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Anelli P, Dall'Asta C, Cozzi G, Epifani F, Carella D, Scarpetta D, Brasca M, Moretti A, Susca A. Analysis of composition and molecular characterization of mycobiota occurring on surface of cheese ripened in Dossena's mine. Food Microbiol 2024; 123:104587. [PMID: 39038900 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Accurate identification of the fungal community spontaneously colonizing food products, aged in natural and not controlled environments, provides information about potential mycotoxin risk associated with its consumption. Autochthonous mycobiota colonizing cheese aging in Dossena mines, was investigated and characterized by two approaches: microbial isolations and metabarcoding. Microbial isolations and metabarcoding analysis were conducted on cheese samples, obtained by four batches, produced in four different seasons of the year, aged for 90 and 180 days, by five dairy farms. The two approaches, with different taxonomical resolution power, highlighted Penicillium biforme among filamentous fungi, collected from 58 out of 68 cheeses, and Debaryomyces hansenii among yeasts, as the most abundant species (31 ÷ 65%), none representing a health risk for human cheese consumption. Shannon index showed that the richness of mycobiota increases after 180 days of maturation. Beta diversity analysis highlighted significant differences in composition of mycobiota of cheese produced by different dairy farms and aged for different durations. Weak negative growth interaction between P. biforme and Aspergillus westerdijkiae by in vitro analysis was observed leading to hypothesize that a reciprocal control is possible, also affected by natural environmental conditions, possibly disadvantageous for the last species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Anelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/A, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cozzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Filomena Epifani
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Daria Carella
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Scarpetta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Brasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Okechukwu VO, Adelusi OA, Kappo AP, Njobeh PB, Mamo MA. Aflatoxins: Occurrence, biosynthesis, mechanism of action and effects, conventional/emerging detection techniques. Food Chem 2024; 436:137775. [PMID: 37866099 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites prevalent in various food and agricultural products, posing significant challenges to global food safety. The detection and quantification of AFs through high-precision analytical techniques are crucial in mitigating AF contamination levels and associated health risks. Variousmethods,including conventional and emerging techniques, have been developed for detecting and quantifyingAFsinfood samples. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the global occurrence of AF in food commodities, covering their biosynthesis, mode of action, and effects on humans and animals. Additionally, the review discusses different conventional strategies, including chromatographic and immunochemical approaches, for AF quantification and identification in food samples. Furthermore, emerging AF detection strategies, such as solid-state gas sensors and electronic nose technologies, along with their applications, limitations, and future perspectives, were reviewed. Sample purification, along with their respective advantages and limitations, are also discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola O Okechukwu
- Department of Biochemistry, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Oluwasola A Adelusi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abidemi P Kappo
- Department of Biochemistry, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patrick B Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Messai A Mamo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, PO Box 2028, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
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3
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Movassaghghazani M, Shabansalmani N. Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in human breast and powdered milk in Tehran, Iran. Toxicon 2024; 237:107530. [PMID: 38008384 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM AND BACKGROUND Aflatoxins, produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are among the most toxic mycotoxins. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), found in milk and dairy products from animals fed AFB1-contaminated feed. Consumption of AFM1 has related adverse effects on human health. Breast milk can be a source of contamination for infants due to the presence of AFM. AFM1 can also contaminate powdered milk, a significant product of the milk industry. Consequently, monitoring dairy products for these toxins is imperative. STUDY METHOD A total of 50 samples (25 samples of breast milk and 25 samples of powdered infant milk formula) were collected in Tehran from December 2021 to February 2022. HPLC method was used for the determination of AFM1 in samples. RESULTS and Discussion: AFM1 was detected in 72% of breast milk samples and 96% of powdered milk samples. AFM1 levels varied significantly between the two sample types (p < 0.05). The average amount of AFM1 in breast milk samples was 25.82 ± 4.72 ng/kg, while the average amount in powdered milk samples was 40.59 ± 7.76 ng/kg. Moreover, 44% of the breast and 68% of powdered milk samples exceeded the AFM1 content limit of the European Union and the Iranian national standard. This study concludes that given the importance of breast milk and formula to maternal and infant health, monitoring and regulating the toxin levels in these products in Tehran is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhossein Movassaghghazani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran.
| | - Nazanin Shabansalmani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran
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Ghaffarian‐Bahraman A, Mohammadi S, Dini A. Occurrence and risk characterization of aflatoxin M 1 in milk samples from southeastern Iran using the margin of exposure approach. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:7100-7108. [PMID: 37970428 PMCID: PMC10630833 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate Aflatoxin-M1 (AFM1) contamination in pasteurized and raw milk samples consumed in Kerman and Rafsanjan in southeastern Iran. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 100 samples of raw (n = 67) and pasteurized (n = 33) milk were randomly collected from retail stores, supermarkets, and milk transport tankers in the winter of 2020 and the summer of 2021. The level of AFM1 contamination in the collected samples was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD). AFM1 was detected in 95% of samples and its median concentration was 17.38 ng/L. The median concentration of AFM1 in the pasteurized milk samples (24.89 ng/L) was significantly higher than in the raw milk samples (13.54 ng/L). The AFM1 contamination level in 20% (raw = 13% and pasteurized = 7%) of the samples was higher than the maximum permitted level (MPL) recommended by the European Union (i.e., 50 ng/L), whilst 4% (raw = 3% and pasteurized = 1%) of the samples was higher than the Iranian maximum standard limit (i.e., 100 ng/L). The hazard index (HI) was higher than 1 in 16%, 18%, and 35% of total milk samples for men, women, and children, respectively. The AFM1 contamination level in the milk samples collected in southeastern Iran was worrying. The margin of exposure (MoE) values were lower than 10,000 for children. Because aflatoxins are among the most potent carcinogens known, prevention of milk contamination in all stages from the farm to the table can considerably reduce the community's exposure to AFM1 and its consequent health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghaffarian‐Bahraman
- Occupational Environment Research CenterRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
| | - Salman Mohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health and NutritionLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | - Ali Dini
- Pistachio Safety Research CenterRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
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Panhwar S, Keerio HA, Ilhan H, Boyacı IH, Tamer U. Principles, Methods, and Real-Time Applications of Bacteriophage-Based Pathogen Detection. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00926-5. [PMID: 37914863 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens in water, food, and the environment are spreading diseases around the world. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report, waterborne pathogens pose the most significant global health risks to living organisms, including humans and animals. Conventional bacterial detection approaches such as colony counting, microscopic analysis, biochemical analysis, and molecular analysis are expensive, time-consuming, less sensitive, and require a pre-enrichment step. However, the bacteriophage-based detection of pathogenic bacteria is a robust approach that utilizes bacteriophages, which are viruses that specifically target and infect bacteria, for rapid and accurate detection of targets. This review shed light on cutting-edge technologies about the novel structure of phages and the immobilization process on the surface of electrodes to detect targeted bacterial cells. Similarly, the purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive assessment of bacteriophage-based biosensors utilized for pathogen detection, as well as their trends, outcomes, and problems. This review article summaries current phage-based pathogen detection strategies for the development of low-cost lab-on-chip (LOC) and point-of-care (POC) devices using electrochemical and optical methods such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallahuddin Panhwar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Quetta, 24090, Balochistan, Pakistan.
| | - Hareef Ahmed Keerio
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hasan Ilhan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ordu University, Altinordu, 52200, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Ismail Hakkı Boyacı
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ugur Tamer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey.
- Metu MEMS Center, Ankara, Turkey.
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Pottier I, Lewis RJ, Vernoux JP. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean: Reconciling the Multiplicity of Ciguatoxins and Analytical Chemistry Approach for Public Health Safety. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:453. [PMID: 37505722 PMCID: PMC10467118 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera is a major circumtropical poisoning caused by the consumption of marine fish and invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs): neurotoxins produced by endemic and benthic dinoflagellates which are biotransformed in the fish food-web. We provide a history of ciguatera research conducted over the past 70 years on ciguatoxins from the Pacific Ocean (P-CTXs) and Caribbean Sea (C-CTXs) and describe their main chemical, biochemical, and toxicological properties. Currently, there is no official method for the extraction and quantification of ciguatoxins, regardless their origin, mainly due to limited CTX-certified reference materials. In this review, the extraction and purification procedures of C-CTXs are investigated, considering specific objectives such as isolating reference materials, analysing fish toxin profiles, or ensuring food safety control. Certain in vitro assays may provide sufficient sensitivity to detect C-CTXs at sub-ppb levels in fish, but they do not allow for individual identification of CTXs. Recent advances in analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with low- or high-resolution mass spectrometry provide new opportunities to identify known C-CTXs, to gain structural insights into new analogues, and to quantify C-CTXs. Together, these methods reveal that ciguatera arises from a multiplicity of CTXs, although one major form (C-CTX-1) seems to dominate. However, questions arise regarding the abundance and instability of certain C-CTXs, which are further complicated by the wide array of CTX-producing dinoflagellates and fish vectors. Further research is needed to assess the toxic potential of the new C-CTX and their role in ciguatera fish poisoning. With the identification of C-CTXs in the coastal USA and Eastern Atlantic Ocean, the investigation of ciguatera fish poisoning is now a truly global effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivannah Pottier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, France;
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Angelopoulou M, Kourti D, Misiakos K, Economou A, Petrou P, Kakabakos S. Mach-Zehnder Interferometric Immunosensor for Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, Chocolate Milk, and Yogurt. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:592. [PMID: 37366957 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is detected in the milk of animals after ingestion of aflatoxin B1-contaminated food; since 2002, it has been categorized as a group I carcinogen. In this work, a silicon-based optoelectronic immunosensor for the detection of AFM1 in milk, chocolate milk, and yogurt has been developed. The immunosensor consists of ten Mach-Zehnder silicon nitride waveguide interferometers (MZIs) integrated on the same chip with the respective light sources, and an external spectrophotometer for transmission spectra collection. The sensing arm windows of MZIs are bio-functionalized after chip activation with aminosilane by spotting an AFM1 conjugate with bovine serum albumin. For AFM1 detection, a three-step competitive immunoassay is employed, including the primary reaction with a rabbit polyclonal anti-AFM1 antibody, followed by biotinylated donkey polyclonal anti-rabbit IgG antibody and streptavidin. The assay duration was 15 min with limits of detection of 0.005 ng/mL in both full-fat and chocolate milk, and 0.01 ng/mL in yogurt, which are lower than the maximum allowable concentration of 0.05 ng/mL set by the European Union. The assay is accurate (% recovery values 86.7-115) and repeatable (inter- and intra-assay variation coefficients <8%). The excellent analytical performance of the proposed immunosensor paves the way for accurate on-site AFM1 determination in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michailia Angelopoulou
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Dimitra Kourti
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Misiakos
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Anastasios Economou
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Petrou
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Sotirios Kakabakos
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
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Xue G, Wu M, Liu T, Fang X, Yin J, Lai W, Peng J. A multiple lateral flow immunoassay based on AuNP for the detection of 5 chemical contaminants in milk. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3856-3867. [PMID: 37164860 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (MEL), enrofloxacin (ENR), sulfamethazine (SMZ), tetracycline (TC), and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) are the main chemical contaminants in milk. It is necessary to detect these miscellaneous chemical contaminants in milk synchronously to ensure the safety of the milk. In this study, a multiple lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) was developed for the detection of MEL, ENR, SMZ, TC, and AFM1 in milk. Under optimal experimental conditions, the cutoff values were 25 ng/mL for MEL, 1 ng/mL for ENR, 2.5 ng/mL for SMZ, 2.5 ng/mL for TC, and 0.25 ng/mL for AFM1 in milk samples. The limits of detection of LFIA were 0.173 ng/mL for MEL, 0.078 ng/mL for ENR, 0.059 ng/mL for SMZ, 0.082 ng/mL for TC, and 0.0064 ng/mL for AFM1. The recovery rates of LFIA in milk were 83.2-104.4% for MEL, 76.5-127.3% for ENR, 96.8-113.5% for SMZ, 107.1-166.6% for TC, and 93.5-130.3% for AFM1. The coefficients of variation were all less than 15%. As a whole, the developed multiple lateral flow immunoassay showed potential as a highly reliable and excellent tool for the rapid and sensitive screening of MEL, ENR, SMZ, TC, and AFM1 in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Mengyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xuechen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jiaqi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Weihua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Juan Peng
- School of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Thurner F, AlZahra'a Alatraktchi F. Recent advances in electrochemical biosensing of aflatoxin M1 in milk – a mini review. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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10
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Leite M, Freitas A, Barbosa J, Ramos F. Mycotoxins in Raw Bovine Milk: UHPLC-QTrap-MS/MS Method as a Biosafety Control Tool. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030173. [PMID: 36977064 PMCID: PMC10054876 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are compounds produced by several fungi that contaminate agricultural fields and, either directly or by carry-over, final food products. Animal exposure to these compounds through contaminated feed can lead to their excretion into milk, posing threats to public health. Currently, aflatoxin M1 is the sole mycotoxin with a maximum level set in milk by the European Union, as well as the most studied. Nonetheless, animal feed is known to be contaminated by several groups of mycotoxins with relevance from the food safety point of view that can be carried over into milk. To evaluate the multi-mycotoxin occurrence in this highly consumed food product it is crucial to develop precise and robust analytical methodologies towards their determination. In this sense, an analytical method for the simultaneous identification of 23 regulated, non-regulated, and emerging mycotoxins in raw bovine milk using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was validated. A modified QuEChERS protocol for extraction purposes was used, and further validation was performed by assessing the selectivity and specificity, limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ), linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery. The performance criteria were compliant with mycotoxin-specific and general European regulations for regulated, non-regulated, and emerging mycotoxins. The LOD and LOQ ranged between 0.001 and 9.88 ng mL−1 and 0.005 and 13.54 ng mL−1, respectively. Recovery values were between 67.5 and 119.8%. The repeatability and reproducibility parameters were below 15 and 25%, respectively. The validated methodology was successfully applied to determine regulated, non-regulated, and emerging mycotoxins in raw bulk milk from Portuguese dairy farms, proving the importance of widening the monitoring scope of mycotoxins in dairy products. Additionality, this method presents itself as a new strategic and integrated biosafety control tool for dairy farms for the analysis of these natural and relevant human risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Leite
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), R. D. Manuel II, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Freitas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), R. D. Manuel II, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Barbosa
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), R. D. Manuel II, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), R. D. Manuel II, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Chatterjee S, Dhole A, Krishnan AA, Banerjee K. Mycotoxin Monitoring, Regulation and Analysis in India: A Success Story. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040705. [PMID: 36832780 PMCID: PMC9956158 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are deleterious fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate food and feed, thereby creating concerns regarding food safety. Common fungal genera can easily proliferate in Indian tropical and sub-tropical conditions, and scientific attention is warranted to curb their growth. To address this, two nodal governmental agencies, namely the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) and the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), have developed and implemented analytical methods and quality control procedures to monitor mycotoxin levels in a range of food matrices and assess risks to human health over the last two decades. However, comprehensive information on such advancements in mycotoxin testing and issues in implementing these regulations has been inadequately covered in the recent literature. The aim of this review is thus to uphold a systematic picture of the role played by the FSSAI and APEDA for mycotoxin control at the domestic level and for the promotion of international trade, along with certain challenges in dealing with mycotoxin monitoring. Additionally, it unfolds various regulatory concerns regarding mycotoxin mitigation in India. Overall, it provides valuable insights for the Indian farming community, food supply chain stakeholders and researchers about India's success story in arresting mycotoxins throughout the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Chatterjee
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Post Office, Manjari Farm, Pune 412307, India
| | - Archana Dhole
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Post Office, Manjari Farm, Pune 412307, India
| | | | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Post Office, Manjari Farm, Pune 412307, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-98909-40914
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Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk and exposure estimation for its consumption in the Chilean population. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Aflatoxins: Source, Detection, Clinical Features and Prevention. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The most potent mycotoxin, aflatoxins are the secondary metabolite produced by fungi, especially Aspergillus, and have been found to be ubiquitous, contaminating cereals, crops, and even milk and causing major health and economic issues in some countries due to poor storage, substandard management, and lack of awareness. Different aspects of the toxin are reviewed here, including its structural biochemistry, occurrence, factors conducive to its contamination and intoxication and related clinical features, as well as suggested preventive and control strategies and detection methods.
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Parihar A, Choudhary NK, Sharma P, Khan R. MXene-based aptasensor for the detection of aflatoxin in food and agricultural products. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120695. [PMID: 36423887 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The detection of toxins that contaminate food needs highly sensitive and selective techniques to prevent substantial monitory loss. In this regard, various nanostructured material-enabled biosensors, have recently been developed to improve the detection of food toxins among them aflatoxin is the prevalent one. The biosensor-based detection of aflatoxin is quick, cheaper, and needs less skilled personnel, therefore overcoming the shortcomings of conventional techniques such as LC/MS-MS, HPLC, and ELISA assays. 2D MXenes manifest as an efficient material for biosensing due to their desirable biocompatibility, magnificent mechanical strength, easiness of surface functionalization, and tuneable optical and electronic features. Contrary to this, aptamers as biorecognition elements (BREs) possess high selectivity, sensitivity, and ease of synthesis when compared to conventional BREs. In this review, we explored the most cutting-edge aptamer-based MXene-enabled biosensing technologies for the detection of the most poisonous mycotoxins (i.e., Aflatoxins) in food and environmental matrices. The discussion begins with the synthesis processes and surface functionalization/modification of MXenes. Computational approaches for designing aptasensors and advanced data analysis based on artificial intelligence and machine learning with special emphasis over Internet-of-Thing integrated biosensing devices has been presented. Besides, the advantages of aptasensors over conventional methods along with their limitations have been briefed. Their benefits, drawbacks, and future potential are discussed concerning their analytical performance, utility, and on-site adaptability. Additionally, next-generation MXene-enabled biosensing technologies that provide end users with simple handling and improved sensitivity and selectivity have been emphasized. Owing to massive applicability, economic/commercial potential of MXene in current and future perspective have been highlighted. Finally, the existing difficulties are scrutinized and a roadmap for developing sophisticated biosensing technologies to detect toxins in various samples in the future is projected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Parihar
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, 462026, MP, India.
| | - Nishant Kumar Choudhary
- NIMS Institute of Allied Medical Science and Technology, NIMS University, Jaipur, 303121, Rajasthan, India
| | - Palak Sharma
- NIMS Institute of Allied Medical Science and Technology, NIMS University, Jaipur, 303121, Rajasthan, India
| | - Raju Khan
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, 462026, MP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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15
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Design of a Diagnostic Immunoassay for Aflatoxin M1 Based on a Plant-Produced Antibody. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120851. [PMID: 36548748 PMCID: PMC9781297 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new green competitive ELISA for aflatoxin M1 quantification in raw milk was developed. This diagnostic tool is based on an anti AFM1 mAb produced by plant molecular farming in alternative to classical systems. Our assay, showing an IC50 below 25 ng/L, fits with the requirements of EU legislation limits for AFM1 (50 ng/L). Optimal accuracy was achieved in correspondence of the decision levels (25 and 50 ng/L), and the assay enabled AFM1 quantification in the range 5-110 ng/L, with limit of detection 3 ng/L. Moreover, to evaluate a real applicability in diagnostics, raw milk-spiked samples were analysed, achieving satisfactory recovery rates of AFM1. In conclusion, an efficient and ready-to-use diagnostic assay for the quantification of aflatoxin M1 in milk, based on a plant-produced recombinant mAb, has been successfully developed.
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16
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Li Z, Zhang J, Huang Y, Zhai J, Liao G, Wang Z, Ning C. Development of electroactive materials-based immunosensor towards early-stage cancer detection. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Puga-Torres B, Aragón Vásquez E, Ron L, Álvarez V, Bonilla S, Guzmán A, Lara D, De la Torre D. Milk Quality Parameters of Raw Milk in Ecuador between 2010 and 2020: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213351. [PMID: 36359964 PMCID: PMC9658222 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the objective of evaluating the quality parameters of raw milk in Ecuador between 2010 and 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 73 studies on raw milk produced in different regions of Ecuador was performed. Under the random effects model, effect size and heterogeneity were determined vs. climatic region both among analyses and studies, with Cochran’s Q, I2 and Tau (π) statistics. For all the variables, it was observed that there was great heterogeneity (I2 > 90%) among the studies; additionally, it was found that climatic region had an influence only among the variables arsenic, mercury, pH and total solids, and it was greater in the coastal region than the Inter-Andean region. The mean values of the physicochemical characteristics of the milk (titratable acidity, ash, cryoscopy, fat, lactose, pH, protein, non-fat solids and total solids) in the great majority of these studies were within the range allowed by Ecuadorian regulations. As for the hygienic quality of raw milk (total bacterial count, somatic cell count and presence of reductase), although the mean values were within those determined by local legislation, it should be noted that the range established by Ecuadorian regulations is relatively much higher compared to other regulations, which possibly means that there is a high presence of bacteria and somatic cells in raw milk. Finally, the presence of several adulterants (added water) and contaminants (AFM1, antibiotics and heavy metals) was confirmed in the milk, in addition to other substances such as eprinomectin, zearalenone and ptaquilosides, whose presence can be very dangerous, because they can be hepatotoxic, immunotoxic and even carcinogenic. In conclusion, there is great variability among the studies reviewed, with the physicochemical characteristics being the most compliant with Ecuadorian legislation; the hygienic characteristics, adulterants and contaminants of raw milk require greater attention by producers and local authorities, so that they do not harm the health of consumers and the profitability of producers in Ecuador.
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18
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Vaz A, Mendonça Á, Rodrigues P, Venâncio A. Distribution of aflatoxin M1 during production of sheep and goat cheeses. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Vaz
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory Braga Portugal
| | - Álvaro Mendonça
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO) Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia Bragança Portugal
| | - Paula Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO) Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia Bragança Portugal
| | - Armando Venâncio
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory Braga Portugal
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19
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Incidence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Milk Products from Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Dietary Intake. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, 124 samples of milk and milk products were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which were purchased from the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan. The analysis was carried out using reverse-phase liquid chromatography, which was equipped with a fluorescence detector. The results showed that 66 samples (53.8%) of raw milk and milk products were found to be contaminated with detectable levels of AFM1 above ≤50 ng/L, and 24.2% of the samples had levels of AFM1 higher than the permissible limit of the European Union (EU; 50 ng/kg). In total, 53.6% of the raw milk, 57.8% of the UHT (ultra-heat-temperature) milk, 45% of the powdered milk, 57.1% of the yogurt, 55.5% of the cheese, and 50% of the buttermilk samples had levels higher than the LOD, i.e., 4 ng/L. The highest mean of 82.4 ± 7.8 ng/kg of AFM1 was present in the positive samples of raw milk. The highest dietary intake of AFM1 was found in infants’ milk (5.35 ng/kg/day), UHT milk (1.80 ng/kg/day), powdered milk (5.25 ng/kg/day), and yogurt (1.11 ng/kg/day). However, no dietary intake was detected in the cheese and butter milk samples used for infants. The results from the undertaken work are beneficial for establishing rigorous limits for AFB1 in animal feed, especially considering the high prevalence rate of hepatitis cases in the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan.
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Ozcelikay G, Cetinkaya A, Kaya SI, Yence M, Canavar Eroğlu PE, Unal MA, Ozkan SA. Novel Sensor Approaches of Aflatoxins Determination in Food and Beverage Samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-20. [PMID: 35917408 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapid quantification of toxins in food and beverage products has become a significant issue in overcoming and preventing many life-threatening diseases. Aflatoxin-contaminated food is one of the reasons for primary liver cancer and induces some tumors and cancer types. Advancements in biosensors technology have brought out different analysis methods. Therefore, the sensing performance has been improved for agricultural and beverage industries or food control processes. Nanomaterials are widely used for the enhancement of sensing performance. The enzymes, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP), antibodies, and aptamers can be used as biorecognition elements. The transducer part of the biosensor can be selected, such as optical, electrochemical, and mass-based. This review explains the classification of major types of aflatoxins, the importance of nanomaterials, electrochemical, optical biosensors, and QCM and their applications for the determination of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goksu Ozcelikay
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cetinkaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Irem Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Kecioren, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Yence
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
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21
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Emerging biosensors to detect aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products. Food Chem 2022; 398:133848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Chen J, Ye J, Li L, Wu Y, Liu H, Xuan Z, Chen M, Wang S. One-step automatic sample pretreatment for rapid, simple, sensitive, and efficient determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk by immunomagnetic beads coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Zeng C, Xu C, Tian H, Shao K, Song Y, Yang X, Che Z, Huang Y. Determination of aflatoxin B1 in Pixian Douban based on aptamer magnetic solid-phase extraction. RSC Adv 2022; 12:19528-19536. [PMID: 35865604 PMCID: PMC9258682 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02763a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is considered as the most prevalent and toxic mycotoxin in food, and is the indispensable index in the monitoring of Pixian Douban, a traditional chinese fermented bean paste from Sichuan. However, the effeciency of AFB1 detection in Pixian Douban is influenced by the traditional extraction, which is usually complex and time consuming. Therefore, an aptamer-based magnetic solid-phase extraction method was designed for the pretreatment of AFB1 in this sample, for which Fe3O4 was synthesized via the solvothermal method and then a Fe3O4@SiO2–NH2 with a core–shell structure was prepared, followed by an AFB1-aptamer attachment. The validation was performed via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared with HPLC-MS/MS. The linearity range of this method was 0.5–2.0 ng mL −1 with R2 of 0.981, and recoveries of AFB1 ranged from 80.19% to 113.92% with RSDs below 7.28% with no significant differences compared to HPLC-MS/MS. The three-time reusability efficiencies of aptamer-MNPs were averaged at 78.24%. The results proved that aptamer-MNPs were high-performance adsorbents for extracting and enriching AFB1, facilitating quick and effective detection of AFB1 in Pixian DouBan samples. An aptamer-based magnetic solid-phase extraction method was designed for the pretreatment of AFB1 from a Pixian Douban sample. It was developed based on aptamer–Fe3O4@SiO2–NH2 with subsequent ELISA validation, showing an efficient result.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Zeng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China .,Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Assumption University Bangkok 10240 Thailand
| | - Chi Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
| | - Hongyun Tian
- Shandong Institute of Food and Drug Control Jinan 250101 China
| | - Kun Shao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
| | - Yaning Song
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
| | - Xiao Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
| | - Zhenming Che
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China .,Key Laboratory of Food Non Thermal Processing, Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Non Thermal Processing, Yibin Xihua University Research Institute Yibin 644004 China
| | - Yukun Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China .,Key Laboratory of Food Non Thermal Processing, Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Non Thermal Processing, Yibin Xihua University Research Institute Yibin 644004 China
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24
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Moniente M, Botello-Morte L, García-Gonzalo D, Pagán R, Ontañón I. Analytical strategies for the determination of biogenic amines in dairy products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3612-3646. [PMID: 35726745 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic amines (BA) are mainly produced by the decarboxylation of amino acids by enzymes from microorganisms that emerge during food fermentation or due to incorrectly applied preservation processes. The presence of these compounds in food can lead to a series of negative effects on human health. To prevent the ingestion of high amounts of BA, their concentration in certain foods needs to be controlled. Although maximum legal levels have not yet been established for dairy products, potential adverse effects have given rise to a substantial number of analytical and microbiological studies: they report concentrations ranging from a few mg/kg to several g/kg. This article provides an overview of the analytical methods for the determination of biogenic amines in dairy products, with particular focus on the most recent and/or most promising advances in this field. We not only provide a summary of analytical techniques but also list the required sample pretreatments. Since high performance liquid chromatography with derivatization is the most widely used method, we describe it in greater detail, including a comparison of derivatizing agents. Further alternative techniques for the determination of BA are likewise described. The use of biosensors for BA in dairy products is emerging, and current results are promising; this paper thus also features a section on the subject. This review can serve as a helpful guideline for choosing the best option to determine BA in dairy products, especially for beginners in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moniente
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Botello-Morte
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego García-Gonzalo
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Pagán
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ontañón
- Laboratorio de Análisis del Aroma y Enología, Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
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25
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Mohammadi S, Keshavarzi M, Kazemi A, Rahmdel S, Nouri M, Rastegar A, Ghaffarian‐Bahraman A. Aflatoxin‐M1 contamination in cheese of six countries in the West Asia region: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salman Mohammadi
- Nutritional Health Research Center Lorestan University of Medical Sciences Khorramabad Iran
| | - Majid Keshavarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences Sabzevar Iran
| | - Asma Kazemi
- Nutrition Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Samane Rahmdel
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Mehran Nouri
- Student Research Committee Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Ayoob Rastegar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences Sabzevar Iran
| | - Ali Ghaffarian‐Bahraman
- Occupational Environment Research Center Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Rafsanjan Iran
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26
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Shabeer S, Asad S, Jamal A, Ali A. Aflatoxin Contamination, Its Impact and Management Strategies: An Updated Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:307. [PMID: 35622554 PMCID: PMC9147583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin, a type of mycotoxin, is mostly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. It is responsible for the loss of billions of dollars to the world economy, by contaminating different crops such as cotton, groundnut, maize, and chilies, and causing immense effects on the health of humans and animals. More than eighteen different types of aflatoxins have been reported to date, and among them, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 are the most prevalent and lethal. Early detection of fungal infection plays a key role in the control of aflatoxin contamination. Therefore, different methods, including culture, chromatographic techniques, and molecular assays, are used to determine aflatoxin contamination in crops and food products. Many countries have set a maximum limit of aflatoxin contamination (2-20 ppb) in their food and agriculture commodities for human or animal consumption, and the use of different methods to combat this menace is essential. Fungal infection mostly takes place during the pre- and post-harvest stage of crops, and most of the methods to control aflatoxin are employed for the latter phase. Studies have shown that if correct measures are adopted during the crop development phase, aflatoxin contamination can be reduced by a significant level. Currently, the use of bio-pesticides is the intervention employed in many countries, whereby atoxigenic strains competitively reduce the burden of toxigenic strains in the field, thereby helping to mitigate this problem. This updated review on aflatoxins sheds light on the sources of contamination, and the on occurrence, impact, detection techniques, and management strategies, with a special emphasis on bio-pesticides to control aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Shabeer
- Crop Diseases Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Shahzad Asad
- Crop Diseases Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Atif Jamal
- Crop Diseases Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan; (S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Akhtar Ali
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
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27
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El-Sayed AS, Ibrahim H, Farag MA. Detection of Potential Microbial Contaminants and Their Toxins in Fermented Dairy Products: a Comprehensive Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fermented dairy products are dominant constituents of daily diets around the world due to their desired organoleptic properties, long shelf life, and high nutritional value. Probiotics are often incorporated into these products for their health and technological benefits. However, the safety and possible contamination of fermented dairy products during the manufacturing process could have significant deleterious health and economic impacts. Pathogenic microorganisms and toxins from different sources in fermented dairy products contribute to outbreaks and toxicity cases. Although the health and nutritional benefits of fermented dairy products have been extensively investigated, safety hazards due to contamination are relatively less explored. As a preventive measure, it is crucial to accurately identify and determine the associated microbiota or their toxins. It is noteworthy to highlight the importance of detecting not only the pathogenic microbiota but also their toxic metabolites so that putative outbreaks can thereby be prevented or detected even before they cause harmful effects to human health. In this context, this review focuses on describing techniques designed to detect potential contaminants; also, the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques were summarized. Moreover, this review compiles the most recent and efficient analytical methods for detecting microbial hazards and toxins in different fermented dairy products of different origins. Causative agents behind contamination incidences are also discussed briefly to aid in future prevention measures, as well as detection approaches and technologies employed. Such approach enables the elucidation of the best strategies to control contamination in fermented dairy product manufacturing processes.
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28
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Analysis of Mycotoxin and Secondary Metabolites in Commercial and Traditional Slovak Cheese Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020134. [PMID: 35202161 PMCID: PMC8878695 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheese represents a dairy product extremely inclined to fungal growth and mycotoxin production. The growth of fungi belonging to Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Claviceps, Alternaria, and Trichoderma genera in or on cheese leads to undesirable changes able to affect the quality of the final products. In the present investigation, a total of 68 types of commercial and traditional Slovak cheeses were analyzed to investigate the occurrence of fungal metabolites. Altogether, 13 fungal metabolites were identified and quantified. Aflatoxin M1, the only mycotoxin regulated in milk and dairy products, was not detected in any case. However, the presence of metabolites that have never been reported in cheeses, such as tryptophol at a maximum concentration level from 13.4 to 7930 µg/kg (average: 490 µg/kg), was recorded. Out of all detected metabolites, enniatin B represents the most frequently detected mycotoxin (0.06–0.71 µg/kg) in the analyzed samples. Attention is drawn to the lack of data on mycotoxins’ origin from Slovak cheeses; in fact, this is the first reported investigation. Our results indicate the presence of fungal mycotoxin contamination for which maximum permissible levels are not established, highlighting the importance of monitoring the source and producers of contamination in order to protect consumers’ health.
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29
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Kurup AH, Patras A, Pendyala B, Vergne MJ, Bansode RR. Evaluation of Ultraviolet-Light (UV-A) Emitting Diodes Technology on the Reduction of Spiked Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin M1 in Whole Milk. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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OUP accepted manuscript. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1043-1050. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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KHORSHIDI M, HESHMATI A, HADIAN Z, SMAOUI S, MOUSAVI KHANEGHAH A. The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in doogh, kefir, and kashk in Hamadan, Iran. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.42022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zahra HADIAN
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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32
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Development of Gold Nanoparticles Decorated Molecularly Imprinted–Based Plasmonic Sensor for the Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Samples. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9120363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a group of extremely toxic and carcinogenic substances generated by the mold of the genus Aspergillus that contaminate agricultural products. When dairy cows ingest aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)−contaminated feeds, it is metabolized and transformed in the liver into a carcinogenic major form of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which is eliminated through the milk. The detection of AFM1 in milk is very important to be able to guarantee food safety and quality. In recent years, sensors have emerged as a quick, low–cost, and reliable platform for the detection of aflatoxins. Plasmonic sensors with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) can be interesting alternatives for the determination of AFM1. In this work, we designed a molecularly–imprinted–based plasmonic sensor to directly detect lower amounts of AFM1 in raw milk samples. For this purpose, we prepared gold–nanoparticle–(AuNP)−integrated polymer nanofilm on a gold plasmonic sensor chip coated with allyl mercaptan. N−methacryloyl−l−phenylalanine (MAPA) was chosen as a functional monomer. The MIP nanofilm was prepared using the light–initiated polymerization of MAPA and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of AFM1 as a template molecule. The developed method enabled the detection of AFM1 with a detection limit of 0.4 pg/mL and demonstrated good linearity (0.0003 ng/mL–20.0 ng/mL) under optimized experimental conditions. The AFM1 determination was performed in random dairy farmer milk samples. Using the analogous mycotoxins, it was also demonstrated that the plasmonic sensor platforms were specific to the detection of AFM1.
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Salisu B, Anua SM, Ishak WRW, Mazlan N. Development and validation of quantitative thin layer chromatographic technique for determination of total aflatoxins in poultry feed and food grains without sample clean-up. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8:656-670. [PMID: 35106307 PMCID: PMC8757678 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this work is to develop and validate an appropriate solvent solution and quantitative thin layer chromatography (TLC) method for determining the aflatoxins content of chicken feeds and dietary grains. MATERIALS AND METHODS To obtain the optimal mobile phase, samples were extracted with methanol/water (3:1) + 5% sodium chloride and partitioned using several solvent systems using preparative TLC. Camag TLC scanner 3 was used to scan the TLC plates at 366 nm and quantify them using JustTLC software. The method was tested for linearity, specificity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and robustness in accordance with ICH recommendations, and then utilized to screen 132 Nigerian poultry/food samples for total aflatoxins (TAFs). RESULTS The best separation of aflatoxins was achieved using acetonitrile and dichloromethane (3:17) mobile phase over an average run time of 45 min, resulting in linear calibration curves (R2 > 0.99) in the concentration range limit of quantitation (LoQ) to 50 ng/spot with a limit of detection of <2.0 ng/g and a LoQ of <4.0 ng/gm for all aflatoxins in all spiked samples. When the proposed TLC method was compared to an optimized high-performance liquid chromatography method, an excellent linear regression was obtained (R2 > 95%). Seventy seven (58.33%) of the 132 samples examined were positive for aflatoxins, with mean values ranging from 3.57 ± 2.55 to 37.31 ± 34.06 ng/gm for aflatoxin B1 and 6.67 ± 0.00 to 38.02 ± 31.52 ng/gm for TAFs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the feasibility of using the suggested TLC method in conjunction with a novel solvent solution (free of carcinogenic chloroform) for the rapid and accurate measurement of TAFs in foods/feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahauddeen Salisu
- Department of Microbiology, Umaru Musa Yaradua University Katsina, Katsina, Nigeria
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Marwanis Anua
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Rosli Wan Ishak
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nurzafirah Mazlan
- Department of Diagnostic and Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, Selangor, Malaysia
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Barbaccia P, Busetta G, Barbera M, Alfonzo A, Garofalo G, Francesca N, Moscarelli A, Moschetti G, Settanni L, Gaglio R. Effect of grape pomace from red cultivar 'Nero d'Avola' on the microbiological, physicochemical, phenolic profile and sensory aspects of ovine Vastedda-like stretched cheese. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 133:130-144. [PMID: 34735730 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to functionalize an ovine stretched cheese belonging to 'Vastedda' typology with red grape pomace powder (GPP) of Nero d'Avola cultivar and to characterize the microbiological, physicochemical, phenolic profile and sensory characteristics of the final cheeses. METHODS AND RESULTS Before cheeses production, GPP was characterized for its microbiological profile, antibacterial activity and polyphenolic content. No colonies of bacteria and yeasts were detected in the GPP. GPP showed a large inhibition spectrum against spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. Three classes of polyphenolic compounds belonging to flavan-3-ols, flavonol and phenolic acids were identified. Two cheeses [0 and 1% (w w-1 ) of GPP] were produced with pasteurized ewe's milk and commercial starter cultures. Plate counts and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis demonstrated the ability of the starter strains to drive the fermentation process in the presence of GPP. GPP enrichment resulted in an increase of protein, phenolic compounds, sensory traits and reduced fat. CONCLUSIONS GPP addition to cheese represents an optimal strategy for the valorization of winemaking by-products and to obtain polyphenol-enriched cheese. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study allowed to achieve an ovine cheese with specific physicochemical, nutraceutical and sensorial characteristics able to enlarge the functional dairy product portfolio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Barbaccia
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Busetta
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcella Barbera
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Alfonzo
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Garofalo
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Francesca
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Moscarelli
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Moschetti
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Settanni
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Raimondo Gaglio
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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González-López NM, Huertas-Ortiz KA, Leguizamon-Guerrero JE, Arias-Cortés MM, Tere-Peña CP, García-Castañeda JE, Rivera-Monroy ZJ. Omics in the detection and identification of biosynthetic pathways related to mycotoxin synthesis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:4038-4054. [PMID: 34486583 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01017d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are known to be toxic to humans and animals. On the other hand, some mycotoxins and their analogues possess antioxidant as well as antitumor properties, which could be relevant in the fields of pharmaceutical analysis and food research. Omics techniques are a group of analytical tools applied in the biological sciences in order to study genes (genomics), mRNA (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics), and metabolites (metabolomics). Omics have become a vital tool in the field of mycotoxins, especially contributing to the identification of biomarkers with potential use for the detection of mycotoxigenic species and the gathering of information about the biosynthetic pathways of mycotoxins in different environments. This approach has provided tools for the development of prevention strategies and control measures for different mycotoxins. Additionally, research has revealed important information about the impact of global warming and climate change on the prevalence of mycotoxin issues in society. In the context of foodomics, the aim is to apply omics techniques in order to ensure food safety. The objective of the present review is to determine the state of the art regarding the development of analytical techniques based on omics in the identification of biosynthetic pathways related to mycotoxin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Andrey Huertas-Ortiz
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No 26-85, Building 450, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | | | | | | | - Zuly Jenny Rivera-Monroy
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No 26-85, Building 450, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Jiménez-Pérez C, Alatorre-Santamaría S, Tello-Solís SR, Gómez-Ruiz L, Rodríguez-Serrano G, García-Garibay M, Cruz-Guerrero A. Analysis of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and cheese produced in Mexico: a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the carcinogenic character of aflatoxins when present in foods, these compounds are considered a risk to human health. This systematic review aimed at compiling the available research data on detection and quantification of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and common types of cheese produced in Mexico in the past two decades. A limited number of studies were found that matched the purpose of our review. Only ten research works focused on the evaluation of AFM1 content in milk while three studies analysed the occurrence of this mycotoxin in oaxaca and panela cheeses. HPLC-FD and ELISA were the methods of choice utilised to detect AFM1. Concentrations higher than 0.5 μg AFM1/kg, a maximum limit set in current food regulation in Mexico, were found in major dairy brands consumed in Mexico. Analysis of raw milk produced during the rainy season in the states of Jalisco (2007) and Chiapas (2013) showed mycotoxin levels within the regulation limits while milk samples obtained during the dry season in the Mexico City and the State of Mexico (2008) exceeded that threshold. For cheeses, 33% of the artisanal produced oaxaca type samples from Veracruz (2016) and 55% of those acquired in Mexico City (2019) were found above the limit set for milk. In contrast, the panela cheese samples obtained in Baja California and Guanajuato (2009) complied with the AFM1 regulation. Additionally, the presence of AFB1 and its hydroxylated metabolites other than AFM1 were determined in the major milk brands at concentrations that could be of high risk for human health. Similar results were reported for both artisan and industrially produced oaxaca cheese. Finally, mycotoxins enter human food chain through animals fed with contaminated fodder. Our systematic review demonstrated the urgent need to amend the existing food regulation in Mexico to include mycotoxins as potent contaminants in cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Jiménez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - S. Alatorre-Santamaría
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - S. R. Tello-Solís
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Colonia Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - L. Gómez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - G. Rodríguez-Serrano
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - M. García-Garibay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Lerma, Av. Hidalgo Poniente 46, Col. La Estación, Lerma de Villada, Edo. de México, 52006, México
| | - A. Cruz-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
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Lerdsri J, Soongsong J, Laolue P, Jakmunee J. Reliable colorimetric aptasensor exploiting 72-Mers ssDNA and gold nanoprobes for highly sensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Impacts of unit operation of cheese manufacturing on the aflatoxin M1 level: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Jakšić S, Živkov Baloš M, Popov N, Torović L, Krstović S. Optimisation, validation and comparison of methods for aflatoxin M1 determination in cheese. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jakšić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute ‘Novi Sad’ Novi SadSerbia
| | | | - Nenad Popov
- Scientific Veterinary Institute ‘Novi Sad’ Novi SadSerbia
| | - Ljilja Torović
- Faculty of Medicine University of Novi Sad Novi SadSerbia
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina Novi SadSerbia
| | - Saša Krstović
- Faculty of Agriculture University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
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Abstract
This review provides epidemiological and translational evidence for milk and dairy intake as critical risk factors in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Large epidemiological studies in the United States and Europe identified total dairy, milk and butter intake with the exception of yogurt as independent risk factors of HCC. Enhanced activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a hallmark of HCC promoted by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). mTORC1 is also activated by milk protein-induced synthesis of hepatic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), abundant constituents of milk proteins. Over the last decades, annual milk protein-derived BCAA intake increased 3 to 5 times in Western countries. In synergy with HBV- and HCV-induced secretion of hepatocyte-derived exosomes enriched in microRNA-21 (miR-21) and miR-155, exosomes of pasteurized milk as well deliver these oncogenic miRs to the human liver. Thus, milk exosomes operate in a comparable fashion to HBV- or HCV- induced exosomes. Milk-derived miRs synergistically enhance IGF-1-AKT-mTORC1 signaling and promote mTORC1-dependent translation, a meaningful mechanism during the postnatal growth phase, but a long-term adverse effect promoting the development of HCC. Both, dietary BCAA abundance combined with oncogenic milk exosome exposure persistently overstimulate hepatic mTORC1. Chronic alcohol consumption as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), two HCC-related conditions, increase BCAA plasma levels. In HCC, mTORC1 is further hyperactivated due to RAB1 mutations as well as impaired hepatic BCAA catabolism, a metabolic hallmark of T2DM. The potential HCC-preventive effect of yogurt may be caused by lactobacilli-mediated degradation of BCAAs, inhibition of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase via production of intestinal medium-chain fatty acids as well as degradation of milk exosomes including their oncogenic miRs. A restriction of total animal protein intake realized by a vegetable-based diet is recommended for the prevention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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Mohammadi S, Keshavarzi M, Kazemi A, Berizi E, Mohsenpour MA, Ghaffarian‐Bahraman A. Occurrence of aflatoxin M 1 in yogurt of five countries in west Asia region: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Food Saf 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salman Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Majid Keshavarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences Sabzevar Iran
| | - Asma Kazemi
- Nutrition Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Enayat Berizi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohsenpour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Ali Ghaffarian‐Bahraman
- Occupational Environment Research Center Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Rafsanjan Iran
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Rapid, on-site, and sensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk products by using time-resolved fluorescence microsphere test strip. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Different Provinces of Ecuador. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080498. [PMID: 32756414 PMCID: PMC7472276 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a mycotoxin from Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, classified as carcinogenic and hepatotoxic. The objective of the present investigation was to determine its presence in raw milk from north-central Ecuador, constituted by the provinces of Pichincha, Manabí, and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. These areas represent approximately 30% of Ecuadorian milk production. By the end of the investigation, a total of 209 raw milk samples were collected, obtained both during the dry (June and August) and rainy seasons (April and November) of 2019. AFM1 concentrations were measured with lateral flow immunochromatographic assays, and 100% of the samples were positive for this mycotoxin, presenting a mean value of 0.0774 μg/kg with a range of 0.023 to 0.751 μg/kg. These AFM1 levels exceeded the European Union regulatory limit of 0.05 μg/kg in 59.3% (124/209) of samples, while only 1.9% (4/209) exceeded the Ecuadorian legal limit of 0.5 μg/kg. By using non-parametric tests, significant differences were determined (p ≤ 0.05) between the provinces for months of study, climatic season (being higher in the dry season), and climatic region (greater in the coast region). On the other hand, there were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) between the types of producers or between production systems. Therefore, AFM1 contamination in raw milk does not present a serious public health problem in Ecuador, but a monitoring and surveillance program for this mycotoxin in milk should be developed to prevent consumer health problems.
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Colombo R, Papetti A. Pre-Concentration and Analysis of Mycotoxins in Food Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153441. [PMID: 32751123 PMCID: PMC7436008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are considered one of the most dangerous agricultural and food contaminants. They are toxic and the development of rapid and sensitive analytical methods to detect and quantify them is a very important issue in the context of food safety and animal/human health. The need to detect mycotoxins at trace levels and to simultaneously analyze many different mycotoxin types became mandatory to protect public health. In fact, European Commission regulations specified both their limits in foodstuffs and official sample preparation protocols in addition to analytical methods to verify their presence. Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) includes different separation modes, allowing many versatile applications in food analysis and safety. In the context of mycotoxins, recent advances to improve CE sensitivity, particularly pre-concentration techniques or miniaturized systems, deserve remarkable attention, as they provide an interesting approach in the analysis of such contaminants in complex food matrices. This review summarizes the applications of CE combined with different pre-concentration approaches, which have been proposed in the literature (mainly) in the last ten years. A section is also dedicated to recent microchip–CE devices since they represent the most promising CE mode for this application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adele Papetti
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382987863; Fax: +39-0382422975
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Nazhand A, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Souto EB, Santini A. Characteristics, Occurrence, Detection and Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds. Foods 2020; 9:E644. [PMID: 32443392 PMCID: PMC7278662 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination continues to be a food safety concern globally, with the most toxic being aflatoxins. On-farm aflatoxins, during food transit or storage, directly or indirectly result in the contamination of foods, which affects the liver, immune system and reproduction after infiltration into human beings and animals. There are numerous reports on aflatoxins focusing on achieving appropriate methods for quantification, precise detection and control in order to ensure consumer safety. In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 as group 1 carcinogenic substances, which are a global human health concern. Consequently, this review article addresses aflatoxin chemical properties and biosynthetic processes; aflatoxin contamination in foods and feeds; health effects in human beings and animals due to aflatoxin exposure, as well as aflatoxin detection and detoxification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Nazhand
- Department of Biotechnology, Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resource University, 9th km of Farah Abad Road, Mazandaran 48181-68984, Iran;
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Roma, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Roma, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Polo III-Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Pecorelli I, Guarducci N, von Holst C, Bibi R, Pascale M, Ciasca B, Logrieco AF, Lattanzio VMT. Critical Comparison of Analytical Performances of Two Immunoassay Methods for Rapid Detection of Aflatoxin M 1 in Milk. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E270. [PMID: 32331441 PMCID: PMC7232151 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a secondary metabolite produced by some Aspergillus spp. fungi affecting many crops and feed materials. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), the 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1, is the main AFB1-related compound present in milk, and it is categorized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a "group 1 human carcinogen". The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare the analytical performances of two commercial immunoassays widely applied for the detection of AFM1 in milk, namely strip test immunoassay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Assay validation included samples at AFM1 levels of 25, 50, 75 ng/kg and blank samples (AFM1 < 0.5 ng/kg). With respect to a screening target concentration (STC) of 50 ng/kg the two assays showed cut-off values of 37.7 ng/kg and 47.5 ng/kg for strip test and ELISA, respectively, a false suspect rate for blanks <0.1% (for both assays) and a false negative rate for samples containing AFM1 at levels higher than STC, of 0.4% (for both assays). The intermediate precision (RSDip) was <32% for the strip test and <15% for the ELISA. Method verification through long-term intra-laboratory quality control (QC) measurements confirmed the results from the validation study. Furthermore, a satisfactory correlation of the results obtained with both immunoassays and the AOAC Official Method 2000.08 was obtained for the analysis of cow milk samples naturally contaminated with AFM1 at levels within "not detected" (< 0.5 ng/kg) and 50 ng/kg. Finally, the extension of the scope of the strip test method to goat and sheep milk was evaluated by applying the experimental design foreseen in the EU regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pecorelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (I.P.); (R.B.)
| | - Natascia Guarducci
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (N.G.); (M.P.); (B.C.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Cristoph von Holst
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium;
| | - Rita Bibi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (I.P.); (R.B.)
| | - Michelangelo Pascale
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (N.G.); (M.P.); (B.C.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Biancamaria Ciasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (N.G.); (M.P.); (B.C.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (N.G.); (M.P.); (B.C.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Veronica M. T. Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (N.G.); (M.P.); (B.C.); (A.F.L.)
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