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Wu X, Wang H, Xiong J, Yang GX, Hu JF, Zhu Q, Chen Z. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm: Formulation, regulatory, and emerging natural products-derived therapeutics. Biofilm 2024; 7:100175. [PMID: 38298832 PMCID: PMC10827693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can readily form biofilm which enhances the drug-resistance, resulting in life-threatening infections involving different organs. Biofilm formation occurs due to a series of developmental events including bacterial adhesion, aggregation, biofilm maturation, and dispersion, which are controlled by multiple regulatory systems. Rapidly increasing research and development outcomes on natural products targeting S. aureus biofilm formation and/or regulation led to an emergent application of active phytochemicals and combinations. This review aimed at providing an in-depth understanding of biofilm formation and regulation mechanisms for S. aureus, outlining the most important antibiofilm strategies and potential targets of natural products, and summarizing the latest progress in combating S. aureus biofilm with plant-derived natural products. These findings provided further evidence for novel antibiofilm drugs research and clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, 318000, China
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Juan Xiong
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guo-Xun Yang
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
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2
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Correia AAV, de Almeida Campos LA, de Queiroz Macêdo HLR, de Lacerda Coriolano D, Agreles MAA, Xavier DE, de Siqueira Ferraz-Carvalho R, de Andrade Aguiar JL, Cavalcanti IMF. Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Potential of Bacterial Cellulose Hydrogel Containing Vancomycin against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:354. [PMID: 38785836 PMCID: PMC11118175 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of bacterial cellulose hydrogel produced by Zoogloea sp. (HYDROGEL) containing vancomycin (VAN) against bacterial strains that cause wound infections, such as multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Initially, HYDROGEL was obtained from sugar cane molasses, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to determine morphological characteristics. Then, VAN was incorporated into HYDROGEL (VAN-HYDROGEL). The antibacterial activity of VAN, HYDROGEL, and VAN-HYDROGEL was assessed using the broth microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) ATCC 25923, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC 33591, S. epidermidis INCQS 00016 (ATCC 12228), five clinical isolates of MRSA, and nine clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis, following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of VAN, HYDROGEL, and VAN-HYDROGEL was studied using the time-kill assay. Subsequently, the antibiofilm activity of VAN, HYDROGEL, and VAN-HYDROGEL was evaluated using crystal violet and Congo red methods, as well as SEM analysis. VAN and VAN-HYDROGEL showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against MRSA and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis strains. HYDROGEL did not show any antibacterial activity. Analysis of the time-kill assay indicated that HYDROGEL maintained the antibacterial efficacy of VAN, highlighting its efficiency as a promising carrier. Regarding antibiofilm activity, VAN and HYDROGEL inhibited biofilm formation but did not demonstrate biofilm eradication activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains. However, it was observed that the biofilm eradication potential of VAN was enhanced after incorporation into HYDROGEL, a result also proven through images obtained by SEM. From the methods carried out in this study, it was possible to observe that HYDROGEL preserved the antibacterial activity of vancomycin, aside from exhibiting antibiofilm activity and enhancing the antibiofilm effect of VAN. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential of HYDROGEL as a candidate and/or vehicle for antibiotics against MDR bacteria that cause wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Danilo Elias Xavier
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, FIOCRUZ-PE, Recife 50740-465, Brazil
| | | | | | - Isabella Macário Ferro Cavalcanti
- Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Brazil
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Academic Center of Vitória (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
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Vadakkan K, Sathishkumar K, Kuttiyachan Urumbil S, Ponnenkunnathu Govindankutty S, Kumar Ngangbam A, Devi Nongmaithem B. A review of chemical signaling mechanisms underlying quorum sensing and its inhibition in Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Chem 2024; 148:107465. [PMID: 38761705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterium responsible for multiple infections and is a primary cause of fatalities among patients in hospital environments. The advent of pathogenic bacteria such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus revealed the shortcomings of employing antibiotics to treat bacterial infectious diseases. Quorum sensing enhances S. aureus's survivability through signaling processes. Targeting the key components of quorum sensing has drawn much interest nowadays as a promising strategy for combating infections caused by bacteria. Concentrating on the accessory gene regulator quorum-sensing mechanism is the most commonly suggested anti-virulence approach for S.aureus. Quorum quenching is a common strategy for controlling illnesses triggered by microorganisms since it reduces the pathogenicity of bacteria and improves bacterial biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics, thus providing an intriguing prospect for drug discovery. Quorum sensing inhibition reduces selective stresses and constrains the emergence of antibiotic resistance while limiting bacterial pathogenicity. This review examines the quorum sensing mechanisms involved in S. aureus, quorum sensing targets and gene regulation, environmental factors affecting quorum sensing, quorum sensing inhibition, natural products as quorum sensing inhibitory agents and novel therapeutical strategies to target quorum sensing in S. aureus as drug developing technique to augment conventional antibiotic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayeen Vadakkan
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Mary's College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala 680020, India; Manipur International University, Imphal, Manipur 795140, India.
| | - Kuppusamy Sathishkumar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India
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Mazzantini D, Massimino M, Calvigioni M, Rossi V, Celandroni F, Lupetti A, Batoni G, Ghelardi E. Anti-Staphylococcal Biofilm Effects of a Liposome-Based Formulation Containing Citrus Polyphenols. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:318. [PMID: 38666994 PMCID: PMC11047357 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are surface-associated microbial communities embedded in a matrix that is almost impenetrable to antibiotics, thus constituting a critical health threat. Biofilm formation on the cornea or ocular devices can lead to serious and difficult-to-treat infections. Nowadays, natural molecules with antimicrobial activity and liposome-based delivery systems are proposed as anti-biofilm candidates. In this study, the anti-biofilm activity of a formulation containing citrus polyphenols encapsulated in liposomes was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, the most common agents in ocular infections. The formulation activity against planktonic staphylococci was tested by broth microdilution and sub-inhibitory concentrations were used to evaluate the effect on biofilm formation using the crystal violet (CV) assay. The eradicating effect of the preparation on mature biofilms was investigated by the CV assay, plate count, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The product was bactericidal against staphylococci at a dilution of 1:2 or 1:4 and able to reduce biofilm formation even if diluted at 1:64. The formulation also had the ability to reduce the biomass of mature biofilms without affecting the number of cells, suggesting activity on the extracellular matrix. Overall, our results support the application of the used liposome-encapsulated polyphenols as an anti-biofilm strategy to counter biofilm-associated ocular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emilia Ghelardi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (D.M.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (V.R.); (F.C.); (A.L.); (G.B.)
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Farsi S, Chaudhry S, Khan A, Gardner J, Ogwo M, Ofori B, Hosseini M, Cervantes J. Antimicrobial effect of chamomile-containing over-the-counter ear and eye drops. J Investig Med 2024; 72:305-311. [PMID: 38142266 DOI: 10.1177/10815589231223201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) is a plant with known antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Homeopathic drops containing chamomile extract are often used for ear pain and chronic ear infections. We aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of over-the-counter eardrops containing chamomile against organisms causing bacterial conjunctivitis and otitis externa. Liquid cultures of Streptococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were exposed to increasing concentrations of eardrops containing chamomile extract. Liquid cultures of S. aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were exposed to increasing concentrations of chamomile eye drops for 5, 10, 15, and 45 min. Colony forming units (CFUs) were assessed after 18 h. Viability assays for these organisms were performed using the resazurin microdilution assay. We observed a reduction in the number of P. aeruginosa CFUs when the bacteria were exposed to any of the three concentrations of the chamomile drops as early as 5 min, with maximal reduction upon exposure to the 30% concentration at 45 min. Reduction in S. aureus CFUs, on the other hand, was observed for all three concentrations as maximal in the 5 min of exposure. We observed a marked reduction in the number of S. aureus CFUs upon exposure to any of the three preparations of chamomile-containing eye drops, which was almost immediate at 10% concentration. Streptococcus pneumoniae reduction happened at 5 min and continued through the 45-min observation period for all three concentrations. Our findings suggest that over-the-counter ear drops containing chamomile extract could potentially be used as a non-prescription treatment for mild cases of otitis externa and bacterial conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Farsi
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Shahrukh Chaudhry
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed Khan
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Joshua Gardner
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Morgan Ogwo
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Brendon Ofori
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Mehrdad Hosseini
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jorge Cervantes
- Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Liang S, Xiao L, Fang Y, Chen T, Xie Y, Peng Z, Wu M, Liu Y, Xie J, Nie Y, Zhao X, Deng Y, Zhao C, Mai Y. A nanocomposite hydrogel for co-delivery of multiple anti-biofilm therapeutics to enhance the treatment of bacterial biofilm-related infections. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123638. [PMID: 38008233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of biofilms have exacerbated the issue of clinical antibiotic resistance, rendering it a pressing challenge in need of resolution. The combination of biofilm-dispersing agents and antibiotics can eliminate biofilms and promote healing synergistically in infected wounds. In this study, we developed a novel nanocomposite hydrogel (NC gel) comprised of the poly(lactic acid)-hyperbranched polyglycerol (PLA-HPG) based bioadhesive nanoparticles (BNPs) and a hydrophilic carboxymethyl chitosan (CS) network. The NC gel was designed to co-deliver two biofilm-dispersing agents (an NO-donor SNO, and an α-amylase Am) and an antibiotic, cefepime (Cef), utilizing a synergistic anti-biofilm mechanism in which Am loosens the matrix structure and NO promotes the release of biofilm bacteria via quorum sensing, and Cef kills bacteria. The drug-loaded NC gel (SNO/BNP/CS@Am-Cef) demonstrated sustained drug release, minimal cytotoxicity, and increased drug-bacterial interactions at the site of infection. When applied to mice infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms in vivo, SNO/BNP/CS@Am-Cef enhanced biofilm elimination and promoted wound healing compared to traditional antibiotic treatments. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of the co-delivery of biofilm-dispersing agents and antibiotics using the NC gel and presents a promising approach for the polytherapy of bacterial biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Lingyun Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yixuan Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhangwen Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Meiying Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Julin Xie
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yichu Nie
- Clinical Research Institute, The First People's Hospital of Foshan & Sun Yat-sen University Foshan Hospital, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Xizhe Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, NY 10314, USA
| | - Yang Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Convergent Biosciences and Medicine, Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Yang Mai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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Petrillo F, Sinoca M, Fea AM, Galdiero M, Maione A, Galdiero E, Guida M, Reibaldi M. Candida Biofilm Eye Infection: Main Aspects and Advance in Novel Agents as Potential Source of Treatment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1277. [PMID: 37627697 PMCID: PMC10451181 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi represent a very important cause of microbial eye infections, especially in tropical and developing countries, as they could cause sight-threating disease, such as keratitis and ocular candidiasis, resulting in irreversible vision loss. Candida species are among the most frequent microorganisms associated with fungal infection. Although Candida albicans is still the most frequently detected organism among Candida subspecies, an important increase in non-albicans species has been reported. Mycotic infections often represent an important diagnostic-clinical problem due to the difficulties in performing the diagnosis and a therapeutic problem due to the limited availability of commercial drugs and the difficult penetration of antifungals into ocular tissues. The ability to form biofilms is another feature that makes Candida a dangerous pathogen. In this review, a summary of the state-of-the-art panorama about candida ocular pathology, diagnosis, and treatment has been conducted. Moreover, we also focused on new prospective natural compounds, including nanoparticles, micelles, and nanocarriers, as promising drug delivery systems to better cure ocular fungal and biofilm-related infections. The effect of the drug combination has also been examined from the perspective of increasing efficacy and improving the course of infections caused by Candida which are difficult to fight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Petrillo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Eye Clinic, Turin University, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.P.); (A.M.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Marica Sinoca
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Antonio Maria Fea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Eye Clinic, Turin University, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.P.); (A.M.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Angela Maione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Emilia Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.); (M.G.)
- NBFC—National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.); (M.G.)
- NBFC—National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Eye Clinic, Turin University, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.P.); (A.M.F.); (M.R.)
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Tătaru AM, Canciu A, Tertiș M, Cristea C, Cernat A. Staphylococcus aureus - Review on potential targets for sensors development. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 153:108492. [PMID: 37413820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is accountable for a wide variety of clinical disease with a high rate of morbidity and mortality around the globe. It has a leading place into the ESKAPE group that includes six pathogens and exhibit multidrug resistance and are the major cause of healthcare associated infections: Enterococcus faecium, S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. A critical overview regarding the development of sensors for both S. aureus and his, more dangerous alter ego, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was presented focusing on the bacteria targets starting with the detection of the whole cell, up to specific wall components, toxins or other virulence factors. The literature data was systematically assessed having in sight the design of the sensing platforms, the analytical performances, and possible courses of action to be implemented in real practice as point-of-care (POC) devices. Moreover, a distinct section was dedicated to commercially available devices and out of the box approaches, namely the use of bacteriophages as an alternative to antimicrobial therapy and as sensors modifiers. The reviewed sensors and devices were discussed in terms of their suitability for different biosensing applications, in early screening of contamination regarding food analysis, environmental monitoring and in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Tătaru
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Canciu
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Tertiș
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cecilia Cristea
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Andreea Cernat
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Sharma S, Mohler J, Mahajan SD, Schwartz SA, Bruggemann L, Aalinkeel R. Microbial Biofilm: A Review on Formation, Infection, Antibiotic Resistance, Control Measures, and Innovative Treatment. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1614. [PMID: 37375116 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm is complex and consists of bacterial colonies that reside in an exopolysaccharide matrix that attaches to foreign surfaces in a living organism. Biofilm frequently leads to nosocomial, chronic infections in clinical settings. Since the bacteria in the biofilm have developed antibiotic resistance, using antibiotics alone to treat infections brought on by biofilm is ineffective. This review provides a succinct summary of the theories behind the composition of, formation of, and drug-resistant infections attributed to biofilm and cutting-edge curative approaches to counteract and treat biofilm. The high frequency of medical device-induced infections due to biofilm warrants the application of innovative technologies to manage the complexities presented by biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Sharma
- Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - James Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Supriya D Mahajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Stanley A Schwartz
- Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Liana Bruggemann
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Ravikumar Aalinkeel
- Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
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Biology and Regulation of Staphylococcal Biofilm. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065218. [PMID: 36982293 PMCID: PMC10049468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite continuing progress in medical and surgical procedures, staphylococci remain the major Gram-positive bacterial pathogens that cause a wide spectrum of diseases, especially in patients requiring the utilization of indwelling catheters and prosthetic devices implanted temporarily or for prolonged periods of time. Within the genus, if Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis are prevalent species responsible for infections, several coagulase-negative species which are normal components of our microflora also constitute opportunistic pathogens that are able to infect patients. In such a clinical context, staphylococci producing biofilms show an increased resistance to antimicrobials and host immune defenses. Although the biochemical composition of the biofilm matrix has been extensively studied, the regulation of biofilm formation and the factors contributing to its stability and release are currently still being discovered. This review presents and discusses the composition and some regulation elements of biofilm development and describes its clinical importance. Finally, we summarize the numerous and various recent studies that address attempts to destroy an already-formed biofilm within the clinical context as a potential therapeutic strategy to avoid the removal of infected implant material, a critical event for patient convenience and health care costs.
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Shivaji S, Nagapriya B, Ranjith K. Differential Susceptibility of Mixed Polymicrobial Biofilms Involving Ocular Coccoid Bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis) and a Filamentous Fungus ( Fusarium solani) on Ex Vivo Human Corneas. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020413. [PMID: 36838378 PMCID: PMC9964441 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms confer several advantages to the organisms associated with them, such as increased resistances to antibacterial and antifungal compounds compared to free living cells. Compared to monomicrobial biofilms involving a single microorganism, biofilms composed of microorganisms affiliated to bacterial and fungal kingdoms are predominant in nature. Despite the predominance of polymicrobial biofilms, and more so mixed polymicrobial biofilms, they are rarely studied. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the potential of ocular bacteria and a filamentous fungus to form monomicrobial and mixed polymicrobial biofilms on synthetic and natural substrates and to monitor their response to antibiotics. In this sense, we demonstrated that the ocular pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Fusarium solani form monomicrobial and mixed polymicrobial biofilms both on tissue culture polystyrene plates and on ex vivo human corneas from cadavers using confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the mixed polymicrobial biofilms involving the above ocular bacteria and a filamentous fungus were less susceptible to different antibacterials and antifungals in relation to the corresponding control planktonic cells. Further, the MICs to the screened antibacterials and antifungals in polymicrobial biofilms involving a bacterium or a fungus was either increased, decreased, or unchanged compared to the corresponding individual bacterial or fungal biofilm. The results would be useful to the ophthalmologist to plan effective treatment regimens for the eye since these are common pathogens of the eye causing keratitis, endophthalmitis, conjunctivitis, etc.
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Atiencia-Carrera MB, Cabezas-Mera FS, Vizuete K, Debut A, Tejera E, Machado A. Evaluation of the biofilm life cycle between Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:953168. [PMID: 36061861 PMCID: PMC9433541 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.953168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is an emergent pathogen with a high rate of mortality associated with its biofilm formation. Biofilm formation has important repercussions on the public health system. However, little is still known about its biofilm life cycle. The present study analyzed the biofilm life cycle of Candida albicans and C. tropicalis during various timepoints (24, 48, 72, and 96 h) through biomass assays, colony-forming unit (CFU) counting, and epifluorescence and scanning electron microscopies. Our results showed a significant difference between C. albicans and C. tropicalis biofilms in each biomass and viability assay. All-time samples in the biomass and viability assays confirmed statistical differences between the Candida species through pairwise Wilcoxon tests (p < 0.05). C. albicans demonstrated a lower biomass growth but reached nearly the same level of C. tropicalis biomass at 96 h, while the CFU counting assays exhibited a superior number of viable cells within the C. tropicalis biofilm. Statistical differences were also found between C. albicans and C. tropicalis biofilms from 48- and 72-h microscopies, demonstrating C. tropicalis with a higher number of total cells within biofilms and C. albicans cells with a superior cell area and higher matrix production. Therefore, the present study proved the higher biofilm production of C. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Atiencia-Carrera
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Instituto de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fausto Sebastián Cabezas-Mera
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Instituto de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Karla Vizuete
- Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE), Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Alexis Debut
- Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE), Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Tejera
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agropecuarias Aplicadas, Grupo de Bioquimioinformática, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: António Machado, ; Eduardo Tejera,
| | - António Machado
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Instituto de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Quito, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: António Machado, ; Eduardo Tejera,
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Ranjith K, Nagapriya B, Shivaji S. Polymicrobial biofilms of ocular bacteria and fungi on ex vivo human corneas. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11606. [PMID: 35803992 PMCID: PMC9270462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes residing in biofilms confer several fold higher antimicrobial resistances than their planktonic counterparts. Compared to monomicrobial biofilms, polymicrobial biofilms involving multiple bacteria, multiple fungi or both are more dominant in nature. Paradoxically, polymicrobial biofilms are less studied. In this study, ocular isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Candida albicans, the etiological agents of several ocular infections, were used to demonstrate their potential to form mono- and polymicrobial biofilms both in vitro and on human cadaveric corneas. Quantitative (crystal violet and XTT methods) and qualitative (confocal and scanning electron microscopy) methods demonstrated that they form polymicrobial biofilms. The extent of biofilm formation was dependent on whether bacteria and fungi were incubated simultaneously or added to a preformed biofilm. Additionally, the polymicrobial biofilms exhibited increased resistance to different antimicrobials compared to planktonic cells. When the MBECs of different antibacterial and antifungal agents were monitored it was observed that the MBECs in the polymicrobial biofilms was either identical or decreased compared to the monomicrobial biofilms. The results are relevant in planning treatment strategies for the eye. This study demonstrates that ocular bacteria and fungi form polymicrobial biofilms and exhibit increase in antimicrobial resistance compared to the planktonic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konduri Ranjith
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500034, India
| | - Banka Nagapriya
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500034, India
| | - Sisinthy Shivaji
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500034, India.
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Das S, Singh S, Kumar A. Bacterial Burden Declines But Neutrophil Infiltration and Ocular Tissue Damage Persist in Experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis Endophthalmitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:780648. [PMID: 34869079 PMCID: PMC8635919 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.780648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), including Staphylococcus (S) epidermidis, are responsible for ~70% of all post-surgical endophthalmitis, a potentially blinding eye infection. However, the pathobiology of CoNS endophthalmitis is limited to epidemiological and clinical case studies with few experimental studies. Here, we report both in vitro and in vivo models to study the pathobiology of S. epidermidis endophthalmitis in mice. We found that S. epidermidis is rapidly cleared from mouse eyes, and a relatively higher dose (i.e., 107 CFU/eye) was needed to cause endophthalmitis. Our time-course study revealed that bacterial load peaked at 24 h post-infection followed by a gradual decline up to 72 h. A similar time-dependent decrease in levels of inflammatory mediators and Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression was also observed. In contrast, neutrophil infiltration continued to increase up to 72 h coinciding with significant retinal tissue damage and loss of visual function. In vitro, S. epidermidis induced the activation of various inflammatory signaling pathways (i.e., NF-kB, ERK, and P38) and the production of both cytokines and chemokines in mouse BMDMs, human RPE, and retinal Muller glia. Altogether, we show that bacterial burden is reduced in S. epidermidis endophthalmitis, while tissue damage and visual function loss continue. Thus, our study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of CoNS endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Das
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sukhvinder Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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Chamarande J, Cunat L, Caillet C, Mathieu L, Duval JFL, Lozniewski A, Frippiat JP, Alauzet C, Cailliez-Grimal C. Surface Properties of Parabacteroides distasonis and Impacts of Stress-Induced Molecules on Its Surface Adhesion and Biofilm Formation Capacities. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1602. [PMID: 34442682 PMCID: PMC8400631 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem whose balance and homeostasis are essential to the host's well-being and whose composition can be critically affected by various factors, including host stress. Parabacteroides distasonis causes well-known beneficial roles for its host, but is negatively impacted by stress. However, the mechanisms explaining its maintenance in the gut have not yet been explored, in particular its capacities to adhere onto (bio)surfaces, form biofilms and the way its physicochemical surface properties are affected by stressing conditions. In this paper, we reported adhesion and biofilm formation capacities of 14 unrelated strains of P. distasonis using a steam-based washing procedure, and the electrokinetic features of its surface. Results evidenced an important inter-strain variability for all experiments including the response to stress hormones. In fact, stress-induced molecules significantly impact P. distasonis adhesion and biofilm formation capacities in 35% and 23% of assays, respectively. This study not only provides basic data on the adhesion and biofilm formation capacities of P. distasonis to abiotic substrates but also paves the way for further research on how stress-molecules could be implicated in P. distasonis maintenance within the gut microbiota, which is a prerequisite for designing efficient solutions to optimize its survival within gut environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Chamarande
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Lisiane Cunat
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Céline Caillet
- CNRS, LIEC, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.C.); (J.F.L.D.)
| | - Laurence Mathieu
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l’Environnement (LCPME), Paris Sciences Lettres University (PSL), F-54500 Nancy, France;
| | - Jérôme F. L. Duval
- CNRS, LIEC, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.C.); (J.F.L.D.)
| | - Alain Lozniewski
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
- CHRU de Nancy, Service de Microbiologie, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Corentine Alauzet
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
- CHRU de Nancy, Service de Microbiologie, F-54000 Nancy, France
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