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Zanini AA, Burch-Smith TM. New insights into plasmodesmata: complex 'protoplasmic connecting threads'. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:5557-5567. [PMID: 39001658 PMCID: PMC11427835 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Intercellular communication in plants, as in other multicellular organisms, allows cells in tissues to coordinate their responses for development and in response to environmental stimuli. Much of this communication is facilitated by plasmodesmata (PD), consisting of membranes and cytoplasm, that connect adjacent cells to each other. PD have long been viewed as passive conduits for the movement of a variety of metabolites and molecular cargoes, but this perception has been changing over the last two decades or so. Research from the last few years has revealed the importance of PD as signaling hubs and as crucial players in hormone signaling. The adoption of advanced biochemical approaches, molecular tools, and high-resolution imaging modalities has led to several recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the roles of PD, revealing the structural and regulatory complexity of these 'protoplasmic connecting threads'. We highlight several of these findings that we think well illustrate the current understanding of PD as functioning at the nexus of plant physiology, development, and acclimation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Zanini
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA
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Leiva-Mora M, Capdesuñer Y, Villalobos-Olivera A, Moya-Jiménez R, Saa LR, Martínez-Montero ME. Uncovering the Mechanisms: The Role of Biotrophic Fungi in Activating or Suppressing Plant Defense Responses. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:635. [PMID: 39330396 PMCID: PMC11433257 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the mechanisms by which fungi manipulate plant physiology and suppress plant defense responses by producing effectors that can target various host proteins. Effector-triggered immunity and effector-triggered susceptibility are pivotal elements in the complex molecular dialogue underlying plant-pathogen interactions. Pathogen-produced effector molecules possess the ability to mimic pathogen-associated molecular patterns or hinder the binding of pattern recognition receptors. Effectors can directly target nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat receptors, or manipulate downstream signaling components to suppress plant defense. Interactions between these effectors and receptor-like kinases in host plants are critical in this process. Biotrophic fungi adeptly exploit the signaling networks of key plant hormones, including salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and ethylene, to establish a compatible interaction with their plant hosts. Overall, the paper highlights the importance of understanding the complex interplay between plant defense mechanisms and fungal effectors to develop effective strategies for plant disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Leiva-Mora
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica de Ambato (UTA-DIDE), Cantón Cevallos Vía a Quero, Sector El Tambo-La Universidad, Cevallos 1801334, Ecuador
| | - Yanelis Capdesuñer
- Natural Products Department, Centro de Bioplantas, Universidad de Ciego de Ávila Máximo Gómez Báez, Ciego de Ávila 65200, Cuba;
| | - Ariel Villalobos-Olivera
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Ciego de Ávila Máximo Gómez Báez, Ciego de Ávila 65200, Cuba;
| | - Roberto Moya-Jiménez
- Facultad de Diseño y Arquitectura, Universidad Técnica de Ambato (UTA-DIDE), Huachi 180207, Ecuador;
| | - Luis Rodrigo Saa
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), San Cayetano Alto, Calle París s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador;
| | - Marcos Edel Martínez-Montero
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Ciego de Ávila Máximo Gómez Báez, Ciego de Ávila 65200, Cuba;
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Letanneur C, Brisson A, Bisaillon M, Devèze T, Plourde MB, Schattat M, Duplessis S, Germain H. Host-Specific and Homologous Pairs of Melampsora larici-populina Effectors Unveil Novel Nicotiana benthamiana Stromule Induction Factors. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:277-289. [PMID: 38148279 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0148-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The poplar rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina is part of one of the most devastating group of fungi (Pucciniales) and causes important economic losses to the poplar industry. Because M. larici-populina is a heteroecious obligate biotroph, its spread depends on its ability to carry out its reproductive cycle through larch and then poplar parasitism. Genomic approaches have identified more than 1,000 candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) from the predicted secretome of M. larici-populina that are potentially implicated in the infection process. In this study, we selected CSEP pairs (and one triplet) among CSEP gene families that share high sequence homology but display specific gene expression profiles among the two distinct hosts. We determined their subcellular localization by confocal microscopy through expression in the heterologous plant system Nicotiana benthamiana. Five out of nine showed partial or complete chloroplastic localization. We also screened for potential protein interactors from larch and poplar by yeast two-hybrid assays. One pair of CSEPs and the triplet shared common interactors, whereas the members of the two other pairs did not have common targets from either host. Finally, stromule induction quantification revealed that two pairs and the triplet of CSEPs induced stromules when transiently expressed in N. benthamiana. The use of N. benthamiana eds1 and nrg1 knockout lines showed that CSEPs can induce stromules through an eds1-independent mechanism. However, CSEP homologs shared the same impact on stromule induction and contributed to discovering a new stromule induction cascade that can be partially and/or fully independent of eds1. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Letanneur
- Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Alexandre Brisson
- Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Mathias Bisaillon
- Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Théo Devèze
- Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Mélodie B Plourde
- Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Martin Schattat
- Plant Physiology Department, Martin Luther University, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | | | - Hugo Germain
- Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, G8Z 4M3, Canada
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Zhao Y, Zheng X, Tabima JF, Zhu S, Søndreli KL, Hundley H, Bauer D, Barry K, Zhang Y, Schmutz J, Wang Y, LeBoldus JM, Xiong Q. Secreted Effector Proteins of Poplar Leaf Spot and Stem Canker Pathogen Sphaerulina musiva Manipulate Plant Immunity and Contribute to Virulence in Diverse Ways. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:779-795. [PMID: 37551980 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-23-0091-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungal effectors play critical roles in manipulating plant immune responses and promoting colonization. Sphaerulina musiva is a heterothallic ascomycete fungus that causes Septoria leaf spot and stem canker disease in poplar (Populus spp.) plantations. This disease can result in premature defoliation, branch and stem breakage, increased mortality, and plantation failure. However, little is known about the interaction between S. musiva and poplar. Previous work predicted 142 candidate secreted effector proteins in S. musiva (SmCSEPs), 19 of which were selected for further functional characterization in this study. SmCSEP3 induced plant cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, while 8 out of 19 tested SmCSEPs suppressed cell death. The signal peptides of these eight SmCSEPs exhibited secretory activity in a yeast signal sequence trap assay. Confocal microscopy revealed that four of these eight SmCSEPs target both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, whereas four predominantly localize to discrete punctate structures. Pathogen challenge assays in N. benthamiana demonstrated that the transient expression of six SmCSEPs promoted Fusarium proliferatum infection. The expression of these six SmCSEP genes were induced during infection. SmCSEP2, SmCSEP13, and SmCSEP25 suppressed chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species burst and callose deposition in N. benthamiana. The candidate secreted effector proteins of S. musiva target multiple compartments in the plant cell and modulate different pattern-triggered immunity pathways. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyue Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Javier F Tabima
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Sheng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kelsey L Søndreli
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Hope Hundley
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, U.S.A
| | - Diane Bauer
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, U.S.A
| | - Kerrie Barry
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, U.S.A
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jared M LeBoldus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, U.S.A
| | - Qin Xiong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Müller M, Kües U, Budde KB, Gailing O. Applying molecular and genetic methods to trees and their fungal communities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2783-2830. [PMID: 36988668 PMCID: PMC10106355 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12480-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Forests provide invaluable economic, ecological, and social services. At the same time, they are exposed to several threats, such as fragmentation, changing climatic conditions, or increasingly destructive pests and pathogens. Trees, the inherent species of forests, cannot be viewed as isolated organisms. Manifold (micro)organisms are associated with trees playing a pivotal role in forest ecosystems. Of these organisms, fungi may have the greatest impact on the life of trees. A multitude of molecular and genetic methods are now available to investigate tree species and their associated organisms. Due to their smaller genome sizes compared to tree species, whole genomes of different fungi are routinely compared. Such studies have only recently started in forest tree species. Here, we summarize the application of molecular and genetic methods in forest conservation genetics, tree breeding, and association genetics as well as for the investigation of fungal communities and their interrelated ecological functions. These techniques provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of adaptive traits, the impacts of forest management, and changing environmental conditions on tree species and fungal communities and can enhance tree-breeding cycles due to reduced time for field testing. It becomes clear that there are multifaceted interactions among microbial species as well as between these organisms and trees. We demonstrate the versatility of the different approaches based on case studies on trees and fungi. KEY POINTS: • Current knowledge of genetic methods applied to forest trees and associated fungi. • Genomic methods are essential in conservation, breeding, management, and research. • Important role of phytobiomes for trees and their ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müller
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty for Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Goettingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ursula Kües
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Faculty for Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Center of Sustainable Land Use (CBL), Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina B Budde
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty for Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Center of Sustainable Land Use (CBL), Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Gailing
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty for Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Goettingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Center of Sustainable Land Use (CBL), Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Wilson RA, McDowell JM. Recent advances in understanding of fungal and oomycete effectors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102228. [PMID: 35605341 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fungal and oomycete pathogens secrete complex arrays of proteins and small RNAs to interface with plant-host targets and manipulate plant regulatory networks to the microbes' advantage. Research on these important virulence factors has been accelerated by improved genome sequences, refined bioinformatic prediction tools, and exploitation of efficient platforms for understanding effector gene expression and function. Recent studies have validated the expectation that oomycetes and fungi target many of the same sectors in immune signaling networks, but the specific host plant targets and modes of action are diverse. Effector research has also contributed to deeper understanding of the mechanisms of effector-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Wilson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - John M McDowell
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Zhang S, Li C, Si J, Han Z, Chen D. Action Mechanisms of Effectors in Plant-Pathogen Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6758. [PMID: 35743201 PMCID: PMC9224169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops. Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion weapons to successfully invade and propagate in host plants. Here, we review recent advances made in the field of plant-pathogen interaction models and the action mechanisms of phytopathogenic effectors. The review illustrates how effectors from different species use similar and distinct strategies to infect host plants. We classify the main action mechanisms of effectors in plant-pathogen interactions according to the infestation process: targeting physical barriers for disruption, creating conditions conducive to infestation, protecting or masking themselves, interfering with host cell physiological activity, and manipulating plant downstream immune responses. The investigation of the functioning of plant pathogen effectors contributes to improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions. This understanding has important theoretical value and is of practical significance in plant pathology and disease resistance genetics and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhigang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Donghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (J.S.)
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Mapuranga J, Zhang N, Zhang L, Chang J, Yang W. Infection Strategies and Pathogenicity of Biotrophic Plant Fungal Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:799396. [PMID: 35722337 PMCID: PMC9201565 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.799396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi are widely distributed and are among the most damaging pathogenic organisms of agriculturally important crops responsible for significant losses in quality and yield. However, the pathogenesis of obligate parasitic pathogenic microorganisms is still under investigation because they cannot reproduce and complete their life cycle on an artificial medium. The successful lifestyle of biotrophic fungal pathogens depends on their ability to secrete effector proteins to manipulate or evade plant defense response. By integrating genomics, transcriptomics, and effectoromics, insights into how the adaptation of biotrophic plant fungal pathogens adapt to their host populations can be gained. Efficient tools to decipher the precise molecular mechanisms of rust–plant interactions, and standardized routines in genomics and functional pipelines have been established and will pave the way for comparative studies. Deciphering fungal pathogenesis not only allows us to better understand how fungal pathogens infect host plants but also provides valuable information for plant diseases control, including new strategies to prevent, delay, or inhibit fungal development. Our review provides a comprehensive overview of the efforts that have been made to decipher the effector proteins of biotrophic fungal pathogens and demonstrates how rapidly research in the field of obligate biotrophy has progressed.
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Iswanto ABB, Vu MH, Pike S, Lee J, Kang H, Son GH, Kim J, Kim SH. Pathogen effectors: What do they do at plasmodesmata? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:795-804. [PMID: 34569687 PMCID: PMC9104267 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive an assortment of external cues during their life cycle, including abiotic and biotic stressors. Biotic stress from a variety of pathogens, including viruses, oomycetes, fungi, and bacteria, is considered to be a substantial factor hindering plant growth and development. To hijack the host cell's defence machinery, plant pathogens have evolved sophisticated attack strategies mediated by numerous effector proteins. Several studies have indicated that plasmodesmata (PD), symplasmic pores that facilitate cell-to-cell communication between a cell and neighbouring cells, are one of the targets of pathogen effectors. However, in contrast to plant-pathogenic viruses, reports of fungal- and bacterial-encoded effectors that localize to and exploit PD are limited. Surprisingly, a recent study of PD-associated bacterial effectors has shown that a number of bacterial effectors undergo cell-to-cell movement via PD. Here we summarize and highlight recent advances in the study of PD-associated fungal/oomycete/bacterial effectors. We also discuss how pathogen effectors interfere with host defence mechanisms in the context of PD regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Minh Huy Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sharon Pike
- Division of Plant SciencesChristopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant GroupUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hobin Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Geon Hui Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
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