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Seedat F, Evangelidou S, Abdellatifi M, Bouaddi O, Cuxart-Graell A, Edries H, Elafef E, Maatoug T, Ouahchi A, Mathilde Pampiri L, Deal A, Arias S, Abdelkhalek A, Arisha AH, Assarag B, Bani IA, Chaoui A, Chemao-Elfihri W, Hassouni K, Hilali M, Khalis M, Mansour W, Mtiraoui A, Wickramage K, Zenner D, Requena-Mendez A, Hargreaves S, Migrant Health Working Group MENA, Abdelkhalek A, Adam A, Aissa ABH, Agyemang C, Altyib S, Ardalan A, Belgacem HB, Belkhammar I, Calvot T, Casamitjana N, Ceretti L, Chavassieux N, Chrifi H, Douagi M, Elnil A, Fanjul G, Fouad FM, Hamed A, Ito C, Khelifi A, Makhlouf L, Mokni M, Olchini D, Oufkir T, Park N, Raffa G, Saidi W, Santafé S, Sironi A, Temimi F, Turki Z. Defining indicators for disease burden, health outcomes, policies and barriers and facilitators to health services for migrant populations in the Middle East and North African region: a protocol for a suite of systematic reviews. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e083813. [PMID: 39002961 PMCID: PMC11255408 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Middle East and North African (MENA) region is characterised by high and complex migration flows, yet little is known about the health of migrant populations, their levels of underimmunisation and access to healthcare provision. Data are needed to support regional elimination and control targets for key diseases and the design and delivery of programmes to improve health outcomes in these groups. This protocol describes a suite of seven systematic reviews that aim to identify, appraise and synthesise the available evidence on the burden and health outcomes, policies and access (barriers and facilitators) related to these mobile populations in the region. METHODS Seven systematic reviews will cover three questions to explore the: (1) burden and health outcomes, (2) policies and (3) healthcare barriers and facilitators for the following seven disease areas in migrants in the MENA region: tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis B and C, malaria and neglected tropical diseases, diabetes, mental health, maternal and neonatal health, and vaccine-preventable diseases. We will search electronic databases for studies in any language (year 2000-2023), reference-check relevant publications and cross-check included studies with experts. We will search for grey literature by hand searching key databases and websites (including regional organisations and MoH websites) for country-specific guidelines and talking to our network of experts for local and regional reports and key datasets. We will assess the studies and policies for their quality using appropriate tools. We will meta-analyse the data by disease outcome if they are of sufficient volume and similarity. Where meta-analysis is not possible and where data are on policy or access, we will narratively synthesise the evidence using summary tables, figures and text. DISSEMINATION We anticipate disseminating the findings through peer-reviewed publications, conferences and other formats relevant to all stakeholders. We are following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and protocols will be registered on International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Seedat
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | | | - Moudrick Abdellatifi
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
| | - Oumnia Bouaddi
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
| | | | - Hassan Edries
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Elafef
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Anna Deal
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sara Arias
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kenza Hassouni
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
| | - Mahmoud Hilali
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Khalis
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Requena-Mendez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sally Hargreaves
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | | | - MENA Migrant Health Working Group
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adel Abdelkhalek
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asad Adam
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adnene Ben Haj Aissa
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles Agyemang
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Salma Altyib
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Ardalan
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanen Ben Belgacem
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Imane Belkhammar
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Calvot
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nuria Casamitjana
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luciana Ceretti
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nelly Chavassieux
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hassan Chrifi
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Douagi
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Algdail Elnil
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gonzalo Fanjul
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fouad M Fouad
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Hamed
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiaki Ito
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdedayem Khelifi
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lora Makhlouf
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maissa Mokni
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide Olchini
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tarik Oufkir
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nasong Park
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Raffa
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wafa Saidi
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Santafé
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alice Sironi
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fatma Temimi
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zeineb Turki
- St George's University of London Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Université Mohammed VI des Sciences et de la Santé, Casablanca, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
- University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
- Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Ecole Nationale de Santé Publique, Rabat, Morocco
- Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
- International Organization for Migration, Berlin, Germany
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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