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Hirai R, Kinugasa H, Yamamoto S, Ako S, Tsutsumi K, Abe M, Miyahara K, Nakagawa M, Otsuka M. Methylation analysis of DCC gene in saliva samples is an efficient method for non-invasive detection of superficial hypopharyngeal cancer. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:1725-1731. [PMID: 38538728 PMCID: PMC11091138 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in upper gastrointestinal endoscopic technology have enabled early detection and treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer. However, in-depth pharyngeal observations require sedation and are invasive. It is important to establish a minimally invasive and simple evaluation method to identify high-risk patients. METHODS Eighty-seven patients with superficial hypopharyngeal cancer and 51 healthy controls were recruited. We assessed the methylation status of DCC, PTGDR1, EDNRB, and ECAD, in tissue and saliva samples and verified the diagnostic accuracy by methylation analyses of their promoter regions using quantitative methylation-specific PCR. RESULTS Significant differences between cancer and their surrounding non-cancerous tissues were observed in the methylation values of DCC (p = 0.003), EDNRB (p = 0.001), and ECAD (p = 0.043). Using receiver operating characteristic analyses of the methylation values in saliva samples, DCC showed the highest area under the curve values for the detection of superficial hypopharyngeal cancer (0.917, 95% confidence interval = 0.864-0.970), compared with those for EDNRB (0.680) and ECAD (0.639). When the cutoff for the methylation values of DCC was set at ≥0.163, the sensitivity to detect hypopharyngeal cancer was 82.8% and the specificity was 90.2%. CONCLUSIONS DCC methylation in saliva samples could be a non-invasive and efficient tool for early detection of hypopharyngeal cancer in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Hirai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata, Kitaku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kinugasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata, Kitaku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shumpei Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata, Kitaku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ako
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata, Kitaku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata, Kitaku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Makoto Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima City Hospital, 7-33, Motomachi, Nakaku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Koji Miyahara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima City Hospital, 7-33, Motomachi, Nakaku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakagawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima City Hospital, 7-33, Motomachi, Nakaku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata, Kitaku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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Stucky A, Viet CT, Aouizerat BE, Ye Y, Doan C, Mundluru T, Sedhiazadeh P, Sinha UK, Chen X, Zhang X, Li SC, Cai J, Zhong JF. Single-Cell Molecular Profiling of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reveals Five Dysregulated Signaling Pathways Associated With Circulating Tumor Cells. Cancer Control 2024; 31:10732748241251571. [PMID: 38869038 PMCID: PMC11179551 DOI: 10.1177/10732748241251571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the dysregulated signaling pathways of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma associated with circulating tumor cells (CTCs) via single-cell molecular characterization. INTRODUCTION Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a significant global burden and is a disease with poor survival. Despite trials exploring new treatment modalities to improve disease control rates, the 5 year survival rate remains low at only 60%. Most cancer malignancies are reported to progress to a fatal phase due to the metastatic activity derived from treatment-resistant cancer cells, regarded as one of the most significant obstacles to develope effective cancer treatment options. However, the molecular profiles of cancer cells have not been thoroughly studied. METHODS Here, we examined in-situ HNSCC tumors and pairwisely followed up with the downstream circulating tumor cells (CTCs)-based on the surrogate biomarkers to detect metastasis that is established in other cancers - not yet being fully adopted in HNSCC treatment algorithms. RESULTS Specifically, we revealed metastatic HNSCC patients have complex CTCs that could be defined through gene expression and mutational gene profiling derived from completed single-cell RNASeq (scRNASeq) that served to confirm molecular pathways inherent in these CTCs. To enhance the reliability of our findings, we cross-validated those molecular profiles with results from previously published studies. CONCLUSION Thus, we identified 5 dysregulated signaling pathways in CTCs to derive HNSCC biomarker panels for screening HNSCC in situ tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Stucky
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Chi T Viet
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Bradley E Aouizerat
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Ye
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Coleen Doan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Tarun Mundluru
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Parish Sedhiazadeh
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Uttam K Sinha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xuelian Chen
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Shengwen Calvin Li
- Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience Research, CHOC Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Jin Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang F Zhong
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Zhang Q, Wang F, Huang Y, Gao P, Wang N, Tian H, Chen A, Li Y, Wang F. PGD2/PTGDR2 Signal Affects the Viability, Invasion, Apoptosis, and Stemness of Gastric Cancer Stem Cells and Prevents the Progression of Gastric Cancer. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:933-946. [PMID: 37526190 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230731103112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) has been shown to restrict the occurrence and development of multiple cancers; nevertheless, its underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. The present study investigated the effect of PGD2 on the biological function of the enriched gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs), as well as its underlying molecular mechanism, to provide a theoretical basis and potential therapeutic drugs for gastric cancer (GC) treatment. METHODS The plasma PGD2 levels were detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Silencing of lipocalin prostaglandin D synthetases (L-PTGDS) and prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 (PTGDR2) was carried out in GCSCs from SGC-7901 and HGC-27 cell lines. Cell Counting Kit-8, transwell, flow cytometry, and western blotting assays were used to determine cell viability, invasion, apoptosis, and stemness of GCSCs. In vivo xenograft models were used to assess tumor growth. RESULTS Clinically, it was found that the plasma PGD2 level decreased significantly in patients with GC. PGD2 suppressed viability, invasion, and stemness and increased the apoptosis of GCSCs. Downregulating L-PTGDS and PTGDR2 promoted viability, invasion, and stemness and reduced the apoptosis of GCSCs. Moreover, the inhibition of GCSCs induced by PGD2 was eliminated by downregulating the expression of PTGDR2. The results of in vivo experiments were consistent with those of in vitro experiments. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that PGD2 may be an important marker and potential therapeutic target in the clinical management of GC. L-PTGDS/PTGDR2 may be one of the critical targets for GC therapy. The PGD2/PTGDR2 signal affects the viability, invasion, apoptosis, and stemness of GCSCs and prevents the progression of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Feifan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Peiyao Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hengjin Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Amin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuyun Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Fengchao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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Immune Biomarkers in Blood from Sarcoma Patients: A Pilot Study. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:5585-5603. [PMID: 36005179 PMCID: PMC9406743 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29080441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main role of the host immune system is to identify and eliminate cancer cells, which is a complex process, but it is not a fail-safe mechanism. Many sarcoma patients succumb to this disease despite treatments rendered. The aim of this pilot study was to compare the levels of CD4+ T-cells, T-regulatory (Treg) cells, and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), and transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-β1) in peripheral blood leukocytes of sarcoma patients and healthy controls. For gene expression studies, total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and genes that were differentially regulated in peripheral blood leukocytes of sarcoma patients compared with healthy controls were determined using a commercial T-helper cell differentiation quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) array. Flow cytometer analysis was performed on blood samples from 26 sarcoma patients and 10 healthy controls to identify the levels of CD4+ T-cells and T-reg cells. The level of cytokines in plasma and culture supernatant were quantified using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. A marked reduction in the percentage of CD4+ T-cells (p = 0.037) and levels of TNF-α (p = 0.004) and IFN-γ (0.010) was observed in sarcoma patients. Gene expression analysis showed five genes (homeobox A10 (HOXA10), GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 (PTGDR2), thymocyte selection associated high mobility group box (TOX), and C-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3)) were dysregulated (p < 0.05) in sarcoma patients. This study suggests that T-helper-1 immune responses are reduced in sarcoma patients.
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Prostanoid Signaling in Cancers: Expression and Regulation Patterns of Enzymes and Receptors. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040590. [PMID: 35453789 PMCID: PMC9029281 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated disturbance of prostanoid signaling provides an aberrant accumulation of prostanoids. This signaling consists of 19 target genes, encoding metabolic enzymes and G-protein-coupled receptors, and prostanoids (prostacyclin, thromboxane, and prostaglandins E2, F2α, D2, H2). The study addresses the systems biology analysis of target genes in 24 solid tumors using a data mining pipeline. We analyzed differential expression patterns of genes and proteins, promoter methylation status as well as tissue-specific master regulators and microRNAs. Tumor types were clustered into several groups according to gene expression patterns. Target genes were characterized as low mutated in tumors, with the exception of melanoma. We found at least six ubiquitin ligases and eight protein kinases that post-translationally modified the most connected proteins PTGES3 and PTGIS. Models of regulation of PTGIS and PTGIR gene expression in lung and uterine cancers were suggested. For the first time, we found associations between the patient’s overall survival rates with nine multigene transcriptomics signatures in eight tumors. Expression patterns of each of the six target genes have predictive value with respect to cytostatic therapy response. One of the consequences of the study is an assumption of prostanoid-dependent (or independent) tumor phenotypes. Thus, pharmacologic targeting the prostanoid signaling could be a probable additional anticancer strategy.
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Cardenas A, Ecker S, Fadadu RP, Huen K, Orozco A, McEwen LM, Engelbrecht HR, Gladish N, Kobor MS, Rosero-Bixby L, Dow WH, Rehkopf DH. Epigenome-wide association study and epigenetic age acceleration associated with cigarette smoking among Costa Rican adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4277. [PMID: 35277542 PMCID: PMC8917214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08160-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking-associated DNA methylation (DNAm) signatures are reproducible among studies of mostly European descent, with mixed evidence if smoking accelerates epigenetic aging and its relationship to longevity. We evaluated smoking-associated DNAm signatures in the Costa Rican Study on Longevity and Healthy Aging (CRELES), including participants from the high longevity region of Nicoya. We measured genome-wide DNAm in leukocytes, tested Epigenetic Age Acceleration (EAA) from five clocks and estimates of telomere length (DNAmTL), and examined effect modification by the high longevity region. 489 participants had a mean (SD) age of 79.4 (10.8) years, and 18% were from Nicoya. Overall, 7.6% reported currently smoking, 35% were former smokers, and 57.4% never smoked. 46 CpGs and five regions (e.g. AHRR, SCARNA6/SNORD39, SNORA20, and F2RL3) were differentially methylated for current smokers. Former smokers had increased Horvath’s EAA (1.69-years; 95% CI 0.72, 2.67), Hannum’s EAA (0.77-years; 95% CI 0.01, 1.52), GrimAge (2.34-years; 95% CI1.66, 3.02), extrinsic EAA (1.27-years; 95% CI 0.34, 2.21), intrinsic EAA (1.03-years; 95% CI 0.12, 1.94) and shorter DNAmTL (− 0.04-kb; 95% CI − 0.08, − 0.01) relative to non-smokers. There was no evidence of effect modification among residents of Nicoya. Our findings recapitulate previously reported and novel smoking-associated DNAm changes in a Latino cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Cardenas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, #5121, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Simone Ecker
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Raj P Fadadu
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karen Huen
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, #5121, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Allan Orozco
- School of Health Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San José, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Lisa M McEwen
- Faculty of Human and Social Development, School of Health Information Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hannah-Ruth Engelbrecht
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicole Gladish
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Luis Rosero-Bixby
- Centro Centroamericano de Población (CCP), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - William H Dow
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David H Rehkopf
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Nakagawa T, Kurokawa T, Mima M, Imamoto S, Mizokami H, Kondo S, Okamoto Y, Misawa K, Hanazawa T, Kaneda A. DNA Methylation and HPV-Associated Head and Neck Cancer. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040801. [PMID: 33920277 PMCID: PMC8069883 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), especially oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), has recently been found to be significantly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The incidence of OPSCC has been increasing and surpassed the number of cervical cancer cases in the United States. Although HPV-associated OPSCC has a relatively better prognosis than HPV-negative cancer, approximately 20% of HPV-associated HNSCC patients show a poor prognosis or therapeutic response, and the molecular mechanism behind this outcome in the intermediate-risk group is yet to be elucidated. These biological differences between HPV-associated HNSCC and HPV-negative HNSCC are partly explained by the differences in mutation patterns. However, recent reports have revealed that epigenetic dysregulation, such as dysregulated DNA methylation, is a strikingly common pathological feature of human malignancy. Notably, viral infections can induce aberrant DNA methylation, leading to carcinogenesis, and HPV-associated HNSCC cases tend to harbor a higher amount of aberrantly methylated DNA than HPV-negative HNSCC cases. Furthermore, recent comprehensive genome-wide DNA-methylation analyses with large cohorts have revealed that a sub-group of HPV-associated HNSCC correlates with increased DNA methylation. Accordingly, in this review, we provide an overview of the relationship between DNA methylation and HPV-associated HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nakagawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.N.); (T.K.); (S.I.); (Y.O.)
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.M.); (H.M.); (S.K.)
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tomoya Kurokawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.N.); (T.K.); (S.I.); (Y.O.)
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.M.); (H.M.); (S.K.)
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Masato Mima
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.M.); (H.M.); (S.K.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Hamamatsu University, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan;
| | - Sakiko Imamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.N.); (T.K.); (S.I.); (Y.O.)
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.M.); (H.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Harue Mizokami
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.M.); (H.M.); (S.K.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.M.); (H.M.); (S.K.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.N.); (T.K.); (S.I.); (Y.O.)
- Chiba Rosai Hospital, Ichihara 290-0003, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Hamamatsu University, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan;
| | - Toyoyuki Hanazawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.N.); (T.K.); (S.I.); (Y.O.)
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (A.K.); Tel./Fax: +81-43-226-2039
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.M.); (H.M.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (A.K.); Tel./Fax: +81-43-226-2039
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