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Golomazou E, Mamedova S, Eslahi AV, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium and agriculture: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170057. [PMID: 38242460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant contributor to global foodborne and waterborne disease burden. It is a widespread cause of diarrheal diseases that affect humans and animals worldwide. Agricultural environments can become a source of contamination with Cryptosporidium species through faecal material derived from humans and animals. This review aims to report the main findings of scientific research on Cryptosporidium species related to various agricultural sectors, and highlights the risks of cryptosporidiosis in agricultural production, the contamination sources, the importance of animal production in transmission, and the role of farmed animals as hosts of the parasites. Agricultural contamination sources can cause water pollution in groundwater and different surface waters used for drinking, recreational purposes, and irrigation. The application of contaminated manure, faecal sludge management, and irrigation with inadequately treated water are the main concerns associated with foodborne and waterborne cryptosporidiosis related to agricultural activities. The review emphasizes the public health implications of agriculture concerning the transmission risk of Cryptosporidium parasites and the urgent need for a new concept in the agriculture sector. Furthermore, the findings of this review provide valuable information for developing appropriate measures and monitoring strategies to minimize the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment - Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Simuzer Mamedova
- Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan & Department of Life Sciences, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Nicosia Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Augendre L, Costa D, Escotte-Binet S, Aubert D, Villena I, Dumètre A, La Carbona S. Surrogates of foodborne and waterborne protozoan parasites: A review. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2023; 33:e00212. [PMID: 38028241 PMCID: PMC10661733 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Toxoplasma gondii are major causes of waterborne and foodborne diseases worldwide. The assessment of their removal or inactivation during water treatment and food processing remains challenging, partly because research on these parasites is hindered by various economical, ethical, methodological, and biological constraints. To address public health concerns and gain new knowledge, researchers are increasingly seeking alternatives to the use of such pathogenic parasites. Over the past few decades, several non-pathogenic microorganisms and manufactured microparticles have been evaluated as potential surrogates of waterborne and foodborne protozoan parasites. Here, we review the surrogates that have been reported for C. parvum, C. cayetanensis, and T. gondii oocysts, and discuss their use and relevance to assess the transport, removal, and inactivation of these parasites in food and water matrices. Biological surrogates including non-human pathogenic Eimeria parasites, microorganisms found in water sources (anaerobic and aerobic spore-forming bacteria, algae), and non-biological surrogates (i.e. manufactured microparticles) have been identified. We emphasize that such surrogates have to be carefully selected and implemented depending on the parasite and the targeted application. Eimeria oocysts appear as promising surrogates to investigate in the future the pathogenic coccidian parasites C. cayetanensis and T. gondii that are the most challenging to work with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Augendre
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Faculty of Medicine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
- ACTALIA Food Safety, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - Damien Costa
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Rouen Normandie, University Hospital of Rouen, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Sandie Escotte-Binet
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Faculty of Medicine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Aubert
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Faculty of Medicine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Faculty of Medicine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Aurélien Dumètre
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR Vectors - Tropical and Mediterranean Infections, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
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Lefebvre M, Razakandrainibe R, Schapman D, François A, Genty D, Galas L, Villena I, Favennec L, Costa D. Interactions between free-living amoebae and Cryptosporidium parvum: an experimental study. Parasite 2023; 30:31. [PMID: 37606589 PMCID: PMC10443459 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-Living Amebae (FLA) and Cryptosporidium oocysts occasionally share the same environment. From 2004 to 2016, Cryptosporidium was responsible for 60% of 905 worldwide waterborne outbreaks caused by protozoan parasites. The aim of this study was to evaluate interactions between C. parvum oocysts and two common FLAs (Acanthamoeba castellanii and Vermamoeba vermiformis) in a water environment. Encystment and survival of FLAs were evaluated by microscopy using trypan blue vital coloration. Oocysts were numerated on microscopy. Interactions were studied over time in conditions both unfavorable and favorable to phagocytosis. Potential phagocytosis was directly evaluated by several microscopic approaches and indirectly by numeration of microorganisms and oocyst infectivity evaluation. Occasional phagocytosis of C. parvum by FLAs was documented. However, oocyst concentrations did not decrease significantly, suggesting resistance of oocysts to phagocytosis. A temporary decrease of oocyst infectivity was observed in the presence of A. castellanii. The effect of these interactions on C. parvum infectivity is particularly interesting. The biofilm condition could favor the persistence or even the proliferation of oocysts over time. This study demonstrated interactions between C. parvum and FLAs. Further knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the decrease of oocyst infectivity in the presence of A. castellanii could facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lefebvre
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EA7510 ESCAPE, University hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EA7510 ESCAPE, University hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
- National Reference Center Cryptosporidiosis, microsporidia and other protozoa, University Hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
| | - Damien Schapman
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN 76000 Rouen France
| | - Arnaud François
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EA7510 ESCAPE, University hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
- Department of anathomopathology, University Hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
| | - Damien Genty
- Department of anathomopathology, University Hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
| | - Ludovic Galas
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN 76000 Rouen France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EA7510 ESCAPE 51454 Reims France
| | - Loic Favennec
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EA7510 ESCAPE, University hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
- National Reference Center Cryptosporidiosis, microsporidia and other protozoa, University Hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
| | - Damien Costa
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EA7510 ESCAPE, University hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
- National Reference Center Cryptosporidiosis, microsporidia and other protozoa, University Hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
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Kubina S, Costa D, Cazeaux C, Villena I, Favennec L, Razakandrainibe R, La Carbona S. Persistence and survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts on lamb's lettuce leaves during plant growth and in washing conditions of minimally-processed salads. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 388:110085. [PMID: 36652747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is the causative agent of cryptosporidiosis, which results, among others, in profuse diarrhoea. Transmission to humans occurs via the faecal-oral route directly by contact with infected hosts or indirectly by waterborne or foodborne routes. For the latter, parasite transmission is closely linked to the oocyst's ability to persist and survive in food matrices. In this study, we evaluated the persistence and survival of Cryptosporidium oocysts in lamb's lettuce: i) during plant growth and ii) in conditions mimicking the industrial washing process applied in minimally-processed vegetables (MPV). Results show that oocysts persisted during the growth of lamb's lettuce, i.e. two months from the 2-leaf stage until the 8-leaf harvest time (-0.89 Log10 of oocysts). However, their survival decreased from as early as one week (-0.61 Log10), and only 6 % of oocysts remained infective at the time of harvest. The washing process had a limited effect on parasite load (<0.5 Log10) and no effect on survival; chlorination of washing water did not improve the efficiency (removal and inactivation) of the process. The ability of C. parvum to persist and survive throughout the food chain may drive its transmission to humans through MPV products. Appropriate management measures should be implemented at each operational level to limit contamination and ensure food safety of fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kubina
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, Saint-Lô 50000, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen 76000, France.
| | - Damien Costa
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen 76000, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, Rouen 76000, France.
| | - Catherine Cazeaux
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, Saint-Lô 50000, France.
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 7510, SFR CAP-Santé, Université Reims-Champagne Ardenne, CHU, Reims, 51100, France.
| | - Loïc Favennec
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen 76000, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, Rouen 76000, France.
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen 76000, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, Rouen 76000, France.
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Cook N. The Special Issue: Transmission and Detection of Food and Environmental Pathogens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122611. [PMID: 34946211 PMCID: PMC8709001 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To progress towards a full comprehension of the risk caused by pathogenic microorganisms transmitted via food and environmental routes, extensive information on the prevalence, the mechanisms of contamination, and the survival of pathogens is required, particularly to assist with the development of effective systems to reduce contamination, and to formulate procedural control measures, such as the implementation of food safety criteria [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Cook
- Jorvik Food Safety Services, York YO32 2GN, UK
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