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Ruiz P, Durán Á, Gil M, Sevidane I, Cristóbal JI, Nicolás P, Duque FJ, Zaragoza C, García AB, Macías-García B, Barrera R. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as early biomarker for renal disease in dogs with leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110251. [PMID: 39002284 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL), caused by Leishmania sp., presents a wide array of symptoms; renal dysfunction is frequently observed in these dogs and is associated with a poor prognosis and increased mortality. The traditional biomarkers namely urea and creatinine can detect renal damage but only in advanced stages of the disease. However, it has been shown that the symmetric dimethylarginine assay (SDMA) or the protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) and are early biomarkers of renal dysfunction. Their elevation occurs earlier than that of creatinine, but other novel biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are currently under investigation. Our objective was to determine whether the urine NGAL-creatinine ratio (uNGAL/c) can provide very early diagnosis of kidney disease in CanL. In total, 68 dogs were included in the study: 15 healthy dogs and 53 dogs with CanL who were classified according to International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) classification: IRIS 1 (N= 34), IRIS 2 (N= 9) and IRIS 3/4 (N= 10). IRIS 1 was subdivided according to proteinuria in IRIS 1NP (13 dogs with UPC < 0.2), IRIS 1BL (8 dogs with UPC = 0.2-0.5) and IRIS 1 P (13 dogs with UPC > 0.5). Blood samples were collected for complete hematological and biochemistry analysis including plasma NGAL. Urinalysis included specific gravity, UPC, CysC and NGAL expressed as a ratio with creatinine. The mean concentrations of pCysC and SDMA in CanL, show a statistically significant increase from IRIS 1NP, not being statistically significant for pCysC in the IRIS 1BL group. The UPC show a statistically significant increase from IRIS 1NP. In all groups with CanL for uCysC/c and uNGAL/c was observed a statistically significant increase. The uNGAL/c in the group proteinuric animals, presents a positive correlation with all renal biomarkers studied. In the group of non-proteinuric animals, the uNGAL/c presents a positive correlation with SDMA and UPC. The uNGAL/c can be considered a reliable indicator of renal disease in dogs diagnosed with CanL who are non-azotemic and non-proteinuric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruiz
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain
| | - Ángela Durán
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain
| | - María Gil
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Sevidane
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Cristóbal
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain
| | - Paloma Nicolás
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Duque
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain
| | - Concepción Zaragoza
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain
| | - Ana Belén García
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain
| | - Beatriz Macías-García
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain.
| | - Rafael Barrera
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain
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Ruiz P, Durán Á, Duque FJ, González MA, Cristóbal JI, Nicolás P, Pérez-Merino EM, Macías-García B, Barrera R. Urinary cystatin C and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) as early biomarkers for renal disease in dogs with leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2023; 318:109930. [PMID: 37030024 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum that can vary from a subclinical infection to a severe disease. Dogs affected with CanL present varying degrees of renal dysfunction. Unfortunately, traditional biomarkers such as urea and creatinine detect renal damage in advanced stages of the disease, so more accurate biomarkers are needed. Hence, we aimed to study how urinary cystatin C (CysC) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), behave in dogs with CanL at different stages of the disease. Eighty-six CanL infected dogs were classified according to LeishVet stages: LI (16 dogs), LIIa (12 dogs), LIIb (12 dogs), LIII (16 dogs) and LIV (30 dogs); as a control, 17 healthy dogs were studied. Blood samples were collected for complete haematological and biochemistry analysis including plasma cystatin C. Urine analysis included urine specific gravity (USG), urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPC), CysC and NAG expressed as a ratio with creatinine uCysCc (μg/g) and uNAGc (IU/g). The haematological, biochemical and urinary analysis coincided with the LeishVet guidelines. The statistical study of the uCysCc ratio and the uNAGc, showed significant increase when compared against control starting from group LI (p < 0.05). Interestingly, when the cut-off values were calculated using the ROC curve, uCysCc (258.85 µg/g) and uNAGc (2.25 IU/g) 75 % of the dogs included in LI groups surpassed the threshold. Hence our study indicates that uCysCc and uNAGc, could help to detect early renal damage in CanL affected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruiz
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ángela Durán
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Duque
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Mario Alberto González
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Cristóbal
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Paloma Nicolás
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Eva María Pérez-Merino
- Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Beatriz Macías-García
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Rafael Barrera
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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Nabity M, Hokamp J. Urinary Biomarkers of Kidney Disease in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 53:53-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kot K, Kupnicka P, Witulska O, Czepan A, Łanocha-Arendarczyk NA, Łanocha AA, Kosik-Bogacka DI. Potential Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Renal Acanthamoebiasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6583. [PMID: 34205319 PMCID: PMC8234237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that Acanthamoeba spp. may play a significant role in kidney dysfunction. The aim of the study was to examine the levels of kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), as well as an activity of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9, respectively) in the kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp. The levels of KIM-1, NGAL, and MCP-1 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the activity of MMPs was determined by gelatin zymography. The elevated KIM-1 level was found in the kidneys of immunocompetent mice at the beginning of Acanthamoeba spp. infection. In the immunosuppressed mice, the KIM-1 level was statistically different. The statistically decreased NGAL level was found in the kidneys of immunocompetent mice compared to the uninfected mice. In the immunocompromised mice, we found statistically significant differences in MCP-1 levels between the uninfected and infected groups. There was an increase in the expression of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp. compared to the uninfected mice. The results indicate that KIM-1, NGAL, MCP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-9/NGAL might be promising biomarkers of renal acanthamoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (O.W.); (A.C.); (N.A.Ł.-A.)
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Oliwia Witulska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (O.W.); (A.C.); (N.A.Ł.-A.)
| | - Aleksandra Czepan
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (O.W.); (A.C.); (N.A.Ł.-A.)
| | - Natalia Agnieszka Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (O.W.); (A.C.); (N.A.Ł.-A.)
| | - Aleksandra Anna Łanocha
- Department of Haematology and Transplantology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Danuta Izabela Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Kot K, Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Ptak M, Łanocha A, Kalisińska E, Kosik-Bogacka D. Pathomechanisms in the Kidneys in Selected Protozoan Parasitic Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4209. [PMID: 33921746 PMCID: PMC8073708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, and acanthamoebiasis are protozoan parasitic infections. They remain important contributors to the development of kidney disease, which is associated with increased patients' morbidity and mortality. Kidney injury mechanisms are not fully understood in protozoan parasitic diseases, bringing major difficulties to specific therapeutic interventions. The aim of this review is to present the biochemical and molecular mechanisms in kidneys infected with Leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Acanthamoeba spp. We present available mechanisms of an immune response, oxidative stress, apoptosis process, hypoxia, biomarkers of renal injury in the serum or urine, and the histopathological changes of kidneys infected with the selected parasites. Pathomechanisms of Leishmania spp. and Plasmodium spp. infections have been deeply investigated, while Toxoplasma gondii and Acanthamoeba spp. infections in the kidneys are not well known yet. Deeper knowledge of kidney involvement in leishmaniasis and malaria by presenting their mechanisms provides insight into how to create novel and effective treatments. Additionally, the presented work shows gaps in the pathophysiology of renal toxoplasmosis and acanthamoebiasis, which need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (N.Ł.-A.); (E.K.)
| | - Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (N.Ł.-A.); (E.K.)
| | - Michał Ptak
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Łanocha
- Department of Haematology and Transplantology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Kalisińska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (N.Ł.-A.); (E.K.)
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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