1
|
Koch T, Zhang W, Tran TT, Wang Y, Mikitisin A, Puchhammer J, Greer JR, Ovsianikov A, Chalupa-Gantner F, Lunzer M. Approaching Standardization: Mechanical Material Testing of Macroscopic Two-Photon Polymerized Specimens. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308497. [PMID: 38303404 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (2PP) is becoming increasingly established as additive manufacturing technology for microfabrication due to its high-resolution and the feasibility of generating complex parts. Until now, the high resolution of 2PP is also its bottleneck, as it limited throughput and therefore restricted the application to the production of microparts. Thus, mechanical properties of 2PP materials can only be characterized using nonstandardized specialized microtesting methods. Due to recent advances in 2PP technology, it is now possible to produce parts in the size of several millimeters to even centimeters, finally permitting the fabrication of macrosized testing specimens. Besides suitable hardware systems, 2PP materials exhibiting favorable mechanical properties that allow printing of up-scaled parts are strongly demanded. In this work, the up-scalability of three different photopolymers is investigated using a high-throughput 2PP system and low numerical aperture optics. Testing specimens in the cm-range are produced and tested with common or even standardized material testing methods available in conventionally equipped polymer testing labs. Examples of the characterization of mechanical, thermo-mechanical, and fracture properties of 2PP processed materials are shown. Additionally, aspects such as postprocessing and aging are investigated. This lays a foundation for future expansion of the 2PP technology to broader industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Koch
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Thomas T Tran
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Yingjin Wang
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Adrian Mikitisin
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, RWTH Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jakob Puchhammer
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Julia R Greer
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bao Z, Ding S, Dai Z, Wang Y, Jia J, Shen S, Yin Y, Li X. Significantly enhanced high-temperature capacitive energy storage in cyclic olefin copolymer dielectric films via ultraviolet irradiation. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:2120-2127. [PMID: 36946201 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00078h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymer dielectrics with high operation temperature (∼150 °C) and excellent capacitive energy storage performance are vital for electric power systems and advanced electronic devices. Here, a very convenient and competitive strategy by preparing ultraviolet-irradiated cyclic olefin copolymer films is demonstrated to be effective in improving the energy storage performance at high temperatures. Compared with the unirradiated film, irradiated films exhibit a higher dielectric constant, higher breakdown strength and stronger mechanical properties as a result of the emergence of the carbonyl group and cross-linking network. Consequently, with a high efficiency above 95%, a superior discharged energy density of ∼3.34 J cm-3 is achieved at 150 °C, surpassing the current dielectric polymers and polymer nanocomposites. In particular, the energy storage performance remains highly reliable over 20 000 cycles under actual operating conditions (200 MV m-1 at 150 °C) in hybrid electric vehicles. This research offers a valuable pathway to build high-energy-density polymer-based capacitor devices working under harsh environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Bao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Song Ding
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Zhizhan Dai
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Jiangheng Jia
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Shengchun Shen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yuewei Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gauci SC, Ehrmann K, Gernhardt M, Tuten B, Blasco E, Frisch H, Jayalatharachchi V, Blinco JP, Houck HA, Barner-Kowollik C. Two Functions from a Single Photoresist: Tuning Microstructure Degradability from Light-Stabilized Dynamic Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300151. [PMID: 36869278 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A photoresist-based on a light-stabilized dynamic material driven by an out-of-equilibrium photo-Diels-Alder reaction of triazolinediones with naphthalenes-whose ability to intrinsically degrade postprinting can be tuned by a simple adjustment of laser intensity during 3D laser lithography is introduced. The resist's ability to form stable networks under green light irradiation that degrade in the dark is transformed into a tunable degradable 3D printing material platform. In-depth characterization of the printed microstructures via atomic force microscopy before and during degradation reveals the high dependency of the final structures' properties on the writing parameters. Upon identifying the ideal writing parameters and their effect on the network structure, it is possible to selectively toggle between stable and fully degradable structures. This simplifies the direct laser writing manufacturing process of multifunctional materials significantly, which typically requires the use of separate resists and consecutive writing efforts to achieve degradable and nondegradable material sections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Gauci
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Marvin Gernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Bryan Tuten
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Vishakya Jayalatharachchi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Hannes A Houck
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kubacková J, Slabý C, Horvath D, Hovan A, Iványi GT, Vizsnyiczai G, Kelemen L, Žoldák G, Tomori Z, Bánó G. Assessing the Viscoelasticity of Photopolymer Nanowires Using a Three-Parameter Solid Model for Bending Recovery Motion. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2961. [PMID: 34835725 PMCID: PMC8618069 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Photopolymer nanowires prepared by two-photon polymerization direct laser writing (TPP-DLW) are the building blocks of many microstructure systems. These nanowires possess viscoelastic characteristics that define their deformations under applied forces when operated in a dynamic regime. A simple mechanical model was previously used to describe the bending recovery motion of deflected nanowire cantilevers in Newtonian liquids. The inverse problem is targeted in this work; the experimental observations are used to determine the nanowire physical characteristics. Most importantly, based on the linear three-parameter solid model, we derive explicit formulas to calculate the viscoelastic material parameters. It is shown that the effective elastic modulus of the studied nanowires is two orders of magnitude lower than measured for the bulk material. Additionally, we report on a notable effect of the surrounding aqueous glucose solution on the elasticity and the intrinsic viscosity of the studied nanowires made of Ormocomp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kubacková
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics SAS, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (J.K.); (Z.T.)
| | - Cyril Slabý
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (C.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Denis Horvath
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (D.H.); (G.Ž.)
| | - Andrej Hovan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (C.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Gergely T. Iványi
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Dugonics Square 13, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.V.); (L.K.)
| | - Gaszton Vizsnyiczai
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.V.); (L.K.)
| | - Lóránd Kelemen
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.V.); (L.K.)
| | - Gabriel Žoldák
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (D.H.); (G.Ž.)
| | - Zoltán Tomori
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics SAS, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (J.K.); (Z.T.)
| | - Gregor Bánó
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (C.S.); (A.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Hydrophobic Derivative of Ciprofloxacin as a New Photoinitiator of Two-Photon Polymerization: Synthesis and Usage for the Formation of Biocompatible Polylactide-Based 3D Scaffolds. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193385. [PMID: 34641200 PMCID: PMC8512357 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydrophobic derivative of ciprofloxacin, hexanoylated ciprofloxacin (CPF-hex), has been used as a photoinitiator (PI) for two-photon polymerization (2PP) for the first time. We present, here, the synthesis of CPF-hex and its application for 2PP of methacrylate-terminated star-shaped poly (D,L-lactide), as well a systematic study on the optical, physicochemical and mechanical properties of the photocurable resin and prepared three-dimensional scaffolds. CPF-hex exhibited good solubility in the photocurable resin, high absorption at the two-photon wavelength and a low fluorescence quantum yield = 0.079. Structuring tests showed a relatively broad processing window and revealed the efficiency of CPF-hex as a 2PP PI. The prepared three-dimensional scaffolds showed good thermal stability; thermal decomposition was observed only at 314 °C. In addition, they demonstrated an increase in Young's modulus after the UV post-curing (from 336 ± 79 MPa to 564 ± 183 MPa, which is close to those of a cancellous (trabecular) bone). Moreover, using CPF-hex as a 2PP PI did not compromise the scaffolds' low cytotoxicity, thus they are suitable for potential application in bone tissue regeneration.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen L, Dong Y, Tang CY, Zhong L, Law WC, Tsui GCP, Yang Y, Xie X. Development of Direct-Laser-Printable Light-Powered Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:19541-19553. [PMID: 31059220 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Four-dimensional (4D) printable light-powered materials have emerged as a new generation of materials for the development of functional devices. The design of these types of materials is mostly based on the trans-cis transformation of azobenzene moieties in a liquid crystalline elastomer (LCE) matrix, in which the motion is triggered by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. In this paper, we first report on a direct laser printable photoresist for producing light-powered 4D structures with enhanced mechanical properties and near-infrared (NIR) responsive mechanical deformation. The reported nanocomposite design is based on the photothermal effects of gold nanorods (AuNRs), which can induce the nematic-to-isotropic transition of LCE upon exposure to NIR irradiation. The miscibility between AuNRs and LCE is enhanced by thiol functionalization. Appropriate printing parameters are determined, and nanocomposites containing 0-3 wt % of AuNR loading are fabricated via femtosecond two-photon direct laser writing. The effects of the AuNR loading fraction and laser power on the light-powered actuating performance are evaluated. It is found that the nanocomposite with AuNR loading of 3 wt % demonstrates the maximum percentage (20%) of elongation under an NIR laser power of 2 W. An increase in laser power can lead to faster deformation but slower restoration. The nanocomposites demonstrate relatively good stability. Even after 300 actuation cycles, 80% of the elongation magnitude can be retained. In addition, an improvement of 80% in the complex modulus of the nanocomposites, due to the inclusion of AuNRs, is observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lei Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications , Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning , Guangxi 530006 , China
| | | | | | - Yingkui Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan , Hubei 430074 , China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430074 , China
| |
Collapse
|