1
|
Torge D, Bernardi S, Ciciarelli G, Macchiarelli G, Bianchi S. Dedicated Protocol for Ultrastructural Analysis of Farmed Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Tissues with Red Mark Syndrome: The Skin-Part One. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:37. [PMID: 38804331 PMCID: PMC11130968 DOI: 10.3390/mps7030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to provide a specific protocol for transmission electron microscopy of a sample of skin of rainbow trout affected by red mark syndrome (RMS). The red mark syndrome is a skin disease that affects the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The disease, probably due to the Midichloria-like organism infection, is not lethal, but morbidity can reach up to 60%, leading to significant economic impact associated with the downgrading of the commercial product, increased labor, and susceptibility to secondary infections. The ultrastructure analyses allowed an earlier study to identify the presence of scattered microorganisms characterized by an oval shape, mainly in the cytoplasm of the cells. The protocol developed in this study will be instrumental in visualizing the ultrastructure of the microorganism, which is probably responsible for red mark syndrome infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Torge
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.C.); (G.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Sara Bernardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.C.); (G.M.); (S.B.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pardo A, Villasante A, Romero J. Skin Microbial Community Associated to Strawberry Disease in Farmed Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792). Microorganisms 2024; 12:217. [PMID: 38276202 PMCID: PMC10818565 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture plays a crucial role in addressing the growing global demand for food. However, diseases associated with intensive aquaculture practices, especially those affecting the skin, can present significant challenges to both fish health and the industry as a whole. Strawberry disease (SD), also known as red-mark syndrome, is a persistent and non-lethal skin condition observed in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the United States and various European countries. SD is a nonlethal skin condition of an unclear etiology that affects rainbow trout reared in freshwater close to the harvest period. We used a RNA-based approach to examine active microbiota in the SD skin lesions and compared to non-injured skin. Our results, based on using 16S rRNA gene next-generation sequencing, showed that the skin microbiota was dominated by the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The comparisons of the skin microbiota between injured and non-injured samples showed differences in the alpha diversity (Fisher index) and beta diversity metrics (ANOSIM). At the genus level, both Pseudomonas and Candidatus Midichloria were highlighted as the most abundant taxa detected in samples obtained from fish affected with strawberry diseases. In contrast, the most abundant taxa in non-injured skin were Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, and Pseudoalteromonas. In conclusion, our study on SD revealed distinct differences in the microbiota composition between skin lesions and non-injured skin. This is the first description of microbiota associated with SD-injured skin samples using an RNA approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alda Pardo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830489, Chile; (A.P.); (A.V.)
- Cooperative Program for Aquaculture (Ph.D.), Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile
| | - Alejandro Villasante
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830489, Chile; (A.P.); (A.V.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Jaime Romero
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830489, Chile; (A.P.); (A.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Galeotti M, Orioles M, Saccà E, Byadgi O, Pesaro S, Di Cerbo A, Magi GE. Understanding the Pathogenesis of Red Mark Syndrome in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) through an Integrated Morphological and Molecular Approach. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061103. [PMID: 36978643 PMCID: PMC10044500 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Red mark syndrome (RMS) is a widespread skin disorder of rainbow trout in freshwater aquaculture, believed to be caused by a Midichloria-like organism (MLO). Here, we aimed to study the pathologic mechanisms at the origin of RMS by analyzing field samples from a recent outbreak through gene expression, MLO PCR, quantitative PCR, and a histopathological scoring system proposed for RMS lesions. Statistical analyses included a One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a Dunnett's multiple comparisons test to assess differences among gene expression groups and a nonparametric Spearman correlation between various categories of skin lesions and PCR results. In short, the results confirmed the presence of a high quantity of 16S gene copy numbers of Midichloria-like organisms in diseased skin tissues. However, the number of Midichloria-like organisms detected was not correlated to the degree of severity of skin disease. Midichloria-like organism DNA was found in the spleen and head kidney. The spleen showed pathologic changes mainly of hyperplastic type, reflecting its direct involvement during infection. The most severe skin lesions were characterized by a high level of inflammatory cytokines sustaining and modulating the severe inflammatory process. IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-10, MHC-II, and TCR were upregulated in severe skin lesions, while IL-10 was highly expressed in moderate to severe ones. In the moderate form, the response was driven to produce immunoglobulins, which appeared crucial in controlling the skin disease's severity. Altogether our results illustrated a complex immune interaction between the host and Midichloria-like organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, DI4A, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Massimo Orioles
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, DI4A, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Elena Saccà
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, DI4A, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Omkar Byadgi
- International Program in Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Stefano Pesaro
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, DI4A, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Gian Enrico Magi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bruno A, Cafiso A, Sandionigi A, Galimberti A, Magnani D, Manfrin A, Petroni G, Casiraghi M, Bazzocchi C. Red mark syndrome: Is the aquaculture water microbiome a keystone for understanding the disease aetiology? Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1059127. [PMID: 36922974 PMCID: PMC10010170 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1059127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture significantly contributes to the growing demand for food worldwide. However, diseases associated with intensive aquaculture conditions, especially the skin related syndromes, may have significant implications on fish health and industry. In farmed rainbow trout, red mark syndrome (RMS), which consists of multiple skin lesions, currently lacks recognized aetiological agents, and increased efforts are needed to elucidate the onset of these conditions. Most of the past studies were focused on analyzing skin lesions, but no study focused on water, a medium constantly interacting with fish. Indeed, water tanks are environmental niches colonized by microbial communities, which may be implicated in the onset of the disease. Here, we present the results of water and sediment microbiome analyses performed in an RMS-affected aquaculture facility, bringing new knowledge about the environmental microbiomes harbored under these conditions. On the whole, no significant differences in the bacterial community structure were reported in RMS-affected tanks compared to the RMS-free ones. However, we highlighted significant differences in microbiome composition when analyzing different samples source (i.e., water and sediments). Looking at the finer scale, we measured significant changes in the relative abundances of specific taxa in RMS-affected tanks, especially when analyzing water samples. Our results provide worthwhile insight into a mostly uncharacterized ecological scenario, aiding future studies on the aquaculture built environment for disease prevention and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Bruno
- ZooPlantLab, Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cafiso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Galimberti
- ZooPlantLab, Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Magnani
- ZooPlantLab, Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Amedeo Manfrin
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of the Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Casiraghi
- ZooPlantLab, Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bazzocchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Orioles M, Saccà E, Metselaar M, Bulfoni M, Cesselli D, Galeotti M. Observations on Red Mark Syndrome in juvenile rainbow trout farmed in RAS system. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1889-1892. [PMID: 35964248 PMCID: PMC9804602 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Orioles
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Veterinary Pathology UnitUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | - Elena Saccà
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Veterinary Pathology UnitUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | | | | | - Daniela Cesselli
- Aquatic Vets Ltd.StirlingScotland
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Udine, Italy Institute of Clinical Pathology, ASUFCUdineItaly
| | - Marco Galeotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Veterinary Pathology UnitUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Galeotti M, Sarli G, Sirri R, Mandrioli L, Beraldo P, Bronzatti P, Giavenni R, Orioles M, Magi G, Volpatti D. Red mark syndrome of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; Walbaum, 1792): Histopathological scoring and correlation with gross lesions. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1325-1336. [PMID: 33971691 PMCID: PMC8453541 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Red mark syndrome (RMS) is a skin disorder affecting rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The present work aimed to correlate the gross skin lesions affecting 46 fish sampled from farms surveyed for RMS with their microscopic features, identifying histological parameters that may be suggestive of disease progression. Skin lesions were grossly included in one of three categories (types I, II and III) according to the progressive degree of severity. Histological parameters and anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) tissue immunoreactivity were semi-quantitatively assessed. In the dermis, PCNA-positive lymphocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells were indicative of active phlogosis. A significant increase in PCNA-immunoreactive lymphocytes, from gross type I to type III cases, was found only in the hypodermis. The histological parameters significantly associated with the gross lesion severity were progressive loss of the epithelium and scales, recruitment of inflammatory cells in the stratum compactum, loss of architecture of the stratum compactum, perivascular and perineural granulomatous inflammation and increase in lymphocyte infiltration of the muscular layer. In the type II and type III categories, inflammation in the hypodermis and muscle displayed a granulomatous pattern, reinforcing the hypothesis of an immunopathological mechanism. The morphological diagnosis of "deep chronic dermatitis associated to panniculitis and myositis, characterised by lympho-histiocytic and granulomatous reaction" is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Galeotti
- Veterinary Pathology UnitDI4AUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | - G. Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - R. Sirri
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - L. Mandrioli
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - P. Beraldo
- Veterinary Pathology UnitDI4AUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | | | | | - M. Orioles
- Veterinary Pathology UnitDI4AUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | - G.E. Magi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CamerinoMatelicaItaly
| | - D. Volpatti
- Veterinary Pathology UnitDI4AUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sergeenko NV, Gavruseva TV, Ustimenko EA, Bochkova EV, Ryazanova TV. Case of highly prevalent papilloma-like skin lesions in whitespotted char (Salvelinus leucomaenis) in Kamchatka (Russia). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:487-493. [PMID: 33393694 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In October 2014, a case of mass skin lesions was reported in whitespotted char (Salvelinus leucomaenis) caught in the Nalycheva River on the Kamchatka peninsula (Russia). The proportion of affected fish was approximately 50% of the catch. Lesions of varying severity were noted from small tubercles to large single and confluent formations and ulcers. Papilloma-like growths were found in the epidermal layer of the skin of the affected fish. Histopathological alterations included the following: submerged growth of epithelial cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells, oedema of scale pockets, resorption of scales, haemorrhages, local necrosis and an increased number of mucous cells. In the dermal layer of the skin, haemorrhages and extensive necrosis were recorded. Inflammation, necrosis and destruction of myocytes were found in the underlying musculature. This is the first documented case of papilloma-like skin lesions found in salmonids in Kamchatka. The affected whitespotted char were deemed unsuitable as a food product due to their unsatisfactory appearance and impermissible levels of bacterial contamination of the muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Sergeenko
- Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Kamchatka Branch, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Gavruseva
- The A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Ustimenko
- Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Kamchatka Branch, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia
| | - Elena V Bochkova
- Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Kamchatka Branch, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Ryazanova
- Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Kamchatka Branch, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia
| |
Collapse
|