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Guo S, Liu D, Wan X, Guo D, Zheng M, Zheng W, Feng X. Ac-HSP20 regulates autophagy and promotes the encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:347. [PMID: 39160562 PMCID: PMC11331602 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii has important ecological and medical significance. Blocking encystation is the key to preventing transmission and curing infections caused by A. castellanii. The formation of autophagosomes is one of the most important changes that occur during the encystation of Acanthamoeba. Our previous studies have shown that the heat shock protein 20 of A. castellanii (Ac-HSP20) is involved in its encystation. This study aimed to determine the role and mechanism of Ac-HSP20 in regulating autophagy involved in the encystation of A. castellanii. METHODS Immunofluorescence assay, western blotting and transmission electron microscopy were used to analyze the dynamic changes in autophagy during the initiation and continuation of encystation. The knockdown of Ac-HSP20 was performed to clarify its regulation of encystation and autophagy and to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which Ac-HSP20 participates in autophagy to promote cyst maturation. RESULTS The encystation rates and autophagosomes were significantly decreased by treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. The autophagy marker LC3B and autophagic lysosomes increased with the induced duration of encystation and reached the maximum at 48 h. The encystation rate, LC3B expression and autophagosomes decreased when Ac-HSP20 was knocked down by siRNA transfection. In addition, the expression levels of Ac-HSP20 and LC3B increased and the expressions of p-AKT and p-mTOR decreased after 48 h of encystation without knockdown. However, the expressions of p-AKT and p-mTOR increased while the expression of LC3B decreased under the knockdown of Ac-HSP20. Furthermore, the protein expression of LC3B increased when the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was inhibited but decreased when the pathway was activated. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that autophagy is positively correlated with the encystation of A. castellanii, and Ac-HSP20 regulates autophagy to maintain the homeostasis of A. castellanii by inhibiting the PI3K /AKT /mTOR signaling pathway, thus promoting the maturation and stability of encystation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jilin City Hospital of Chemical Industry, Jilin, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Xi Wan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Dingrui Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Meiyu Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Wenyu Zheng
- Department of Microsurgery, Jilin City Central Hospital, Jilin, China.
| | - Xianmin Feng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China.
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Cruz KP, Petersen ALOA, Amorim MF, Pinho AGSF, Palma LC, Dantas DAS, Silveira MRG, Silva CSA, Cordeiro ALJ, Oliveira IG, Pita GB, Souza BCA, Bomfim GC, Brodskyn CI, Fraga DBM, Lima IS, de_Santana MBR, Teixeira HMP, de_Menezes JPB, Santos WLC, Veras PST. Intraperitoneal Administration of 17-DMAG as an Effective Treatment against Leishmania braziliensis Infection in BALB/c Mice: A Preclinical Study. Pathogens 2024; 13:630. [PMID: 39204231 PMCID: PMC11357173 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a significant global public health issue that is caused by parasites from Leishmania genus. With limited treatment options and rising drug resistance, there is a pressing need for new therapeutic approaches. Molecular chaperones, particularly Hsp90, play a crucial role in parasite biology and are emerging as promising targets for drug development. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the efficacy of 17-DMAG in treating BALB/c mice from cutaneous leishmaniasis through in vitro and in vivo approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed 17-DMAG's cytotoxic effect on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMΦ) and its effects against L. braziliensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Additionally, we tested the compound's efficacy in BALB/c mice infected with L. braziliensis via intraperitoneal administration to evaluate the reduction in lesion size and the decrease in parasite load in the ears and lymph nodes of infected animals. RESULTS 17-DMAG showed selective toxicity [selective index = 432) towards Leishmania amastigotes, causing minimal damage to host cells. The treatment significantly reduced lesion sizes in mice and resulted in parasite clearance from ears and lymph nodes. It also diminished inflammatory responses and reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF) and the regulatory cytokine IL-10, underscoring its dual leishmanicidal and anti-inflammatory properties. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm the potential of 17-DMAG as a viable treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis and support further research into its mechanisms and potential applications against other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kercia P. Cruz
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
| | - Antonio L. O. A. Petersen
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
- Baiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology—Santa Inês Campus, BR 420, Santa Inês Road, Rural Zone, Ubaíra 45320-000, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marina F. Amorim
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
| | - Alan G. S. F. Pinho
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
| | - Luana C. Palma
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
| | - Diana A. S. Dantas
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
| | - Mariana R. G. Silveira
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
| | - Carine S. A. Silva
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
| | - Ana Luiza J. Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
| | - Izabella G. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
| | - Gabriella B. Pita
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
| | - Bianca C. A. Souza
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Pathology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.C.A.S.); (I.S.L.); (W.L.C.S.)
| | - Gilberto C. Bomfim
- Laboratory of Population Genetics and Molecular Evolution, Biology Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil;
| | - Cláudia I. Brodskyn
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
| | - Deborah B. M. Fraga
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq)
| | - Isadora S. Lima
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Pathology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.C.A.S.); (I.S.L.); (W.L.C.S.)
| | - Maria B. R. de_Santana
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
| | - Helena M. P. Teixeira
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
| | - Juliana P. B. de_Menezes
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
| | - Washington L. C. Santos
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Pathology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.C.A.S.); (I.S.L.); (W.L.C.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Bahia Medical School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-906, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S. T. Veras
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (K.P.C.); (A.L.O.A.P.); (M.F.A.); (A.G.S.F.P.); (L.C.P.); (D.A.S.D.); (M.R.G.S.); (C.S.A.S.); (A.L.J.C.); (I.G.O.); (G.B.P.); (C.I.B.); (D.B.M.F.); (M.B.R.d.); (H.M.P.T.); (J.P.B.d.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq)
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Ferrante M, Leite BMM, Fontes LBC, Santos Moreira A, Nascimento de Almeida ÉM, Brodskyn CI, Lima IDS, dos Santos WLC, Pacheco LV, Cardoso da Silva V, dos Anjos JP, Guarieiro LLN, Landoni F, de Menezes JPB, Fraga DBM, Santos Júnior ADF, Veras PST. Pharmacokinetics, Dose-Proportionality, and Tolerability of Intravenous Tanespimycin (17-AAG) in Single and Multiple Doses in Dogs: A Potential Novel Treatment for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:767. [PMID: 38931434 PMCID: PMC11206245 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the New World, dogs are considered the main reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Due to inefficacies in existing treatments and the lack of an efficient vaccine, dog culling is one of the main strategies used to control disease, making the development of new therapeutic interventions mandatory. We previously showed that Tanespimycin (17-AAG), a Hsp90 inhibitor, demonstrated potential for use in leishmaniasis treatment. The present study aimed to test the safety of 17-AAG in dogs by evaluating plasma pharmacokinetics, dose-proportionality, and the tolerability of 17-AAG in response to a dose-escalation protocol and multiple administrations at a single dose in healthy dogs. Two protocols were used: Study A: four dogs received variable intravenous (IV) doses (50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 mg/m2) of 17-AAG or a placebo (n = 4/dose level), using a cross-over design with a 7-day "wash-out" period; Study B: nine dogs received three IV doses of 150 mg/m2 of 17-AAG administered at 48 h intervals. 17-AAG concentrations were determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method: linearity (R2 = 0.9964), intra-day precision with a coefficient of variation (CV) ≤ 8%, inter-day precision (CV ≤ 20%), and detection and quantification limits of 12.5 and 25 ng/mL, respectively. In Study A, 17-AAG was generally well tolerated. However, increased levels of liver enzymes-alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)-and bloody diarrhea were observed in all four dogs receiving the highest dosage of 250 mg/m2. After single doses of 17-AAG (50-250 mg/m2), maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) ranged between 1405 ± 686 and 9439 ± 991 ng/mL, and the area under the curve (AUC) plotting plasma concentration against time ranged between 1483 ± 694 and 11,902 ± 1962 AUC 0-8 h μg/mL × h, respectively. Cmax and AUC parameters were dose-proportionate between the 50 and 200 mg/m2 doses. Regarding Study B, 17-AAG was found to be well tolerated at multiple doses of 150 mg/m2. Increased levels of liver enzymes-ALT (28.57 ± 4.29 to 173.33 ± 49.56 U/L), AST (27.85 ± 3.80 to 248.20 ± 85.80 U/L), and GGT (1.60 ± 0.06 to 12.70 ± 0.50 U/L)-and bloody diarrhea were observed in only 3/9 of these dogs. After the administration of multiple doses, Cmax and AUC 0-48 h were 5254 ± 2784 μg/mL and 6850 ± 469 μg/mL × h in plasma and 736 ± 294 μg/mL and 7382 ± 1357 μg/mL × h in tissue transudate, respectively. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the potential of 17-AAG in the treatment of CVL, using a regimen of three doses at 150 mg/m2, since it presents the maintenance of high concentrations in subcutaneous interstitial fluid, low toxicity, and reversible hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Ferrante
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
| | - Bruna Martins Macedo Leite
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
| | - Lívia Brito Coelho Fontes
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
| | - Alice Santos Moreira
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
| | - Élder Muller Nascimento de Almeida
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
| | - Claudia Ida Brodskyn
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
| | - Isadora dos Santos Lima
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Pathology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (I.d.S.L.); (W.L.C.d.S.)
| | - Washington Luís Conrado dos Santos
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Pathology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (I.d.S.L.); (W.L.C.d.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Bahia Medical School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-906, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luciano Vasconcellos Pacheco
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, Bahia, Brazil; (L.V.P.); (V.C.d.S.); (A.d.F.S.J.)
| | - Vagner Cardoso da Silva
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, Bahia, Brazil; (L.V.P.); (V.C.d.S.); (A.d.F.S.J.)
| | - Jeancarlo Pereira dos Anjos
- Integrated Campus of Manufacturing and Technology, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (J.P.d.A.); (L.L.N.G.)
| | - Lílian Lefol Nani Guarieiro
- Integrated Campus of Manufacturing and Technology, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (J.P.d.A.); (L.L.N.G.)
| | - Fabiana Landoni
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina;
| | - Juliana P. B. de Menezes
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
| | - Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq)
| | - Aníbal de Freitas Santos Júnior
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, Bahia, Brazil; (L.V.P.); (V.C.d.S.); (A.d.F.S.J.)
| | - Patrícia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq)
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Guhe V, Ingale P, Tambekar A, Singh S. Systems biology of autophagy in leishmanial infection and its diverse role in precision medicine. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1113249. [PMID: 37152895 PMCID: PMC10160387 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1113249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a contentious issue in leishmaniasis and is emerging as a promising therapeutic regimen. Published research on the impact of autophagic regulation on Leishmania survival is inconclusive, despite numerous pieces of evidence that Leishmania spp. triggers autophagy in a variety of cell types. The mechanistic approach is poorly understood in the Leishmania parasite as autophagy is significant in both Leishmania and the host. Herein, this review discusses the autophagy proteins that are being investigated as potential therapeutic targets, the connection between autophagy and lipid metabolism, and microRNAs that regulate autophagy and lipid metabolism. It also highlights the use of systems biology to develop novel autophagy-dependent therapeutics for leishmaniasis by utilizing artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), mathematical modeling, network analysis, and other computational methods. Additionally, we have shown many databases for autophagy and metabolism in Leishmania parasites that suggest potential therapeutic targets for intricate signaling in the autophagy system. In a nutshell, the detailed understanding of the dynamics of autophagy in conjunction with lipids and miRNAs unfolds larger dimensions for future research.
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Changotra H, Kaur S, Yadav SS, Gupta GL, Parkash J, Duseja A. ATG5: A central autophagy regulator implicated in various human diseases. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:650-667. [PMID: 36062813 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular conserved degradative process, plays a central role in the renewal/recycling of a cell to maintain the homeostasis of nutrients and energy within the cell. ATG5, a key component of autophagy, regulates the formation of the autophagosome, a hallmark of autophagy. ATG5 binds with ATG12 and ATG16L1 resulting in E3 like ligase complex, which is necessary for autophagosome expansion. Available data suggest that ATG5 is indispensable for autophagy and has an imperative role in several essential biological processes. Moreover, ATG5 has also been demonstrated to possess autophagy-independent functions that magnify its significance and therapeutic potential. ATG5 interacts with various molecules for the execution of different processes implicated during physiological and pathological conditions. Furthermore, ATG5 genetic variants are associated with various ailments. This review discusses various autophagy-dependent and autophagy-independent roles of ATG5, highlights its various deleterious genetic variants reported until now, and various studies supporting it as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Changotra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Sargeet Kaur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Suresh Singh Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyoti Parkash
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Palomino SM, Levine AA, Wahl J, Liktor-Busa E, Streicher JM, Largent-Milnes TM. Inhibition of HSP90 Preserves Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity after Cortical Spreading Depression. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1665. [PMID: 36015292 PMCID: PMC9416719 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a pathophysiological mechanism underlying headache disorders, including migraine. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is increased during CSD. Recent papers have suggested that heat shock proteins (HSP) contribute to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. In this study, the possible role of HSP90 in CSD-associated blood-brain barrier leak at the endothelial cell was investigated using an in vitro model, for the blood-endothelial barrier (BEB), and an in vivo model with an intact BBB. We measured barrier integrity using trans endothelial electric resistance (TEER) across a monolayer of rodent brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3), a sucrose uptake assay, and in situ brain perfusion using female Sprague Dawley rats. CSD was induced by application of 60 mM KCl for 5 min in in vitro experiments or cortical injection of KCl (1 M, 0.5 µL) through a dural cannula in vivo. HSP90 was selectively blocked by 17-AAG. Our data showed that preincubation with 17-AAG (1 µM) prevented the reduction of TEER values caused by the KCl pulse on the monolayer of bEnd.3 cells. The elevated uptake of 14C-sucrose across the same endothelial monolayer induced by the KCl pulse was significantly reduced after preincubation with HSP90 inhibitor. Pre-exposure to 17-AAG significantly mitigated the transient BBB leak after CSD induced by cortical KCl injection as determined by in situ brain perfusion in female rats. Our results demonstrated that inhibition of HSP90 with the selective agent 17-AAG reduced CSD-associated BEB/BBB paracellular leak. Overall, this novel observation supports HSP90 inhibition mitigates KCl-induced BBB permeability and suggests the development of new therapeutic approaches targeting HSP90 in headache disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tally M. Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
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