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Kubina S, Costa D, Cazeaux C, Villena I, Favennec L, Razakandrainibe R, La Carbona S. Persistence and survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts on lamb's lettuce leaves during plant growth and in washing conditions of minimally-processed salads. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 388:110085. [PMID: 36652747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is the causative agent of cryptosporidiosis, which results, among others, in profuse diarrhoea. Transmission to humans occurs via the faecal-oral route directly by contact with infected hosts or indirectly by waterborne or foodborne routes. For the latter, parasite transmission is closely linked to the oocyst's ability to persist and survive in food matrices. In this study, we evaluated the persistence and survival of Cryptosporidium oocysts in lamb's lettuce: i) during plant growth and ii) in conditions mimicking the industrial washing process applied in minimally-processed vegetables (MPV). Results show that oocysts persisted during the growth of lamb's lettuce, i.e. two months from the 2-leaf stage until the 8-leaf harvest time (-0.89 Log10 of oocysts). However, their survival decreased from as early as one week (-0.61 Log10), and only 6 % of oocysts remained infective at the time of harvest. The washing process had a limited effect on parasite load (<0.5 Log10) and no effect on survival; chlorination of washing water did not improve the efficiency (removal and inactivation) of the process. The ability of C. parvum to persist and survive throughout the food chain may drive its transmission to humans through MPV products. Appropriate management measures should be implemented at each operational level to limit contamination and ensure food safety of fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kubina
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, Saint-Lô 50000, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen 76000, France.
| | - Damien Costa
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen 76000, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, Rouen 76000, France.
| | - Catherine Cazeaux
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, Saint-Lô 50000, France.
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 7510, SFR CAP-Santé, Université Reims-Champagne Ardenne, CHU, Reims, 51100, France.
| | - Loïc Favennec
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen 76000, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, Rouen 76000, France.
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen 76000, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, Rouen 76000, France.
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Ji Y, Li P, Jia Y, Wang X, Zheng Q, Peppelenbosch MP, Ma Z, Pan Q. Estimating the burden and modeling mitigation strategies of pork-related hepatitis E virus foodborne transmission in representative European countries. One Health 2021; 13:100350. [PMID: 34841035 PMCID: PMC8606544 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen posing global health burden, and the concerns in Europe are tremendously growing. Pigs serve as a main reservoir, contributing to pork-related foodborne transmission. In this study, we aim to specifically simulate this foodborne transmission route and to assess potential interventions. We firstly established a dose-response relationship between the risk of transmission to human and the amount of ingested viruses. We further estimated the incidence of HEV infection specifically attributed to pork-related foodborne transmission in four representative European countries. Finally, we demonstrated a proof-of-concept of mitigating HEV transmission by implementing vaccination in human and pig populations. Our modeling approach bears essential implications for better understanding the transmission of pork-related foodborne HEV and for developing mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, Inner Mongolian Maternal and Child Care Hospital, Inner Mongolian, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yueqi Jia
- Department of Genetics, Inner Mongolian Maternal and Child Care Hospital, Inner Mongolian, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Genetics, Inner Mongolian Maternal and Child Care Hospital, Inner Mongolian, China
| | - Qinyue Zheng
- School of Management, Shandong Key Laboratory of Social Supernetwork Computation and Decision Simulation, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zhongren Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Rose-Martel M, Tompkins E, Rutley R, Romero-Barrios P, Buenaventura E. Exposure Profile of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Canadian Food Sources. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1295-1303. [PMID: 33770187 PMCID: PMC9805411 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A new coronavirus strain known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide. This virus is the causative agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and spreads primarily through human-to-human transmission via infected droplets and aerosols generated by infected persons. Although COVID-19 is a respiratory virus, the potential for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via food is considered theoretically possible and remains a concern for Canadian consumers. We have conducted an exposure assessment of the likelihood of exposure of SARS-CoV-2 in Canadian food sources at the time of consumption. This article describes the exposure routes considered most relevant in the context of food contamination with SARS-CoV-2, including contaminated food of animal origin, other contaminated fresh foods, fomites, and SARS-CoV-2-contaminated feces. The likelihood of foodborne infection of SARS-CoV-2 via the human digestive tract also was considered. Our analysis indicates that there is no evidence that foodborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has occurred, and we consider the likelihood of contracting COVID-19 via food and food packaging in Canada as low to remote. Adherence to safe food practices and cleaning procedures would in any case prevent a potential foodborne infection with SARS-CoV-2. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Rose-Martel
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9,Author for correspondence. Tel: 613-323-7802
| | - Elizabeth Tompkins
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Rebecca Rutley
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Pablo Romero-Barrios
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Enrico Buenaventura
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
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O'Brien B, Goodridge L, Ronholm J, Nasheri N. Exploring the potential of foodborne transmission of respiratory viruses. Food Microbiol 2021; 95:103709. [PMID: 33397626 PMCID: PMC8035669 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic involving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has raised the question whether this virus, which is known to be spread primarily though respiratory droplets, could be spread through the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food. In this article, we present a critical review of the literature exploring the potential foodborne transmission of several respiratory viruses including human coronaviruses, avian influenza virus (AVI), parainfluenza viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, and Nipah virus. Multiple lines of evidence, including documented expression of receptor proteins on gastrointestinal epithelial cells, in vivo viral replication in gastrointestinal epithelial cell lines, extended fecal shedding of respiratory viruses, and the ability to remain infectious in food environments for extended periods of time raises the theoretical ability of some human respiratory viruses, particularly human coronaviruses and AVI, to spread via food. However, to date, neither epidemiological data nor case reports of clear foodborne transmission of either viruses exist. Thus, foodborne transmission of human respiratory viruses remains only a theoretical possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget O'Brien
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Neda Nasheri
- Food Virology Laboratory, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Blondin-Brosseau M, Harlow J, Doctor T, Nasheri N. Examining the persistence of human Coronavirus 229E on fresh produce. Food Microbiol 2021; 98:103780. [PMID: 33875208 PMCID: PMC7909902 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are mainly associated with respiratory infections. However, there is evidence that highly pathogenic HCoVs, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), infect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are shed in the fecal matter of the infected individuals. These observations have raised questions regarding the possibility of fecal-oral route as well as foodborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. Studies regarding the survival of HCoVs on inanimate surfaces demonstrate that these viruses can remain infectious for hours to days, however, there is limited data regarding the viral survival on fresh produce, which is usually consumed raw or with minimal heat processing. To address this knowledge gap, we examined the persistence of HCoV-229E, as a surrogate for highly pathogenic HCoVs, on the surface of commonly consumed fresh produce, including: apples, tomatoes, cucumbers and lettuce. Herein, we demonstrated that viral infectivity declines within a few hours post-inoculation (p.i) on apples and tomatoes, and no infectious virus was detected at 24h p.i, while the virus persists in infectious form for 72h p.i on cucumbers and lettuce. The stability of viral RNA was examined by droplet-digital RT-PCR (ddRT-PCR), and it was observed that there is no considerable reduction in viral RNA within 72h p.i.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Harlow
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tanushka Doctor
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Neda Nasheri
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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de Oliveira AC, Soccol VT, Rogez H. Prevention methods of foodborne Chagas disease: Disinfection, heat treatment and quality control by RT-PCR. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 301:34-40. [PMID: 31082698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The most important mode of transmission causing outbreaks of Chagas disease in the Amazon region is the oral route due to the ingestion of contaminated food. Herein, prevention methods for foodborne diseases caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, namely, sanitization, thermal treatment were investigated and the use of reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) amplification for the mRNA-based detection of viable T. cruzi in açai, was developed. Three T. cruzi strains (T. cruzi I, T. cruzi III and Y) were used in the present study. The Amazonian strains T. cruzi I (425) and T. cruzi III (370) showed higher resistance to sodium hypochlorite treatment and heat treatment than the reference strain Y. The blanching of fruits (70 ± 1 °C for 10 s) and pasteurization of juice (82.5 °C for 1 min) efficiently eliminated T. cruzi in food matrices. Additionally, a method that uses RT-PCR amplification of mRNA was developed for the detection of viable T. cruzi in açai, which could play a role in examining food samples, ensuring consumer health, and reducing this foodborne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline de Oliveira
- Centre for Valorisation of Amazonian Bioactive Compounds (CVACBA), Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral da Ciência km 01, 66.095-780, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Hervé Rogez
- Centre for Valorisation of Amazonian Bioactive Compounds (CVACBA), Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral da Ciência km 01, 66.095-780, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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da Silva Ribeiro de Andrade J, Fumian TM, Leite JPG, de Assis MR, Fialho AM, Mouta S, Santiago CMP, Miagostovich MP. Norovirus GII.17 Associated with a Foodborne Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreak in Brazil, 2016. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:212-216. [PMID: 29150772 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne transmission gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreak occurred during a celebration lunch in July, 2016, Brazil. All stool samples tested were positive for noroviruses (NoV) and phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains were genetically close to GII.17 Kawasaki_2014. These findings indicated circulation of NoV GII.17 Kawasaki_2014 in the Brazilian population, associated with AGE outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz. Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz. Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Madi Fialho
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz. Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio Mouta
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz. Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Voets GM, Fluit AC, Scharringa J, Schapendonk C, van den Munckhof T, Leverstein-van Hall MA, Stuart JC. Identical plasmid AmpC beta-lactamase genes and plasmid types in E. coli isolates from patients and poultry meat in the Netherlands. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:359-62. [PMID: 24184615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae is a worldwide problem. Recent studies showed that poultry meat and humans share identical Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase genes, plasmid types, and Escherichia coli strain types, suggesting that transmission from poultry meat to humans may occur. The aim of this study was to compare plasmid-encoded Ambler class C beta-lactamase (pAmpC) genes, their plasmids, and bacterial strain types between E. coli isolates from retail chicken meat and clinical isolates in the Netherlands. In total, 98 Dutch retail chicken meat samples and 479 third-generation cephalosporin non-susceptible human clinical E. coli isolates from the same period were screened for pAmpC production. Plasmid typing was performed using PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT). E coli strains were compared using Multi-Locus-Sequence-Typing (MLST). In 12 of 98 chicken meat samples (12%), pAmpC producing E. coli were detected (all blaCMY-2). Of the 479 human E. coli, 25 (5.2%) harboured pAmpC genes (blaCMY-2 n = 22, blaACT n = 2, blaMIR n = 1). PBRT showed that 91% of poultry meat isolates harboured blaCMY-2 on an IncK plasmid, and 9% on an IncI1 plasmid. Of the human blaCMY-2 producing isolates, 42% also harboured blaCMY-2 on an IncK plasmid, and 47% on an IncI1 plasmid. Thus, 68% of human pAmpC producing E. coli have the same AmpC gene (blaCMY-2) and plasmid type (IncI1 or IncK) as found in poultry meat. MLST showed one cluster containing one human isolate and three meat isolates, with an IncK plasmid. These findings imply that a foodborne transmission route of blaCMY-2 harbouring plasmids cannot be excluded and that further evaluation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido M Voets
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, G04.614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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