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Wang Y, Na Y, Huang YQ, Zhou JF, Li SH, Liu QL, Li LT, Chen YG, Tian W, Chi H, Li XC, Fang WH. Paospora carinifang n. gen., n. sp. (Microsporidia: Spragueidae), a parasite of the ridgetail white prawn, Palaemon carinicauda. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 206:108180. [PMID: 39154989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
A new microsporidian disease of the pond-reared ridgetail white prawn, Palaemon carinicauda, was found in China. Light microscopy, pathology, and scanning electron microscopy showed that the parasite infected the host's skeletal muscle tissue and formed spherical sporophorous vesicles (SPOVs). Electron microscopy revealed that its merogonic life stages developed in direct contact with the host cytoplasm. The sporogonic life stages underwent octosporoblastic sporogony with the formation of eight uninucleate spores in each SPOV. Fresh SPOVs were 5.4 ± 0.55 µm in diameter. The octospores were oval and measured 2.3 × 1.5 μm (fresh) and 1.96 × 1.17 μm (fixed). The isofilar polar filament was coiled with 9-10 turns and arranged in two rows. Phylogenetic analysis based on the SSU rRNA gene suggests that this microsporidium has close affinities with members of the genera Potaspora and Apotaspora, but represents an independent generic taxon. We therefore propose the establishment of a new genus and species (Paospora carinifang n. gen., n. sp.) within the family Spragueidae. We also propose a taxonomic revision to transfer Potaspora macrobrachium to this new genus and reclassify it as Paospora macrobrachium comb. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Ying Na
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yan-Qing Huang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jun-Fang Zhou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Shou-Hu Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Quan-Lin Liu
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Le-Tian Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yuan-Ge Chen
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Wei Tian
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Hai Chi
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China.
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Trzebny A, Nahimova O, Dabert M. High temperatures and low humidity promote the occurrence of microsporidians (Microsporidia) in mosquitoes (Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:187. [PMID: 38605410 PMCID: PMC11008030 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of climate change, a growing concern is that vector-pathogen or host-parasite interactions may be correlated with climatic factors, especially increasing temperatures. In the present study, we used a mosquito-microsporidian model to determine the impact of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, wind and rainfall on the occurrence rates of opportunistic obligate microparasites (Microsporidia) in hosts from a family that includes important disease vectors (Culicidae). METHODS In our study, 3000 adult mosquitoes collected from the field over 3 years were analysed. Mosquitoes and microsporidia were identified using PCR and sequencing of the hypervariable V5 region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene and a shortened fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, respectively. RESULTS DNA metabarcoding was used to identify nine mosquito species, all of which were hosts of 12 microsporidian species. The prevalence of microsporidian DNA across all mosquito samples was 34.6%. Microsporidian prevalence in mosquitoes was more frequent during warm months (> 19 °C; humidity < 65%), as was the co-occurrence of two or three microsporidian species in a single host individual. During warm months, microsporidian occurrence was noted 1.6-fold more often than during the cold periods. Among the microsporidians found in the mosquitoes, five (representing the genera Enterocytospora, Vairimorpha and Microsporidium) were positively correlated with an increase in temperature, whereas one (Hazardia sp.) was significantly correlated with a decrease in temperature. Threefold more microsporidian co-occurrences were recorded in the warm months than in the cold months. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the susceptibility of mosquitoes to parasite occurrence is primarily determined by environmental conditions, such as, for example, temperatures > 19 °C and humidity not exceeding 62%. Collectively, our data provide a better understanding of the effects of the environment on microsporidian-mosquito interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Trzebny
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Olena Nahimova
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- Genetics and Cytology Department, School of Biology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Miroslawa Dabert
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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Stratton CE, Reisinger LS, Behringer DC, Reinke AW, Bojko J. Alternosema astaquatica n. sp. (Microsporidia: Enterocytozoonida), a systemic parasite of the crayfish Faxonius virilis. J Invertebr Pathol 2023:107948. [PMID: 37276935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crayfish have strong ecological impacts in freshwater systems, yet our knowledge of their parasites is limited. This study describes the first systemic microsporidium (infects multiple tissue types) Alternosema astaquatica n. sp. (Enterocytozoonida) isolated from a crayfish host, Faxonius virilis, using histopathology, transmission electron microscopy, gene sequencing, and phylogenetics. The parasite develops in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm producing mature spores that are monokaryotic and ellipsoid in shape. Spores have 9-10 coils of the polar filament and measure 3.07 ± 0.26 µm (SD) in length and 0.93 ± 0.08 µm (SD) in width. Our novel isolate has high genetic similarity to Alternosema bostrichidis isolated from terrestrial beetles; however, genetic data from this parasite is restricted to a small fragment (396bp) of the SSU gene. Additional data related to spore morphology and development, host, environment, and ecology indicate that our novel isolate is distinct from A. bostrichidis, which supports a new species description. Alternosema astaquatica n. sp. represents a novel member of the Orthosomella-like group which appears to be a set of opportunists within the Enterocytozoonida. The presence of this microsporidium in F. virilis could be relevant for freshwater ecosystems across this crayfish's broad geographic range in North America and may affect interactions between F. virilis and invasive rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus in the Midwest USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne E Stratton
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32653, USA.
| | - Lindsey S Reisinger
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32653, USA
| | - Donald C Behringer
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32653, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Aaron W Reinke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie Bojko
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, DL1 1HG, UK.
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Stratton CE, Kabalan BA, Bolds SA, Reisinger LS, Behringer DC, Bojko J. Cambaraspora faxoni n. sp. (Microsporidia: Glugeida) from native and invasive crayfish in the USA and a novel host of Cambaraspora floridanus. J Invertebr Pathol 2023:107949. [PMID: 37276936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crayfishes are among the most widely introduced freshwater taxa and can have extensive ecological impacts. Knowledge of the parasites crayfish harbor is limited, yet co-invasion of parasites is a significant risk associated with invasions. In this study, we describe a novel microsporidium, Cambaraspora faxoni n. sp. (Glugeida: Tuzetiidae), from two crayfish hosts in the Midwest USA, Faxonius virilis and Faxonius rusticus. We also expand the known host range of Cambaraspora floridanus to include Procambarus spiculifer. Cambaraspora faxoni infects muscle and heart tissue of F. rusticus and develops within a sporophorous vesicle. The mature spore measures 3.22 ± 0.14 μm in length and 1.45 ± 0.13 μm in width, with 8-9 turns of the polar filament. SSU sequencing indicates the isolates from F. virilis and F. rusticus were identical (100%) and 93.49% similar to C. floridanus, supporting the erection of a new species within the Cambaraspora genus. The novel parasite was discovered within the native range of F. rusticus (Ohio, USA) and within a native congeneric (F. virilis) in the invasive range of F. rusticus (Wisconsin, USA). Faxonius virilis is invasive in other regions. This new parasite could have been introduced to Wisconsin with F. rusticus or it may be a generalist species with a broad distribution. In either case, this parasite infects two crayfish species that have been widely introduced to new drainages throughout North America and could have future effects on invasion dynamics or impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne E Stratton
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32653, USA.
| | - Bana A Kabalan
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32653, USA
| | - Sara A Bolds
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32653, USA
| | - Lindsey S Reisinger
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32653, USA
| | - Donald C Behringer
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32653, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Jamie Bojko
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, DL1 1HG, UK.
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Bojko J. Systematic identity and phylogenetic analysis of Knowlespora clinchi (Knowles et al. 2022) gen. et comb. nov. From pheasantshell mussels (Actinonaiais pectorosa). J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 194:107817. [PMID: 35964677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A microsporidian parasite infecting the pheasantshell mussel, Actinonaiais pectorosa, was discovered in a freshwater system in the USA. The original description of this species placed it into the holding genus "Microsporidium"; however, the availability of ecological, environmental, histological, electron microscopy, and genetic data, suffice to provide a complete formal taxonomic account of this species. In this note, the genus Knowlespora n. gen. is erected and described to hold the type species: Knowlespora clinchi gen. et comb. nov., originally described as 'Microsporidium clinchi'. A discussion is presented to suggest that this novel species is unlikely to be closely related to other molluscan microsporidians (all of which lack genetic data, to date) and highlights the diversity of oocyte-infecting species across the Microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Bojko
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington DL1 1HG, UK.
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Microsporidia: a new taxonomic, evolutionary, and ecological synthesis. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:642-659. [PMID: 35667993 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidian diversity is vast. There is a renewed drive to understand how microsporidian pathological, genomic, and ecological traits relate to their phylogeny. We comprehensively sample and phylogenetically analyse 125 microsporidian genera for which sequence data are available. Comparing these results with existing phylogenomic analyses, we suggest an updated taxonomic framework to replace the inconsistent clade numbering system, using informal taxonomic names: Glugeida (previously clades 5/3), Nosematida (4a), Enterocytozoonida (4b), Amblyosporida (3/5), Neopereziida (1), and Ovavesiculida (2). Cellular, parasitological, and ecological traits for 281 well-defined species are compared with identify clade-specific patterns across long-branch Microsporidia. We suggest that future taxonomic circumscriptions of Microsporidia should involve additional markers (SSU/ITS/LSU), and that a comprehensive suite of phenotypic and ecological traits help to predict broad microsporidian functional and lineage diversity.
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