration well KT-14X in the Ordos Basin. The field test showed that the plugging effect of the HDZ-A gel plugging agent was remarkable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyang Wang
- Drilling Engineering Research Institute, Sinopec Xinan Oilfield Service Corporation, Deyang 618000, China; (Q.W.)
| | - Jing Cai
- Drilling Engineering Research Institute, Sinopec Xinan Oilfield Service Corporation, Deyang 618000, China; (Q.W.)
| | - Jiannan Wang
- Drilling Engineering Research Institute, Sinopec Xinan Oilfield Service Corporation, Deyang 618000, China; (Q.W.)
| | - Chenghua Zhou
- Drilling Engineering Research Institute, Sinopec Xinan Oilfield Service Corporation, Deyang 618000, China; (Q.W.)
| | - Xinxin Wen
- College of Energy Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; (X.W.)
| | - Jiang Zhang
- College of Energy Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; (X.W.)
| | - Hui Mao
- College of Energy Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; (X.W.)
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3
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Yang K, Bai Y, Ma J, Sun J, Liu Y, Lang Y. Functional Gels and Chemicals Used in Oil and Gas Drilling Engineering: A Status and Prospective. Gels 2024; 10:47. [PMID: 38247770 PMCID: PMC10815433 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Research into functional gels and chemicals and their applications represents a cutting-edge international field of study. For example, investigating how they can be applied in oil and gas drilling (and extraction engineering) and developing novel functional chemical materials for the oil field could provide innovative solutions and technological methods for oil and gas drilling and extraction operations. Through a literature analysis, this paper presents a review of the current research status and application scenarios of different types of functional gels and chemicals, both domestically and internationally. The classification and preparation principles of various functional materials are systematically outlined and the current applications of functional gels and chemicals in oil and gas drilling and extraction engineering are introduced. These applications include drilling and plugging, enhanced oil recovery, water plugging, and profile control. The formation mechanisms and application scenarios of different types of gels and chemicals are also analyzed and summarized, with a discussion of their prospects in oil and gas drilling and extraction engineering. We broaden the scope of functional gels and chemicals by exploring new application fields and promoting the development of different types of gels and chemicals in a more intelligent direction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingrui Bai
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (K.Y.); (J.M.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
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4
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Ma Z, Zhao M, Yang Z, Wang X, Dai C. Development and Gelation Mechanism of Ultra-High-Temperature-Resistant Polymer Gel. Gels 2023; 9:726. [PMID: 37754407 PMCID: PMC10530838 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To expand the applicability of gel fracturing fluids in ultra-high-temperature reservoirs, a temperature-resistant polymer was synthesized using the solution polymerization method. Subsequently, an ultra-high-temperature-resistant polymer gel was formulated by incorporating an organic zirconium crosslinking agent. A comprehensive investigation was carried out to systematically study and evaluate the steady shear property, dynamic viscoelasticity, and temperature and shear resistance performance, as well as the core damage characteristics of the polymer gel. The obtained results demonstrate that the viscosity remained at 147 mPa·s at a temperature of 200 °C with a shear rate of 170 s-1. Compared with the significant 30.9% average core damage rate observed in the guanidine gum fracturing fluid, the core damage attributed to the polymer gel was substantially mitigated, measuring only 16.6%. Finally, the gelation mechanism of the polymer gel was scrutinized in conjunction with microscopic morphology analysis. We expect that this study will not only contribute to the effective development of deep and ultradeep oil and gas reservoirs but also furnish a theoretical foundation for practical field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (Z.M.); (Z.Y.); (X.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (Z.M.); (Z.Y.); (X.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Ziteng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (Z.M.); (Z.Y.); (X.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (Z.M.); (Z.Y.); (X.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Caili Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (Z.M.); (Z.Y.); (X.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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5
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Hu S, Ding M, Hu Y, Wang Y, Dong J. Optimization of the Methods to Develop Stable Polymer Gels for Water Management in Medium- and Ultra-High-Salinity Reservoirs. Gels 2023; 9:540. [PMID: 37504419 PMCID: PMC10379814 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer gels suffer from a serious syneresis issue when exposed to high-temperature and high-salinity (HTHS) conditions, which limits their use as water-treatment agents in this type of reservoir. In this paper, the effects of the polymer type/concentration, deoxidizers, and stabilizers on the long-term stability of polymer gels were systematically studied; thus, the methods to develop stable polymer gels for two typical levels of salinity were optimized. The results show the following: (1) For a medium-salinity condition (TDS: 33,645.0 mg/L) at 125 °C, conventional HPAM gels completely dehydrate within only 1 day, and the addition of a deoxidizer hardly improved their stability. Some special polymers, e.g., AP-P5, MKY, and CPAM, are able to form stable gels if a high concentration of 0.8% is used; the syneresis rate of these gels is about 10% after 30 days. However, the addition of the complexant sodium oxalate significantly improves the stability of gels formed by all five of these different polymers, which behave with a 0% syneresis rate after 30 days pass. Complexants are the most economical and feasible agents to develop stable gels in medium-salinity water. (2) Gels enhanced using the methods above all become unstable in a more challenging ultra-high-saline condition (TDS: 225,068.0 mg/L). In this case, special calcium- and magnesium-resistant polymers are required to prepare stable gels, which show 0% syneresis rates after 30 days, have relatively low strengths, but do produce a good plugging effect in high-permeability cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiqing Hu
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mingchen Ding
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yafei Hu
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yefei Wang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Jiangyang Dong
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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6
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Bai Y, Liu Y, Yang K, Lang Y. Application and Research Prospect of Functional Polymer Gels in Oil and Gas Drilling and Development Engineering. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050413. [PMID: 37233004 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer gel materials are formed by physically crosslinking and chemically crosslinking to form a gel network system with high mechanical properties and reversible performance. Due to their excellent mechanical properties and intelligence, polymer gel materials are widely used in biomedical, tissue engineering, artificial intelligence, firefighting and other fields. Given the current research status of polymer gels at home and abroad and the current application status of oilfield drilling, this paper reviews the mechanism of polymer gels formed by physically crosslinking and chemically crosslinking, summarizes the performance characteristics and the mechanism of action of polymer gels formed by non-covalent bonding, such as hydrophobic bonding, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic and Van der Waals interactions interactions, and covalent bonding such as imine bonding, acylhydrazone bonding and Diels-Alder reaction. The current status and outlook of the application of polymer gels in drilling fluids, fracturing fluids and enhanced oil recovery are also introduced. We expand the application fields of polymer gel materials and promote the development of polymer gel materials in a more intelligent direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrui Bai
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Keqing Yang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Youming Lang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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7
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Dong S, Li L, Wu Y, Huang X, Wang X. Preparation and Study of Polyvinyl Alcohol Gel Structures with Acrylamide and 2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic Acid for Application in Saline Oil Reservoirs for Profile Modification. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 36883961 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer gels can be effectively applied to plug fractured reservoirs and carbonate cave strata. Herein, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), acrylamide, and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) were used as raw materials to prepare interpenetrating three-dimensional network polymer gels using formation saltwater in the Tahe oilfield (Tarim Basin, NW China) as a solvent. The effect of AMPS concentration on the gelation properties of PVA in high-temperature formation saltwater was analyzed. Further, the effect of PVA concentration on the strength and viscoelastic properties of polymer gel was studied. The polymer gel could retain stable continuous entanglement at 130 °C and exhibited satisfactory thermal stability. Continuous step oscillation frequency tests showed that it exhibited an excellent self-healing performance. Scanning electron microscopy images of the simulated core by gel plugging showed that the polymer gel could firmly fill the porous media, indicating that the polymer gel exhibits excellent application prospects in oil and gas reservoirs under high-temperature and high-salinity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources & Key Laboratory of Cleaner Transition of Coal and Chemicals Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liang Li
- Key Laboratory for EOR of Carbonate Fractured Vuggy Reservoir, SINOPEC, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yajun Wu
- Key Laboratory for EOR of Carbonate Fractured Vuggy Reservoir, SINOPEC, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xueli Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources & Key Laboratory of Cleaner Transition of Coal and Chemicals Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources & Key Laboratory of Cleaner Transition of Coal and Chemicals Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
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Han J, Sun J, Lv K, Yang J, Li Y. Polymer Gels Used in Oil-Gas Drilling and Production Engineering. Gels 2022; 8:637. [PMID: 36286138 PMCID: PMC9602122 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer gels are widely used in oil-gas drilling and production engineering for the purposes of conformance control, water shutoff, fracturing, lost circulation control, etc. Here, the progress in research on three kinds of polymer gels, including the in situ crosslinked polymer gel, the pre-crosslinked polymer gel and the physically crosslinked polymer gel, are systematically reviewed in terms of the gel compositions, crosslinking principles and properties. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of the three kinds of polymer gels are also comparatively discussed. The types, characteristics and action mechanisms of the polymer gels used in oil-gas drilling and production engineering are systematically analyzed. Depending on the crosslinking mechanism, in situ crosslinked polymer gels can be divided into free-radical-based monomer crosslinked gels, ionic-bond-based metal cross-linked gels and covalent-bond-based organic crosslinked gels. Surface crosslinked polymer gels are divided into two types based on their size and gel particle preparation method, including pre-crosslinked gel particles and polymer gel microspheres. Physically crosslinked polymer gels are mainly divided into hydrogen-bonded gels, hydrophobic association gels and electrostatic interaction gels depending on the application conditions of the oil-gas drilling and production engineering processes. In the field of oil-gas drilling engineering, the polymer gels are mainly used as drilling fluids, plugging agents and lost circulation materials, and polymer gels are an important material that are utilized for profile control, water shutoff, chemical flooding and fracturing. Finally, the research potential of polymer gels in oil-gas drilling and production engineering is proposed. The temperature resistance, salinity resistance, gelation strength and environmental friendliness of polymer gels should be further improved in order to meet the future technical requirements of oil-gas drilling and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Han
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Institute of Engineering and Technology, PetroChina Coalbed Methane Company Limited, Xi’an 710082, China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Kaihe Lv
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Jingbin Yang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Xi’an Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Xi’an 710068, China
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9
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Zirone L, Bonanno E, Borzì GR, Cavalli N, D’Anna A, Galvagno R, Girlando A, Gueli AM, Pace M, Stella G, Marino C. HyperArc TM Dosimetric Validation for Multiple Targets Using Ionization Chamber and RT-100 Polymer Gel. Gels 2022; 8:gels8080481. [PMID: 36005082 PMCID: PMC9407338 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple brain metastases single-isocenter stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) treatment is increasingly employed in radiotherapy department. Before its use in clinical routine, it is recommended to perform end-to-end tests. In this work, we report the results of five HyperArcTM treatment plans obtained by both ionization chamber (IC) and polymer gel. The end-to-end tests were performed using a water equivalent Mobius Verification PhantomTM (MVP) and a 3D-printed anthropomorphic head phantom PseudoPatient® (PP) (RTsafe P.C., Athens, Greece); 2D and 3D dose distributions were evaluated on the PP phantom using polymer gel (RTsafe). Gels were read by 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Comparison between calculated and measured distributions was performed using gamma index passing rate evaluation by different criteria (5% 2 mm, 3% 2 mm, 5% 1 mm). Mean point dose differences of 1.01% [min −0.77%−max 2.89%] and 0.23% [min 0.01%−max 2.81%] were found in MVP and PP phantoms, respectively. For each target volume, the obtained results in terms of gamma index passing rate show an agreement >95% with 5% 2 mm and 3% 2 mm criteria for both 2D and 3D distributions. The obtained results confirmed that the use of a single isocenter for multiple lesions reduces the treatment time without compromising accuracy, even in the case of target volumes that are quite distant from the isocenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Zirone
- Medical Physics Department, Humanitas Istituto Clinico Catanese, 95045 Catania, Italy; (L.Z.); (E.B.); (G.R.B.); (N.C.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Elisa Bonanno
- Medical Physics Department, Humanitas Istituto Clinico Catanese, 95045 Catania, Italy; (L.Z.); (E.B.); (G.R.B.); (N.C.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Giuseppina Rita Borzì
- Medical Physics Department, Humanitas Istituto Clinico Catanese, 95045 Catania, Italy; (L.Z.); (E.B.); (G.R.B.); (N.C.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Nina Cavalli
- Medical Physics Department, Humanitas Istituto Clinico Catanese, 95045 Catania, Italy; (L.Z.); (E.B.); (G.R.B.); (N.C.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Alessia D’Anna
- Department of Physics and Astronomy E. Majorana, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.D.); (R.G.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Rosaria Galvagno
- Department of Physics and Astronomy E. Majorana, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.D.); (R.G.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Andrea Girlando
- Radiotherapy Department, Humanitas Istituto Clinico Catanese, 95045 Catania, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Gueli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy E. Majorana, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.D.); (R.G.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Martina Pace
- Medical Physics Department, Humanitas Istituto Clinico Catanese, 95045 Catania, Italy; (L.Z.); (E.B.); (G.R.B.); (N.C.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Stella
- Department of Physics and Astronomy E. Majorana, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.D.); (R.G.); (A.M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-328-1847570
| | - Carmelo Marino
- Medical Physics Department, Humanitas Istituto Clinico Catanese, 95045 Catania, Italy; (L.Z.); (E.B.); (G.R.B.); (N.C.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
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10
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Lei S, Sun J, Lv K, Zhang Q, Yang J. Types and Performances of Polymer Gels for Oil-Gas Drilling and Production: A Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060386. [PMID: 35735730 PMCID: PMC9222266 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer gels with suitable viscoelasticity and deformability have been widely used for formation plugging and lost circulation control, profile control, and water shutoff. This article systematically reviews the research progress on the preparation principle, temperature resistance, salt resistance, and mechanical properties of the ground and in situ crosslinked polymer gels for oil-gas drilling and production engineering. Then, it comparatively analyzes the applicable conditions of the two types of polymer gel. To expand the application range of polymer gels in response to the harsh formation environments (e.g., high temperature and high salinity), we reviewed strategies for increasing the high temperature resistance, high salt resistance, and rheological/mechanical strengths of polymer gels. This article provides theoretical and technical references for developing and optimizing polymer gels suitable for oil-gas drilling and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Lei
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (S.L.); (K.L.); (Q.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (S.L.); (K.L.); (Q.Z.); (J.Y.)
- CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Kaihe Lv
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (S.L.); (K.L.); (Q.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Qitao Zhang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (S.L.); (K.L.); (Q.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jingbin Yang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (S.L.); (K.L.); (Q.Z.); (J.Y.)
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11
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Samanta P, Ghosh S, Kolya H, Kang CW, Murmu NC, Kuila T. Molecular Crowded ″Water-in-Salt″ Polymer Gel Electrolyte for an Ultra-stable Zn-Ion Battery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:1138-1148. [PMID: 34932312 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the use of a gel polymer electrolyte for the development of robust, flexible, quasi-solid, ultra-stable, high-performance zinc-ion batteries (ZiBs) as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries has attracted widespread attention. However, the performance of ZiBs is limited due to the lack of suitable gel electrolytes. Herein, a ″water-in-salt″ (WiS)-based hydrophilic molecular crowded polymer gel electrolyte and binder free V2O5@MnO2 cathode are introduced to augment the durability, flexibility, safety, and electrochemical performance of ZiBs. The ″free water trapping″ capability of the WiS-based cross-linked molecular crowded polymer electrolyte provides an extended electrochemical stability window (ESW) of the device. The quasi-solid-state ZiB delivers ∼422 mAh g-1 discharge capacity and shows excellent cycling stability as high as ∼79.83% retention of the initial capacity after 5000 cycles. The durable, flexible, and ultra-stable ZiB with the polymer gel electrolyte performs well under various severe conditions where both the battery safety and energy density are of high priority. This work demonstrates a new approach and application for the development of durable, flexible, ultra-stable, quasi-solid-state ZiBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakas Samanta
- Surface Engineering & Tribology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur 713209, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Surface Engineering & Tribology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur 713209, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Haradhan Kolya
- Department of Housing Environmental Design, and Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Won Kang
- Department of Housing Environmental Design, and Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Naresh Chandra Murmu
- Surface Engineering & Tribology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur 713209, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tapas Kuila
- Surface Engineering & Tribology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur 713209, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Safi SR, Gotoh T. Simultaneous Removal of Arsenic and Manganese from Synthetic Aqueous Solutions Using Polymer Gel Composites. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11041032. [PMID: 33919575 PMCID: PMC8073374 DOI: 10.3390/nano11041032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The groundwater in approximately 50% of the Bangladesh landmass contains Mn concentrations greater than the limit prescribed by the WHO drinking water guidelines. Although studies have suggested that γ-FeOOH can effectively remove Mn from water, its practicability has not been investigated, considering that the additional processes required to separate the adsorbents and precipitates are not environment-friendly. To improve the efficiency of adsorptive Mn-removal under natural conditions, we employed a cationic polymer gel composite, N,N'-Dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide, methyl chloride quaternary (DMAPAAQ) loaded with iron hydroxide (DMAPAAQ + FeOOH), and a non-ionic polymer gel composite, N,N'-Dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) loaded with iron hydroxide (DMAA + FeOOH). DMAPAAQ + FeOOH exhibited a higher As removal efficiency under natural conditions while being environment-friendly. Our results suggest that the higher efficiency of the cationic gel composite is owed to the higher γ-FeOOH content in its gel structure. The maximum adsorption of Mn by DMAPAAQ + FeOOH was 39.02 mg/g. Furthermore, the presence of As did not influence the adsorption of Mn on the DMAPAAQ + FeOOH gel composite and vice versa. DMAPAAQ adsorbed As and the γ-FeOOH particles simultaneously adsorbed Mn. Our findings can serve as a basis for the simultaneous removal of contaminants such as As, Mn, Cr, and Cd.
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13
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Tang J, Katashima T, Li X, Mitsukami Y, Yokoyama Y, Chung UI, Shibayama M, Sakai T. Effect of Nonlinear Elasticity on the Swelling Behaviors of Highly Swollen Polyelectrolyte Gels. Gels 2021; 7:gels7010025. [PMID: 33804574 PMCID: PMC8005930 DOI: 10.3390/gels7010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte gels exhibit swelling behaviors that are dependent on the external environment. The swelling behaviors of highly charged polyelectrolyte gels can be well explained using the Flory-Rehner model combined with the Gibbs-Donnan effect and Manning's counterion condensation effect (the FRGDM model). This study investigated the swelling properties of a series of model polyelectrolyte gels, namely tetra-polyacrylic acid-polyethylene glycol gels (Tetra-PAA-PEG gels), and determined the applicability of the FRGDM model. The swelling ratio (Vs/V0) was well reproduced by the FRGDM model in the moderate swelling regime (Vs/V0 < 10). However, in the high swelling regime (Vs/V0 > 10), the FRGDM model is approx. 1.6 times larger than the experimental results. When we introduced the finite extensibility to the elastic free energy in the FRGDM model, the swelling behavior was successfully reproduced even in the high swelling regime. Our results reveal that finite extensibility is one of the factors determining the swelling equilibrium of highly charged polyelectrolyte gels. The modified FRGDM model reproduces well the swelling behavior of a wide range of polyelectrolyte gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (J.T.); (U.-i.C.)
| | - Takuya Katashima
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (J.T.); (U.-i.C.)
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Xiang Li
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 227-8581, Japan;
| | - Yoshiro Mitsukami
- Superabsorbents Research Department, Nippon Shokubai Co. Ltd., Hyogo 671-1292, Japan; (Y.M.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuki Yokoyama
- Superabsorbents Research Department, Nippon Shokubai Co. Ltd., Hyogo 671-1292, Japan; (Y.M.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ung-il Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (J.T.); (U.-i.C.)
| | - Mitsuhiro Shibayama
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan;
| | - Takamasa Sakai
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (J.T.); (U.-i.C.)
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (T.S.)
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14
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Rehman AU, Hassan M, Bano S, Farooq K, Raza A, Naeem Anjum M. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility study of polyacrylate TiO 2@Ag coated nanoparticles for the radiation dose enhancement. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2021; 49:185-193. [PMID: 33620276 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2021.1889574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the efficacy of radiation therapy, functionalised core-shell nanoparticles (CS NPs) are used as a radiosensitizer. These NPs can act as a therapeutic agent and carrier for other therapeutic agents. In this study, the first poly-acrylic acid modified silver-coated titanium dioxide NPs were fabricated to evaluate the radiation dose enhancement within the human tissue equivalent polymer gel after investigating the biocompatibility. Macrophage cell line and rats model were used for in vitro and in vivo study respectively. Two different beam qualities were applied to quantify the radiation dose enhancement with different concentrations of NPs in the polymer gel. The dose enhancement factors (DEFs) indicated that these biocompatible CS NPs are more effective for the radiation dose enhancement at low energy x-rays (80 kV) as compared to the high energy gamma (1.25 MeV Co60). These results suggested that functionalised core-shell silver-coated titanium dioxide NPs have great potential as a radiosensitizer in radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateeque Ur Rehman
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Muhammad Hassan
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Bano
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Khizir Farooq
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Aun Raza
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Muhammad Naeem Anjum
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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15
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Santhosh NM, Vasudevan A, Jurov A, Filipič G, Zavašnik J, Cvelbar U. Oriented Carbon Nanostructures from Plasma Reformed Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Polymer Gels for Gas Sensor Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E1704. [PMID: 32872479 PMCID: PMC7559324 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Oriented carbon nanostructures (OCNs) with dominant graphitic characteristics have attracted research interest for various applications due to the excellent electrical and optical properties owing to their vertical orientation, interconnected structures, electronic properties, and large surface area. Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is considered as a promising method for the large-scale synthesis of OCNs. Alternatively, structural reformation of natural carbon precursor or phenol-based polymers using plasma-assisted surface treatment is also considered for the fabrication of OCNs. In this work, we have demonstrated a fast technique for the synthesis of OCNs by plasma-assisted structure reformation of resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) polymer gels using radio-frequency inductively coupled plasma (rf-ICP). A thin layer of RF polymer gel cast on a glass substrate was used as the carbon source and treated with rf plasma under different plasma discharge conditions. Argon and hydrogen gases were used in surface treatment, and the growth of carbon nanostructures at different discharge parameters was systematically examined. This study explored the influence of the gas flow rate, the plasma power, and the treatment time on the structural reformation of polymer gel to produce OCNs. Moreover, the gas-sensing properties of as-prepared OCNs towards ethanol at atmospheric conditions were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakandan M. Santhosh
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aswathy Vasudevan
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Jurov
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Filipič
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Janez Zavašnik
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Uroš Cvelbar
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
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Huang W, Chen B, Zhang G. Persistent Room-Temperature Radicals from Anionic Naphthalimides: Spin Pairing and Supramolecular Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:12497-12501. [PMID: 31343787 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
N-Substituted naphthalimides (NNIs) have been shown to exhibit highly efficient and persistent room-temperature phosphorescence from an NNI-localized triplet excited state, when the N-substitution is a sufficiently strong donor and mediates an intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) state upon photo-excitation. This work shows that, when the electron-donating ability of the N-substitution is further increased in the presence of a carbanion or phenoxide, spontaneous electron transfer (ET) occurs and results in radical anions, verified with electron-paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. However, the EPR-active anion is surprisingly persistent and impervious to nucleophilic and radical reactions under anionic conditions. The stability is thought to originate from an intramolecular spin pairing between the N-donor and the NI acceptor post ET, which is demonstrated in supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhuan Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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17
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Yu S, Dong S, Jiao X, Li C, Chen D. Ultrathin Photonic Polymer Gel Films Templated by Non-Close-Packed Monolayer Colloidal Crystals to Enhance Colorimetric Sensing. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030534. [PMID: 30960518 PMCID: PMC6473593 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Responsive polymer-based sensors have attracted considerable attention due to their ability to detect the presence of analytes and convert the detected signal into a physical and/or chemical change. High responsiveness, fast response speed, good linearity, strong stability, and small hysteresis are ideal, but to gain these properties at the same time remains challenging. This paper presents a facile and efficient method to improve the photonic sensing properties of polymeric gels by using non-close-packed monolayer colloidal crystals (ncp MCCs) as the template. Poly-(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP), a weak electrolyte, was selected to form the pH-responsive gel material, which was deposited onto ncp MCCs obtained by controlled O₂ plasma etching of close-packed (cp) MCCs. The resultant ultrathin photonic polymer gel film (UPPGF) exhibited significant improvement in responsiveness and linearity towards pH sensing compared to those prepared using cp MCCs template, achieving fast visualized monitoring of pH changes with excellent cyclic stability and small hysteresis loop. The responsiveness and linearity were found to depend on the volume and filling fraction of the polymer gel. Based on a simple geometric model, we established that the volume increased first and then decreased with the decrease of template size, but the filling fraction increased all the time, which was verified by microscopy observations. Therefore, the responsiveness and linearity of UPPGF to pH can be improved by simply adjusting the etching time of oxygen plasma. The well-designed UPPGF is reliable for visualized monitoring of analytes and their concentrations, and can easily be combined in sensor arrays for more accurate detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimo Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.
| | - Shun Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.
| | - Xiuling Jiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.
| | - Dairong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.
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18
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Fan X, Zhao P, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Zhu K, Zhou C. A Polymer Plugging Gel for the Fractured Strata and Its Application. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:ma11050856. [PMID: 29883407 PMCID: PMC5978233 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Well leakage of fractured strata is a tricky problem while drilling. This unwieldy problem is usually caused by the poor formation of the cementing degree, the staggered-mesh of the fracture, and the low bearing capacity of the formation, which can also lead to a narrow and even unsafe window of drilling fluid density. For fractured strata, the normal plugging material has the disadvantages of unsuitable size and low strength, resulting in unsuccessful first time plugging and an increase in cost. Therefore, we developed a polymer plugging gel for the fractured strata, named XNGJ-3. XNGJ-3 is mainly made of an acrylamide monomer and is accompanied by the reactive monomers of carboxyl and hydroxyl as ingredients. XNGJ-3 has a low viscosity before gelling. At 80 °C it becomes gelled, and the gelling time was controlled within the required time of the practical application. These conditions are beneficial for making the plugging material enter the crossing fracture smoothly and occlude the fracture. XNGJ-3 also has a good deformability and can avoid being damaged during the process of fracture closure. The well leakage simulated experiment revealed that the bearing capacity of this material can reach 21 MPa and the inverse bearing capacity can reach 20 MPa. These strengths are more than twice that of common polymer plugging gels. Finally, three leaked wells in the fractured strata of the Sichuan Basin were used to verify the plugging effect of XNGJ-3. Compared with other common plugging materials, XNGJ-3 has the advantages of having a higher success rate of first time plugging, a lower economic cost, a shorter work time, and so forth, which indicate that this plugging material has a good engineering application value in dealing with well leakage of fractured strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Fan
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Qiangui Zhang
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Kui Zhu
- Sinopec Nanjing Chemical Research Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China.
| | - Chenghua Zhou
- Drilling Engineering Research Institute of Sinopec Southwest Petroleum Engineering Co., Ltd., Deyang 618000, China.
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Abstract
A new strategy is introduced to prepare an adaptive polymer gel that has a unique adaptability in response to environmental stimuli. This gel is prepared by the thiol-ene "click" reaction between a bisvinyl [2]catenane and a poly(ethylene glycol) derivative containing multiple thiol groups. The catenane crosslinker is responsive to external stimuli due to the existence of intercomponent hydrogen bonding (IHB). The strong IHB restricts the rotation and movement of the crosslinker, giving it a rigid feature; however, the crosslinker becomes flexible when the IHB is destroyed. In consequence, the resulting gel can be reversibly switched between tough and soft states under stimulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zhengtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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20
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Azmy B, Standen G, Kristova P, Flint A, Lewis AL, Salvage JP. Nanostructured DPA-MPC-DPA triblock co polymer gel for controlled drug release of ketoprofen and spironolactone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:978-990. [PMID: 28480594 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uncontrolled rapid release of drugs can reduce their therapeutic efficacy and cause undesirable toxicity; however, controlled release from reservoir materials helps overcome this issue. The aims of this study were to determine the release profiles of ketoprofen and spironolactone from a pH-responsive self-assembling DPA-MPC-DPA triblock copolymer gel and elucidate underlying physiochemical properties. METHODS Drug release profiles from DPA50 -MPC250 -DPA50 gel (pH 7.5), over 32 h (37 °C), were determined using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Nanoparticle size was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and critical micelle concentration (CMC) by pyrene fluorescence. Polymer gel viscosity was examined via rheology, nanoparticle morphology investigated using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and the gel matrix observed using cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM). KEY FINDINGS DPA50 -MPC250 -DPA50 copolymer (15% w/v) formed a free-standing gel (pH 7.5) that controlled drug release relative to free drugs. The copolymer possessed a low CMC, nanoparticle size increased with copolymer concentration, and DLS data were consistent with STEM. The gel displayed thermostable viscosity at physiological temperatures, and the gel matrix was a nanostructured aggregation of smaller nanoparticles. CONCLUSIONS The DPA50 -MPC250 -DPA50 copolymer gel could be used as a drug delivery system to provide the controlled drug release of ketoprofen and spironolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Azmy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Guy Standen
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Petra Kristova
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Andrew Flint
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Andrew L Lewis
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, a BTG International plc Group Company, Innovation Group, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, UK
| | - Jonathan P Salvage
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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Oura T, Taniguchi R, Kokado K, Sada K. Crystal Crosslinked Gels with Aggregation-Induced Emissive Crosslinker Exhibiting Swelling Degree-Dependent Photoluminescence. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E19. [PMID: 30970695 PMCID: PMC6432286 DOI: 10.3390/polym9010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and photoluminescence properties of crystal crosslinked gels (CCGs) with an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) active crosslinker derived from tetraphenylethene (TPE) is discussed in this article. The CCG was prepared from a metal organic framework (MOF) with large pore aperture to allow the penetration of TPE crosslinker. The obtained CCG possessed a rectangular shape originated from the parent MOF, KUMOF. The CCG showed stimuli-responsive photoluminescence behavior depending on the swelling degree, thus the photoluminescence intensity was higher at higher swelling degree. By changing the solvent, water content, or ionic strength, the photoluminescence intensity was controllable, accompanying the change of swelling degree. Moreover, emission color tuning was also achieved by the introduction of luminescent rare earth ions to form a coordination bonding with residual carboxylate inside the CCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Oura
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita10 Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita10 Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Kenta Kokado
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita10 Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita10 Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Sada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita10 Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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Abstract
Driven by advances in materials and computer science, researchers are attempting to design systems where the computer and material are one and the same entity. Using theoretical and computational modeling, we design a hybrid material system that can autonomously transduce chemical, mechanical, and electrical energy to perform a computational task in a self-organized manner, without the need for external electrical power sources. Each unit in this system integrates a self-oscillating gel, which undergoes the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, with an overlaying piezoelectric (PZ) cantilever. The chemomechanical oscillations of the BZ gels deflect the PZ layer, which consequently generates a voltage across the material. When these BZ-PZ units are connected in series by electrical wires, the oscillations of these units become synchronized across the network, where the mode of synchronization depends on the polarity of the PZ. We show that the network of coupled, synchronizing BZ-PZ oscillators can perform pattern recognition. The "stored" patterns are set of polarities of the individual BZ-PZ units, and the "input" patterns are coded through the initial phase of the oscillations imposed on these units. The results of the modeling show that the input pattern closest to the stored pattern exhibits the fastest convergence time to stable synchronization behavior. In this way, networks of coupled BZ-PZ oscillators achieve pattern recognition. Further, we show that the convergence time to stable synchronization provides a robust measure of the degree of match between the input and stored patterns. Through these studies, we establish experimentally realizable design rules for creating "materials that compute."
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Victor V. Yashin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Steven P. Levitan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Anna C. Balazs
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Corresponding author.
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23
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Nishikori Y, Iseda K, Kokado K, Sada K. Mesogenic Polyelectrolyte Gels Absorb Organic Solvents and Liquid Crystalline Molecules. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E148. [PMID: 30979242 PMCID: PMC6432411 DOI: 10.3390/polym8040148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, mesogenic polyelectrolyte gels (MPEgels) tethering mesogenic groups on the side chains were synthesized from a mesogenic monomer and ionic monomer via a conventional radical polymerization process. The obtained MPEgels absorbed various organic solvents in a wide range of dielectric constants from chloroform (ε = 7.6) to DMSO (ε = 46.5). The electrostatic repulsion among the polymer chains and the osmotic pressure between the interior and exterior of the MPEgel is responsible for the high swelling ability, revealed by the common ion effect using tetra(n-hexyl)ammonium tetra(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylborate (THATFPB). The obtained MPEgels could also absorb liquid crystalline molecules such as 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB), analogously caused by the above-mentioned polyelectrolyte characteristic. The MPEgels exhibited liquid crystal transition temperature (TNI) on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement, and the increase of the ionic group content lowered TNI. The MPEgels absorbing liquid crystalline molecules exhibited differing TNI, dependent on the compatibility of the mesogenic group on the side chain to the liquid crystalline molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishikori
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita10 Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Iseda
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita10 Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Kenta Kokado
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita10 Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita10 Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Sada
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita10 Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita10 Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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24
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Abstract
In this study, using methacrylic and ascorbic acid in gelatin initiated by copper (MAGIC-f) polymer gel after megavoltage energy exposure, the sensitivity of the ultrasound velocity and attenuation coefficient dose-dependent parameters was evaluated. The MAGIC-f polymer gel was irradiated under 1.25 MeV cobalt-60, ranging from 0 to 60 Gy in 2-Gy steps, and received dose uniformity and accuracy of ±2%. After calibration of the ultrasonic systems with a frequency of 500 kHz, the parameters of ultrasound velocity and attenuation coefficient of the irradiated gel samples were measured. According to the dose-response curve, the ability of ultrasonic parameters was evaluated in dose rate readings. Based on a 4-order polynomial curve, fitted on the dose-response parameters of ultrasound velocity and attenuation coefficient and observed at 24 hours after irradiation, ultrasonic parameters had more sensitivity. The sensitivity of the dose-velocity and dose-attenuation coefficient curves was observed as 50 m/s/Gy and 0.06 dB/MHz/Gy over the linear range of 4 to 44 Gy, respectively. The ultrasonic parameters at 5°C, 15°C, and 25°C on the gel dosimeter after 0 to 60 Gy irradiation showed that readings at 25°C have higher sensitivity compared to 15°C and 5°C. Maximum sensitivity time and temperature readings of the MAGIC-f ultrasonic parameters were concluded 24 hours after irradiation and at a temperature of 25°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Masoumi
- Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijhe Mokhtari-Dizaji
- Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azim Arbabi
- Radiotherapy and Oncology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bakhshandeh
- Radiology Technology Department, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
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25
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In E, Naguib H, Haider M. Mechanical stability analysis of carrageenan-based polymer gel for magnetic resonance imaging liver phantom with lesion particles. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2014; 1:035502. [PMID: 26158073 PMCID: PMC4478721 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.1.3.035502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical imaging is an effective technique used to detect and prevent disease in cancer research. To optimize medical imaging, a calibration medium or phantom with tissue-mimicking properties is required. Although the feasibility of various polymer gel materials has previously been studied, the stability of the gels' properties has not been investigated. In this study, we fabricated carrageenan-based polymer gel to examine the stability of its properties such as density, conductivity, permittivity, elastic modulus, and [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] relaxation times over six weeks. We fabricated eight samples with different carrageenan and agar concentrations and found that the density, elastic modulus, and compressive strength fluctuated with no specific pattern. The elastic modulus in sample 4 with 3 wt. % carrageenan and 1.5 wt. % agar fluctuated from 0.51 to 0.64 MPa in five weeks. The [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] relaxation times also varied by 23% to 29%. We believe that the fluctuation of these properties is related to the change in water content of the sample due to cycles of water expulsion and absorption in their containers. The fluctuation of the properties should be minimized to achieve accurate calibration over the shelf life of the phantom and to serve as the standard for quality assurance. Furthermore, a full liver phantom with spherical lesion particles was fabricated to demonstrate the potential for phantom production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji In
- University of Toronto, Smart and Adaptive Polymer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Hani Naguib
- University of Toronto, Smart and Adaptive Polymer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Wallberg Building, 184 College Street, Toronto M5S 3E4, Canada
- University of Toronto, The Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, 164 College Street, Toronto M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Masoom Haider
- University of Toronto, Department of Radiology, 263 McCaul Street, Toronto M5T 1W7, Canada
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26
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Yoshida R. Design of self-oscillating gels and application to biomimetic actuators. Sensors (Basel) 2010; 10:1810-22. [PMID: 22294901 PMCID: PMC3264453 DOI: 10.3390/s100301810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a novel biomimetic polymer, we have developed polymer gels with an autonomous self-oscillating function. This was achieved by utilizing oscillating chemical reactions, called the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, which is recognized as a chemical model for understanding several autonomous phenomena in biological systems. Under the coexistence of the reactants, the polymer gel undergoes spontaneous swelling-deswelling changes without any on-off switching by external stimuli. In this review, our recent studies on the self-oscillating polymer gels and application to biomimetic actuators are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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27
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Abstract
Many kinds of stimuli-responsive polymer and gels have been developed and applied to biomimetic actuators or artificial muscles. Electroactive polymers that change shape when stimulated electrically seem to be particularly promising. In all cases, however, the mechanical motion is driven by external stimuli, for example, reversing the direction of electric field. On the other hand, many living organisms can generate an autonomous motion without external driving stimuli like self-beating of heart muscles. Here we show a novel biomimetic gel actuator that can walk spontaneously with a worm-like motion without switching of external stimuli. The self-oscillating motion is produced by dissipating chemical energy of oscillating reaction. Although the gel is completely composed of synthetic polymer, it shows autonomous motion as if it were alive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Maeda
- Department of Applied Physics, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan; E-Mails:
(Y.H.);
(S.H.)
| | - Yusuke Hara
- Department of Applied Physics, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan; E-Mails:
(Y.H.);
(S.H.)
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 135-8656, Japan; E-Mail:
(R.Y.)
| | - Shuji Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Physics, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan; E-Mails:
(Y.H.);
(S.H.)
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28
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Abstract
Comprehensive verification of the intricate dose distributions associated with advanced radiation treatments is now an immediate and substantial problem. The task is challenging using traditional dosimeters because of restrictions to point measurements (ion chambers, diodes, TLD, etc.) or planar measurements (film). In essence, rapid advances in the technology to deliver radiation treatments have not been paralleled by corresponding advances in the ability to verify these treatments. A potential solution has emerged in the form of water equivalent three dimensional (3D) gel-dosimetry. In this paper we present basic characterization and performance studies of a prototype optical-CT scanning system developed in our laboratory. An analysis of the potential role or scope of gel dosimetry, in relation to other dosimeters, and to verification across the spectrum of therapeutic techniques is also given. The characterization studies enabled the determination of nominal operating conditions for optical-CT scanning. "Finger" phantoms are introduced as a powerful and flexible tool for the investigation of optical-CT performance. The modulation-transfer function (MTF) of the system is determined to be better than 10% out to 1 mm(-1), confirming sub-mm imaging ability. System performance is demonstrated by the acquisition of a 1 x 1 x 1 mm3 dataset through the dose distribution delivered by an x-ray lens that focuses x rays in the energy range 40-80 KeV. This 3D measurement would be extremely difficult to achieve with other dosimetry techniques and highlights some of the strengths of gel dosimetry. Finally, an optical Monte Carlo model is introduced and shown to have potential to model light transport through gel-dosimetry systems, and to provide a tool for the study and optimization of optical-CT gel dosimetry. The model utilizes Mie scattering theory and requires knowledge of the variation of the particle size distribution with dose. The latter was determined here using the technique of dynamic-light-scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Oldham
- William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073-6769, USA.
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29
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Audet C, Hilts M, Jirasek A, Duzenli C. CT gel dosimetry technique: comparison of a planned and measured 3D stereotactic dose volume. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2002; 3:110-8. [PMID: 11958651 PMCID: PMC5724611 DOI: 10.1120/jacmp.v3i2.2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2001] [Accepted: 01/25/2002] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents a 3D dose mapping of complex dose distributions using an x-ray computed tomography (CT) polymer gel dosimetry technique. Two polyacrylamide gels (PAGs) of identical composition were irradiated with the same four arc stereotactic treatment to maximum doses of 15 Gy (PAG1) and 8 Gy (PAG2). The PAGs were CT imaged using a previously defined protocol that involves image averaging and background subtraction to improve image quality. For comparison with the planned isodose distribution, the PAG images were converted to relative dose maps using a CT number-dose calibration curve or simple division. The PAG images were then co-registered with the planning CT images in the BrainLab treatment planning software which automatically provides reconstructed sagittal and coronal images for 3D evaluation of measured and planned dose. The hypo-intense high dose region in both sets of gel images agreed with the planned 80% isodose contour and was shifted by up to 1.5 and 3.0 mm in the axial and reconstructed planes, respectively. This demonstrates the ability of the CT gel technique to accurately localize the high dose region produced by the stereotactic treatment. The resulting agreement of the measured relative dose volume for PAG1 was within 3.0 mm for the 50% and 80% isodose surfaces. However, the dose contrast was too low in PAG2 to allow for accurate definition of measured relative dose surfaces. Thus, a PAG should be irradiated to higher doses if quantitative relative dose information is required. Unfortunately, this implies use of an additional PAG and its CT number dose response since doses greater than 8-10 Gy fall outside the linear regions of the response.
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MESH Headings
- Acrylamides/therapeutic use
- Gels/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional/instrumentation
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods
- Polymers/therapeutic use
- Radiation Dosage
- Radiosurgery/instrumentation
- Radiosurgery/methods
- Radiotherapy Dosage
- Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation
- Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Radiotherapy, Conformal/instrumentation
- Radiotherapy, Conformal/methods
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed/instrumentation
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Audet
- British Columbia Cancer AgencyBritish ColumbiaCanadaV5Z 4E6
- Palo Alto Medical FoundationPalo AltoCalifornia94305
| | - M. Hilts
- British Columbia Cancer AgencyBritish ColumbiaCanadaV5Z 4E6
| | - A. Jirasek
- British Columbia Cancer AgencyBritish ColumbiaCanadaV5Z 4E6
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanadaV5Z 4E6
| | - C. Duzenli
- British Columbia Cancer AgencyBritish ColumbiaCanadaV5Z 4E6
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