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Pereira MC, Adewale OB, Roux S, Cairncross L, Davids H. Biochemical assessment of the neurotoxicity of gold nanoparticles functionalized with colorectal cancer-targeting peptides in a rat model. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:1962-1973. [PMID: 34002645 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211017611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The application of gold nanoparticle-peptide conjugates as theranostic agents for colorectal cancer shows much promise. This study aimed at determining the neurotoxic impact of 14 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with colorectal cancer-targeting peptides (namely p.C, p.L or p.14) in a rat model. Brain tissue samples, obtained from Wistar rats that received a single injection of citrate-capped AuNPs, polyethylene glycol-coated (PEG) AuNPs, p.C-PEG-AuNPs, p.L-PEG-AuNPs or p.14-PEG-AuNPs, and sacrificed after 2- and 12-weeks, respectively, were analysed. Inflammation marker (tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β), oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and apoptotic biomarker (cytochrome c, caspase-3) levels were measured. Gold nanoparticle-treated groups sacrificed after 2-weeks did not exhibit any significant inflammatory, oxidative stress or apoptotic effects in brain tissue compared to the untreated control group. In brain tissue from rats that were exposed to citrate-capped AuNPs for 12-weeks, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels were significantly increased compared to the untreated control. Exposure to PEG-AuNP, p.C-PEG-AuNP, p.L-PEG-AuNP and p.14-PEG-AuNP did not elicit significant toxic effects compared to the control after 12-weeks, as evidenced by the absence of inflammatory, oxidative stress and apoptotic effects in brain tissue. We thus report on the safety of PEG-coated AuNP-peptide conjugates for potential application in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer; however, exposure to citrate-capped AuNPs could induce delayed neuro-inflammation, and as such, warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Pereira
- Department of Human Physiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - O B Adewale
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - S Roux
- Department of Human Physiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - L Cairncross
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - H Davids
- Department of Human Physiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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Pang SW, Awi NJ, Armon S, Lim WWD, Low JSH, Peh KB, Peh SC, Teow SY. Current Update of Laboratory Molecular Diagnostics Advancement in Management of Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 10:E9. [PMID: 31877940 PMCID: PMC7168209 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be one of the most common cancers globally. The incidence has increased in developing countries in the past few decades, this could be partly attributed to aging populations and unhealthy lifestyles. While the treatment of CRC has seen significant improvement since the advent of target-specific therapies and personalized medicine, CRC is oftentimes detected at late or advanced stages, thereby reducing the efficacy of treatment. Hence, screening for early detection is still the key to combat CRC and to increase overall survival (OS). Considering that the field of medical diagnostics is moving towards molecular diagnostics, CRC can now be effectively screened and diagnosed with high accuracy and sensitivity. Depending on the tumor genotype and genetic profile of the individual, personalized treatments including tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy and immunotherapy can be administered. Notably, there can be no one single treatment that is effective for all CRC patients due to the variation in tumor genetics, which highlights the importance of molecular diagnostics. This review provides insights on therapeutic modalities, molecular biomarkers, advancement of diagnostic technologies, and current challenges in managing CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Wai Pang
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Noel Jacques Awi
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Subasri Armon
- Pathology Department, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia
| | - Wendy Wan-Dee Lim
- Sunway Medical Centre, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - John Seng-Hooi Low
- Sunway Medical Centre, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Kaik-Boo Peh
- Mahkota Medical Centre, Mahkota Melaka, Jalan Merdeka, Melaka 75000, Malaysia
| | - Suat-Cheng Peh
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Sunway Medical Centre, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Sin-Yeang Teow
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
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Roles of Extracellular HSPs as Biomarkers in Immune Surveillance and Immune Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184588. [PMID: 31533245 PMCID: PMC6770223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular heat shock proteins (ex-HSPs) have been found in exosomes, oncosomes, membrane surfaces, as well as free HSP in cancer and various pathological conditions, also known as alarmins. Such ex-HSPs include HSP90 (α, β, Gp96, Trap1), HSP70, and large and small HSPs. Production of HSPs is coordinately induced by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), while matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) and heterochromatin protein 1 are novel inducers of HSPs. Oncosomes released by tumor cells are a major aspect of the resistance-associated secretory phenotype (RASP) by which immune evasion can be established. The concepts of RASP are: (i) releases of ex-HSP and HSP-rich oncosomes are essential in RASP, by which molecular co-transfer of HSPs with oncogenic factors to recipient cells can promote cancer progression and resistance against stresses such as hypoxia, radiation, drugs, and immune systems; (ii) RASP of tumor cells can eject anticancer drugs, targeted therapeutics, and immune checkpoint inhibitors with oncosomes; (iii) cytotoxic lipids can be also released from tumor cells as RASP. ex-HSP and membrane-surface HSP (mHSP) play immunostimulatory roles recognized by CD91+ scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells-1 (SREC-1)+ Toll-like receptors (TLRs)+ antigen-presenting cells, leading to antigen cross-presentation and T cell cross-priming, as well as by CD94+ natural killer cells, leading to tumor cytolysis. On the other hand, ex-HSP/CD91 signaling in cancer cells promotes cancer progression. HSPs in body fluids are potential biomarkers detectable by liquid biopsies in cancers and tissue-damaged diseases. HSP-based vaccines, inhibitors, and RNAi therapeutics are also reviewed.
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Siddique H, Al-Ghafari A, Choudhry H, AlTurki S, Alshaibi H, Al Doghaither H, Alsufiani H. Long Noncoding RNAs as Prognostic Markers for Colorectal Cancer in Saudi Patients. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2019; 23:509-514. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2018.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Halima Siddique
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat Al-Ghafari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, and King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, and King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suzan AlTurki
- University Medical Services Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Alshaibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Al Doghaither
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeil Alsufiani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Review: Microfluidics technologies for blood-based cancer liquid biopsies. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1012:10-29. [PMID: 29475470 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood-based liquid biopsies provide a minimally invasive alternative to identify cellular and molecular signatures that can be used as biomarkers to detect early-stage cancer, predict disease progression, longitudinally monitor response to chemotherapeutic drugs, and provide personalized treatment options. Specific targets in blood that can be used for detailed molecular analysis to develop highly specific and sensitive biomarkers include circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes shed from tumor cells, cell-free circulating tumor DNA (cfDNA), and circulating RNA. Given the low abundance of CTCs and other tumor-derived products in blood, clinical evaluation of liquid biopsies is extremely challenging. Microfluidics technologies for cellular and molecular separations have great potential to either outperform conventional methods or enable completely new approaches for efficient separation of targets from complex samples like blood. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of blood-based targets that can be used for analysis of cancer, review microfluidic technologies that are currently used for isolation of CTCs, tumor derived exosomes, cfDNA, and circulating RNA, and provide a detailed discussion regarding potential opportunities for microfluidics-based approaches in cancer diagnostics.
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