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Yigit M, Basoglu OF, Unutmaz D. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in cancer: dual roles, complex interactions and therapeutic potential. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369236. [PMID: 38545100 PMCID: PMC10965779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play diverse roles in cancer, infectious diseases, and immunotherapy. This review explores their intricate involvement in cancer, from early detection to their dual functions in promoting inflammation and mediating anti-tumor responses. Within the solid tumor microenvironment (TME), MAIT cells can acquire an 'exhausted' state and secrete tumor-promoting cytokines. On the other hand, MAIT cells are highly cytotoxic, and there is evidence that they may have an anti-tumor immune response. The frequency of MAIT cells and their subsets has also been shown to have prognostic value in several cancer types. Recent innovative approaches, such as programming MAIT cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), provide a novel and exciting approach to utilizing these cells in cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Because MAIT cells have a restricted T cell receptor (TCR) and recognize a common antigen, this also mitigates potential graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and opens the possibility of using allogeneic MAIT cells as off-the-shelf cell therapies in cancer. Additionally, we outline the interactions of MAIT cells with the microbiome and their critical role in infectious diseases and how this may impact the tumor responses of these cells. Understanding these complex roles can lead to novel therapeutic strategies harnessing the targeting capabilities of MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Yigit
- Human Immunology Laboratory, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Omer Faruk Basoglu
- Human Immunology Laboratory, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
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2
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Katsnelson EN, Spengler A, Domenico J, Couts KL, Loh L, Gapin L, McCarter MD, Tobin RP. Dysfunctional states of unconventional T-cell subsets in cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:36-46. [PMID: 37837379 PMCID: PMC10843843 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Unconventional T cells represent a promising therapeutic agent to overcome the current limitations of immunotherapies due to their universal T-cell receptors, ability to respond directly to cytokine stimulation, and capacity to recruit and modulate conventional immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Like conventional T cells, unconventional T cells can enter a dysfunctional state, and the functional differences associated with this state may provide insight into the discrepancies observed in their role in antitumor immunity in various cancers. The exhaustive signature of unconventional T cells differs from conventional αβ T cells, and understanding the differences in the mechanisms underlying exhaustive differentiation in these cell types may aid in the discovery of new treatments to improve sustained antitumor responses. Ongoing clinical trials investigating therapies that leverage unconventional T-cell populations have shown success in treating hematologic malignancies and reducing the immunosuppressive tumor environment. However, several hurdles remain to extend these promising results into solid tumors. Here we discuss the current knowledge on unconventional T-cell function/dysfunction and consider how the incorporation of therapies that modulate unconventional T-cell exhaustion may aid in overcoming the current limitations of immunotherapy. Additionally, we discuss how components of the tumor microenvironment alter the functions of unconventional T cells and how these changes can affect tumor infiltration by lymphocytes and alter conventional T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N. Katsnelson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Andrea Spengler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Joanne Domenico
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Kasey L. Couts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Martin D. McCarter
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Richard P. Tobin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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Li J, Li Y, Niu J, Zhang J, Cheng X. Exploration of the shared genetic biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease and chronic kidney disease using integrated bioinformatics analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35555. [PMID: 37933012 PMCID: PMC10627605 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the potential link between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), we conducted a comprehensive analysis using a bioinformatics approach. We downloaded AD and CKD datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and analyzed differentially expressed genes and weighted gene co-expression networks to identify candidate genes for AD and CKD. We used a combination of the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and random forest algorithms to select the shared genes. Subsequently, we shared genes and performed an immune infiltration analysis to investigate the association between different immune cell types and shared genes. Finally, we elucidated the relationship between the expression levels of the shared genes in disease samples and cells using single-cell analysis. Our analysis identified 150 candidate genes that may be primarily involved in immune inflammatory responses and energy metabolism pathways. We found that JunD Proto-Oncogene, ALF transcription elongation factor 1, and ZFP36 Ring Finger Protein Like 1 were the best co-diagnostic markers for AD and CKD based on the results of Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator analysis and the random forest algorithm. Based on the results of immune infiltration analysis, macrophages and T-cells play a significant role in the progression of AD and CKD. Our scRNA-sequencing data showed that the 3 shared genes in AD were significantly expressed in astrocytes, excitatory neurons, oligodendrocytes, and MAIT cells. The 3 shared genes in CKD were significantly expressed in oligodendrocytes, neutrophils, fibroblasts, astrocytes, and T-cells. JunD Proto-Oncogene, ALF transcription elongation factor 1, and ZFP36 Ring Finger Protein Like 1 genes are the best diagnostic markers for AD and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jiachang Niu
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xunshu Cheng
- Medical College, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, China
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Wyatt-Johnson SK, Kersey HN, Codocedo JF, Newell KL, Landreth GE, Lamb BT, Oblak AL, Brutkiewicz RR. Control of the temporal development of Alzheimer's disease pathology by the MR1/MAIT cell axis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:78. [PMID: 36944969 PMCID: PMC10029194 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is an important feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding which aspects of the immune system are important in AD may lead to new therapeutic approaches. We study the major histocompatibility complex class I-related immune molecule, MR1, which is recognized by an innate-like T cell population called mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. METHODS Having found that MR1 gene expression is elevated in the brain tissue of AD patients by mining the Agora database, we sought to examine the role of the MR1/MAIT cell axis in AD pathology. Brain tissue from AD patients and the 5XFAD mouse model of AD were used to analyze MR1 expression through qPCR, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. Furthermore, mice deficient in MR1 and MAIT cells were crossed with the 5XFAD mice to produce a model to study how the loss of this innate immune axis alters AD progression. Moreover, 5XFAD mice were also used to study brain-resident MAIT cells over time. RESULTS In tissue samples from AD patients and 5XFAD mice, MR1 expression was substantially elevated in the microglia surrounding plaques vs. those that are further away (human AD: P < 0.05; 5XFAD: P < 0.001). In 5XFAD mice lacking the MR1/MAIT cell axis, the development of amyloid-beta plaque pathology occurred at a significantly slower rate than in those mice with MR1 and MAIT cells. Furthermore, in brain tissue from 5XFAD mice, there was a temporal increase in MAIT cell numbers (P < 0.01) and their activation state, the latter determined by detecting an upregulation of both CD69 (P < 0.05) and the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (P < 0.05) via flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data reveal a previously unknown role for the MR1/MAIT cell innate immune axis in AD pathology and its potential utility as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Holly N Kersey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Juan F Codocedo
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Adrian L Oblak
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes, strikingly enriched at mucosal surfaces and characterized by a semi-invariant αβ T cell receptor (TCR) recognizing microbial derived intermediates of riboflavin synthesis presented by the MHC-Ib molecule MR1. At barrier sites MAIT cells occupy a prime position for interaction with commensal microorganisms, comprising the microbiota. The microbiota is a rich source of riboflavin derived antigens required in early life to promote intra-thymic MAIT cell development and sustain a life-long population of tissue resident cells. A symbiotic relationship is thought to be maintained in health whereby microbes promote maturation and homeostasis, and in turn MAIT cells can engage a TCR-dependent "tissue repair" program in the presence of commensal organisms conducive to sustaining barrier function and integrity of the microbial community. MAIT cell activation can be induced in a MR1-TCR dependent manner or through MR1-TCR independent mechanisms via pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12/-15/-18 and type I interferon. MAIT cells provide immunity against bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. However, MAIT cells may have deleterious effects through insufficient or exacerbated effector activity and have been implicated in autoimmune, inflammatory and allergic conditions in which microbial dysbiosis is a shared feature. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the role of the microbiota in the development and maintenance of circulating and tissue resident MAIT cells. We also explore how microbial dysbiosis, alongside changes in intestinal permeability and imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory components of the immune response are together involved in the potential pathogenicity of MAIT cells. Whilst there have been significant improvements in our understanding of how the microbiota shapes MAIT cell function, human data are relatively lacking, and it remains unknown if MAIT cells can conversely influence the composition of the microbiota. We speculate whether, in a human population, differences in microbiomes might account for the heterogeneity observed in MAIT cell frequency across mucosal sites or between individuals, and response to therapies targeting T cells. Moreover, we speculate whether manipulation of the microbiota, or harnessing MAIT cell ligands within the gut or disease-specific sites could offer novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisha F. Jabeen
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy S. C. Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang S, Yu Z, Liu X, Huang G, Guo L, Li X, Zha X, Li Y, Li B. Increased IFN-γ + and TNF-α + mucosal-associated invariant T cells in patients with aplastic anemia. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2023; 104:253-262. [PMID: 36779834 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aplastic anemia (AA) is known as an autoimmune disease in which T cell activation is aberrant. It has been reported that unconventional T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, play an important role in several autoimmune diseases, but it is unclear if they are involved in AA. METHODS In this study, we for the first time analyzed the proportions, phenotypes, and cytokine properties of MAIT cells in AA by flow cytometry. RESULTS We found that the percentage of circulating MAIT cells was generally higher for CD3+ , CD8+ , and CD8- T cells in AA patients compared with healthy individuals. Moreover, the percentage of IL-18Rα-, NKG2D-, IFN-γ-, and TNF-α- positive MAIT cells was also significantly higher in AA patients. In addition, the percentage of IFN-γ+ CD3+ or TNF-α+ CD8- MAIT cells had a significant negative correlation with the absolute neutrophil count. CONCLUSIONS We present the first observation of MAIT cells in patients with AA. MAIT cells are associated with a higher frequency of IFN-γ and TNF-α production and may contribute to the pathogenesis of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yikai Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunqing Wang
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoen Liu
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guixuan Huang
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixing Guo
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Zha
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Li Y, Du J, Wei W. Emerging Roles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Rheumatology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:819992. [PMID: 35317168 PMCID: PMC8934402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.819992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an unconventional T cell subset expressing a semi-invariant TCR and recognize microbial riboflavin metabolites presented by major histocompatibility complex class 1-related molecule (MR1). MAIT cells serve as innate-like T cells bridging innate and adaptive immunity, which have attracted increasing attention in recent years. The involvement of MAIT cells has been described in various infections, autoimmune diseases and malignancies. In this review, we first briefly introduce the biology of MAIT cells, and then summarize their roles in rheumatic diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, primary Sjögren’s syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, systemic sclerosis, vasculitis and dermatomyositis. An increased knowledge of MAIT cells will inform the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in rheumatology.
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Ruder J, Rex J, Obahor S, Docampo MJ, Müller AMS, Schanz U, Jelcic I, Martin R. NK Cells and Innate-Like T Cells After Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:794077. [PMID: 34975899 PMCID: PMC8716406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.794077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, in which autoreactive T and B cells play important roles. Other lymphocytes such as NK cells and innate-like T cells appear to be involved as well. To name a few examples, CD56bright NK cells were described as an immunoregulatory NK cell subset in MS while innate-like T cells in MS were described in brain lesions and with proinflammatory signatures. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) is a procedure used to treat MS. This procedure includes hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilization, then high-dose chemotherapy combined with anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) and subsequent infusion of the patients own HSPCs to reconstitute a functional immune system. aHSCT inhibits MS disease activity very effectively and for long time, presumably due to elimination of autoreactive T cells. Here, we performed multidimensional flow cytometry experiments in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 27 MS patients before and after aHSCT to address its potential influence on NK and innate-like T cells. After aHSCT, the relative frequency and absolute numbers of CD56bright NK cells rise above pre-aHSCT levels while all studied innate-like T cell populations decrease. Hence, our data support an enhanced immune regulation by CD56bright NK cells and the efficient reduction of proinflammatory innate-like T cells by aHSCT in MS. These observations contribute to our current understanding of the immunological effects of aHSCT in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Ruder
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jordan Rex
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Obahor
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - María José Docampo
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonia M S Müller
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Schanz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilijas Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bellucci G, Rinaldi V, Buscarinu MC, Reniè R, Bigi R, Pellicciari G, Morena E, Romano C, Marrone A, Mechelli R, Salvetti M, Ristori G. Multiple Sclerosis and SARS-CoV-2: Has the Interplay Started? Front Immunol 2021; 12:755333. [PMID: 34646278 PMCID: PMC8503550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.755333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) etiopathogenesis encompasses complex interactions between the host's genetic background and several environmental factors that result in dysimmunity against the central nervous system. An old-aged association exists between MS and viral infections, capable of triggering and sustaining neuroinflammation through direct and indirect mechanisms. The novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has a remarkable, and still not fully understood, impact on the immune system: the occurrence and severity of both acute COVID-19 and post-infectious chronic illness (long COVID-19) largely depends on the host's response to the infection, that echoes several aspects of MS pathobiology. Furthermore, other MS-associated viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs), may enhance a mechanistic interplay with the novel Coronavirus, with the potential to interfere in MS natural history. Studies on COVID-19 in people with MS have helped clinicians in adjusting therapeutic strategies during the pandemic; similar efforts are being made for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaigns. In this Review, we look over 18 months of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from the perspective of MS: we dissect neuroinflammatory and demyelinating mechanisms associated with COVID-19, summarize pathophysiological crossroads between MS and SARS-CoV-2 infection, and discuss present evidence on COVID-19 and its vaccination in people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Bellucci
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Rinaldi
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Buscarinu
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Reniè
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Bigi
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Pellicciari
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Morena
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Romano
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Marrone
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosella Mechelli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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10
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Editorial for Special Issue: Microbial and Autoimmune Disease. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091800. [PMID: 34576696 PMCID: PMC8465632 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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