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Wu ZX, Kang Y, Huang SB, Liu YY, Mei JJ, Liu Q, Zhu XQ. Molecular Identification and Survey of Cyclospora spp. in Cattle in Shanxi Province, North China. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2114. [PMID: 39061576 PMCID: PMC11274234 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, more than 20 species in the genus Cyclospora have been reported. Among them, Cyclospora cayetanensis has been recognized as the causative agent of human cyclosporiasis, which is characterized by severe intestinal injury and prolonged diarrhea in patients with immune dysfunction. The presence of C. cayetanensis in cattle has been confirmed. To date, however, no surveillance data are available on the occurrence and prevalence of Cyclospora spp. in cattle in Shanxi Province, North China. In the present study, a total of 761 fecal samples collected from cattle in three representative counties (Qi, Jishan, and Shanyin) in this Province were examined for Cyclospora spp. by using a polymerase-chain-reaction-restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) test based on the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. The prevalence of Cyclospora spp. in cattle was 2.1%, and region, age, sex, and breed were not identified to be risk factors. Molecular evolutionary analysis based on the SSU rRNA sequences revealed that all 12 of the isolates were relatively distant from the human pathogen C. cayetanensis; seven isolates were grouped with Cyclospora colobi, whereas the others were grouped with cattle Cyclospora spp. reported previously. Though C. cayetanensis was not detected in cattle in the present study, more investigations should be performed in human populations, other animal species, or cattle from other regions of Shanxi Province and other environmental sources from the One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qing Liu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Z.-X.W.); (Y.K.); (S.-B.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (J.-J.M.)
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Z.-X.W.); (Y.K.); (S.-B.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (J.-J.M.)
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Leonard SR, Mammel MK, Almeria S, Gebru ST, Jacobson DK, Peterson AC, Barratt JLN, Musser SM. Evaluation of the Increased Genetic Resolution and Utility for Source Tracking of a Recently Developed Method for Genotyping Cyclospora cayetanensis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:848. [PMID: 38792677 PMCID: PMC11124223 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a foodborne parasite that causes cyclosporiasis, an enteric illness in humans. Genotyping methods are used to genetically discriminate between specimens from cyclosporiasis cases and can complement source attribution investigations if the method is sufficiently sensitive for application to food items. A very sensitive targeted amplicon sequencing (TAS) assay for genotyping C. cayetanensis encompassing 52 loci was recently designed. In this study, we analyzed 66 genetically diverse clinical specimens to assess the change in phylogenetic resolution between the TAS assay and a currently employed eight-marker scheme. Of the 52 markers, ≥50 were successfully haplotyped for all specimens, and these results were used to generate a hierarchical cluster dendrogram. Using a previously described statistical approach to dissect hierarchical trees, the 66 specimens resolved into 24 and 27 distinct genetic clusters for the TAS and an 8-loci scheme, respectively. Although the specimen composition of 15 clusters was identical, there were substantial differences between the two dendrograms, highlighting the importance of both inclusion of additional genome coverage and choice of loci to target for genotyping. To evaluate the ability to genetically link contaminated food samples with clinical specimens, C. cayetanensis was genotyped from DNA extracted from raspberries inoculated with fecal specimens. The contaminated raspberry samples were assigned to clusters with the corresponding clinical specimen, demonstrating the utility of the TAS assay for traceback efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R. Leonard
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (M.K.M.); (S.A.); (S.T.G.)
| | - Mark K. Mammel
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (M.K.M.); (S.A.); (S.T.G.)
| | - Sonia Almeria
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (M.K.M.); (S.A.); (S.T.G.)
| | - Solomon T. Gebru
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (M.K.M.); (S.A.); (S.T.G.)
| | - David K. Jacobson
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (D.K.J.); (A.C.P.); (J.L.N.B.)
| | - Anna C. Peterson
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (D.K.J.); (A.C.P.); (J.L.N.B.)
| | - Joel L. N. Barratt
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (D.K.J.); (A.C.P.); (J.L.N.B.)
| | - Steven M. Musser
- Office of the Center Director, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
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Almeria S, Santin M. Editorial for the Special Issue Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:281. [PMID: 38399685 PMCID: PMC10893465 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporiasis is a foodborne diarrheal illness caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Almeria
- Division of Virulence Assessment, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Hagras NAE, Makled S, Sheta E, El-hawary MA, Mogahed NMFH. Potent efficiency of the novel nitazoxanide-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers against experimental cyclosporiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011845. [PMID: 38100538 PMCID: PMC10756555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporiasis is a ubiquitous infection caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite known as Cyclospora cayetanensis (C. cayetanensis). The disease is characterized by severe diarrhea which may be regrettably fatal in immunosuppressed patients. The commercially available treatment options have either severe side effects or low efficiency. In the present study, the novel formula of nitazoxanide (NTZ)-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) was assessed for the first time for C. cayetanensis treatment in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice in comparison to commercially available drugs (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and NTZ). Swiss Albino mice were orally infected by 104 sporulated oocysts. The experimental groups were treated with the gold standard TMP-SMX, NTZ, blank NLCs and NTZ-loaded NLCs. The results demonstrated that NTZ-loaded NLCs represented the highest significant parasite percent reduction of (>98% reduction) in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice designating successful tissue penetration and avoiding recurrence of infection at the end of the study. Oocysts treated with NTZ-loaded NLCs demonstrated the most mutilated rapturing morphology via scanning electron microscope examination as well as representing the most profound improvement of the histopathological picture. In conclusion, NTZ-loaded NLCs exhibited the uppermost efficacy in the treatment of cyclosporiasis. The safe nature and the anti-parasitic effect of the novel formulation encourage its use as a powerful treatment for human cyclosporiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Abd-elkader Hagras
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Makled
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman Sheta
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Zhu H, Kim BJ, Spizz G, Rothrock D, Yasmin R, Arida J, Grocholl J, Montagna R, Schwartz B, Trujillo S, Almeria S. Development and Evaluation/Verification of a Fully Automated Test Platform for the Rapid Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Produce Matrices. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2805. [PMID: 38004816 PMCID: PMC10673183 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporiasis, caused by the coccidian parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis, has emerged as an increasing global public health concern, with the incidence of laboratory-confirmed domestically acquired cases in the US exceeding 10,000 since 2018. A recently published qPCR assay (Mit1C) based on a mitochondrial target gene showed high specificity and good sensitivity for the detection of C. cayetanensis in fresh produce. The present study shows the integration and verification of the same mitochondrial target into a fully automated and streamlined platform that performs DNA isolation, PCR, hybridization, results visualization, and reporting of results to simplify and reduce hands-on time for the detection of this parasite. By using the same primer sets for both the target of interest (i.e., Mit1C) and the internal assay control (IAC), we were able to rapidly migrate the previously developed Mit1C qPCR assay into the more streamlined and automated format Rheonix C. cayetanensisTM Assay. Once the best conditions for detection were optimized and the migration to the fully automated format was completed, we compared the performance of the automated platform against the original "bench top" Mit1C qPCR assay. The automated Rheonix C. cayetanensis Assay achieved equivalent performance characteristics as the original assay, including the same performance for both inclusion and exclusion panels, and it was able to detect as low as 5 C. cayetanensis oocysts in fresh produce while significantly reducing hands-on time. We expect that the streamlined assay can be used as a tool for outbreak and/or surveillance activities to detect the presence of C. cayetanensis in produce samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Rheonix, Inc., Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (H.Z.); (B.J.K.); (G.S.); (D.R.); (R.Y.); (R.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Beum Jun Kim
- Rheonix, Inc., Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (H.Z.); (B.J.K.); (G.S.); (D.R.); (R.Y.); (R.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Gwendolyn Spizz
- Rheonix, Inc., Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (H.Z.); (B.J.K.); (G.S.); (D.R.); (R.Y.); (R.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Derek Rothrock
- Rheonix, Inc., Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (H.Z.); (B.J.K.); (G.S.); (D.R.); (R.Y.); (R.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Rubina Yasmin
- Rheonix, Inc., Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (H.Z.); (B.J.K.); (G.S.); (D.R.); (R.Y.); (R.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Joseph Arida
- Division of Virulence Assessment, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (J.A.); (J.G.); (S.T.)
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - John Grocholl
- Division of Virulence Assessment, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (J.A.); (J.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Richard Montagna
- Rheonix, Inc., Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (H.Z.); (B.J.K.); (G.S.); (D.R.); (R.Y.); (R.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Brooke Schwartz
- Rheonix, Inc., Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (H.Z.); (B.J.K.); (G.S.); (D.R.); (R.Y.); (R.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Socrates Trujillo
- Division of Virulence Assessment, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (J.A.); (J.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Sonia Almeria
- Division of Virulence Assessment, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (J.A.); (J.G.); (S.T.)
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Jacobson DK, Peterson AC, Qvarnstrom Y, Barratt JL. Novel insights on the genetic population structure of human-infecting Cyclospora spp. and evidence for rapid subtype selection among isolates from the USA. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 4:100145. [PMID: 37841306 PMCID: PMC10569985 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Human-infecting Cyclospora was recently characterized as three species, two of which (C. cayetanensis and C. ashfordi) are currently responsible for all known human infections in the USA, yet much remains unknown about the genetic structure within these two species. Here, we investigate Cyclospora genotyping data from 2018 through 2022 to ascertain if there are temporal patterns in the genetic structure of Cyclospora parasites that cause infections in US residents from year to year. First, we investigate three levels of genetic characterization: species, subpopulation, and strain, to elucidate annual trends in Cyclospora infections. Next, we determine if shifts in genetic diversity can be linked to any of the eight loci used in our Cyclospora genotyping approach. We observed fluctuations in the abundance of Cyclospora types at the species and subpopulation levels, but no significant temporal trends were identified; however, we found recurrent and sporadic strains within both C. ashfordi and C. cayetanensis. We also uncovered major shifts in the mitochondrial genotypes in both species, where there was a universal increase in abundance of a specific mitochondrial genotype that was relatively abundant in 2018 but reached near fixation (was observed in over 96% of isolates) in C. ashfordi by 2022. Similarly, this allele jumped from 29% to 82% relative abundance of isolates belonging to C. cayetanensis. Overall, our analysis uncovers previously unknown temporal-genetic patterns in US Cyclospora types from 2018 through 2022 and is an important step to presenting a clearer picture of the factors influencing cyclosporiasis outbreaks in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Jacobson
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna C. Peterson
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yvonne Qvarnstrom
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel L.N. Barratt
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Almeria S, Chacin-Bonilla L, Maloney JG, Santin M. Cyclospora cayetanensis: A Perspective (2020-2023) with Emphasis on Epidemiology and Detection Methods. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2171. [PMID: 37764015 PMCID: PMC10536660 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis infections are prevalent worldwide, and the parasite has become a major public health and food safety concern. Although important efforts have been dedicated to advance toward preventing and reducing incidences of cyclosporiasis, there are still several knowledge gaps that hamper the implementation of effective measures to prevent the contamination of produce and water with Cyclospora oocysts. Some of these data gaps can be attributed to the fact that access to oocysts is a limiting factor in C. cayetanensis research. There are no animal models or in vivo or in vitro culture systems to propagate the oocysts needed to facilitate C. cayetanensis research. Thus, researchers must rely upon limited supplies of oocysts obtained from naturally infected human patients considerably restricting what can be learnt about this parasite. Despite the limited supply of C. cayetanensis oocysts, several important advances have happened in the past 3 years. Great progress has been made in the Cyclospora field in the areas of molecular characterization of strains and species, generation of genomes, and development of novel detection methods. This comprehensive perspective summarizes research published from 2020 to 2023 and evaluates what we have learnt and identifies those aspects in which further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Almeria
- Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN), Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Virulence Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | | | - Jenny G. Maloney
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
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Leonard SR, Mammel MK, Gharizadeh B, Almeria S, Ma Z, Lipman DJ, Torrence ME, Wang C, Musser SM. Development of a targeted amplicon sequencing method for genotyping Cyclospora cayetanensis from fresh produce and clinical samples with enhanced genomic resolution and sensitivity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1212863. [PMID: 37396378 PMCID: PMC10311907 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1212863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of cyclosporiasis, an enteric illness caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis, have been associated with consumption of various types of fresh produce. Although a method is in use for genotyping C. cayetanensis from clinical specimens, the very low abundance of C. cayetanensis in food and environmental samples presents a greater challenge. To complement epidemiological investigations, a molecular surveillance tool is needed for use in genetic linkage of food vehicles to cyclosporiasis illnesses, estimation of the scope of outbreaks or clusters of illness, and determination of geographical areas involved. We developed a targeted amplicon sequencing (TAS) assay that incorporates a further enrichment step to gain the requisite sensitivity for genotyping C. cayetanensis contaminating fresh produce samples. The TAS assay targets 52 loci, 49 of which are located in the nuclear genome, and encompasses 396 currently known SNP sites. The performance of the TAS assay was evaluated using lettuce, basil, cilantro, salad mix, and blackberries inoculated with C. cayetanensis oocysts. A minimum of 24 markers were haplotyped even at low contamination levels of 10 oocysts in 25 g leafy greens. The artificially contaminated fresh produce samples were included in a genetic distance analysis based on haplotype presence/absence with publicly available C. cayetanensis whole genome sequence assemblies. Oocysts from two different sources were used for inoculation, and samples receiving the same oocyst preparation clustered together, but separately from the other group, demonstrating the utility of the assay for genetically linking samples. Clinical fecal samples with low parasite loads were also successfully genotyped. This work represents a significant advance in the ability to genotype C. cayetanensis contaminating fresh produce along with greatly expanding the genomic diversity included for genetic clustering of clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R. Leonard
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Mark K. Mammel
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | | | - Sonia Almeria
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Zhihai Ma
- Chapter Diagnostics, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - David J. Lipman
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Mary E. Torrence
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Chapter Diagnostics, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Steven M. Musser
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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Pathologie infectieuse du tube digestif : diagnostics à ne pas manquer. Ann Pathol 2023:S0242-6498(23)00050-0. [PMID: 36997440 PMCID: PMC10043990 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Le contexte récent du COVID-19 a renouvelé l’intérêt des pathologistes pour les maladies d’origine infectieuse. Cet intérêt est d’autant plus fort dans le tube digestif où les symptômes sont aspécifiques, souvent frustres avec un aspect endoscopique normal entraînant parfois une errance diagnostique. Dans ce contexte, les biopsies systématiques réalisées par le clinicien sont parfois le seul moyen de parvenir au diagnostic. Néanmoins, le diagnostic précis de ses pathologies nécessite une bonne connaissance à la fois du contexte de survenue de ces pathologies, de l’aspect histopathologique et d’une analyse rigoureuse utilisant des colorations spéciales et/ou des analyses immunohistochimiques. Certaines pathologies infectieuses du tube digestif sont bien connues par les pathologistes qui sont largement sollicités dans leurs diagnostics (gastrite à Helicobacter pylori, œsophagite à Candida albicans ou la colite à CMV), mais d’autres sont plus délicates à diagnostiquer. Dans cet article, nous présenterons, après avoir rappelé les différentes colorations spéciales utiles, des pathologies bactériennes ou parasitaires rares ou de diagnostic difficile « à ne pas manquer » dans le tube digestif.
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Ahmed S, Rahman MN, Hasan M, Hasan MA, Mia MM. Immunogenic multi-epitope-based vaccine development to combat cyclosporiasis of immunocompromised patients applying computational biology method. Exp Parasitol 2023; 248:108497. [PMID: 36906252 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis infections, also known as cyclosporiasis, persist to be the prevalent emerging protozoan parasite and an opportunist that causes digestive illness in immunocompromised individuals. In contrast, this causal agent can affect people of all ages, with children and foreigners being the most susceptible populations. For most immunocompetent patients, the disease is self-limiting; in extreme circumstances, this illness can manifest as severe or persistent diarrhea as well as colonize on secondary digestive organs leading to death. According to recent reports, worldwide 3.55% of people are infected by this pathogen, with Asia and Africa being more prevalent. For the treatment, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the only licensed drug and does not appear to work as well in some patient populations. Therefore, the much more effective strategy to avoid this illness is immunization through the vaccine. This present study uses immunoinformatics for identifying a computational multi-epitope-based peptide vaccine candidate for Cyclospora cayetanensis. Following the review of the literature, a highly efficient, secure, and vaccine complex based on multi-epitopes was designed by utilizing the identified proteins. These selected proteins were then used to predict non-toxic and antigenic HTL-epitopes, B-cell-epitopes, and CTL-epitopes. Ultimately, both a few linkers and an adjuvant were combined to create a vaccine candidate with superior immunological epitopes. Then, to establish the vaccine-TLR complex binding constancy, the TLR receptor and vaccine candidates were placed into the FireDock, PatchDock, and ClusPro servers for molecular docking and iMODS server for molecular-dynamic simulation. Finally, this selected vaccine construct was cloned into Escherichia coli strain-K12; thus, the constructed vaccines against Cyclospora cayetanensiscould improve the host immune response and can be produced experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmed
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammad Nahian Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh.
| | - Mahamudul Hasan
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Asibul Hasan
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mukthar Mia
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh; Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
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Chacin-Bonilla L, Santin M. Cyclospora cayetanensis Infection in Developed Countries: Potential Endemic Foci? Microorganisms 2023; 11:540. [PMID: 36985114 PMCID: PMC10058255 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis infection has emerged as a significant public health concern worldwide. Developed countries are generally considered non-endemic for infection. However, sporadic cases and non-travel-related outbreaks of C. cayetanensis infections associated with domestically grown produce are becoming more common in developed countries. Cyclospora cayetanensis has been detected in fresh produce, surface water, wastewater, irrigation water, and soil in these countries, suggesting that the parasite may be more common in areas with advanced sanitation than previously thought and illustrating the potential risk for exposure and indigenous/autochthonous infections. The evidence suggests the possibility of foci of endemicity in developed countries, particularly in communities where sanitary conditions are compromised, and raises transmission issues that require further research to better define the risks for infection, how widespread C. cayetanensis may be in these areas, and to guide interventions against this infection. The main purpose of the present opinion was to evaluate the presence of cyclosporiasis in developed countries, which is a very important and ongoing issue in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Chacin-Bonilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Dubey JP, Charlesworth JE, Pritt BS. Transmission electron microscopy on a case of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection from an immune-competent case confirms and extends prior detailed descriptions of its notably small endogenous stage. Parasitology 2022; 149:1397-1405. [PMID: 35674118 PMCID: PMC11010578 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although infections with Cyclospora cayetanensis are prevalent worldwide, many aspects of this parasite's life cycle remain unknown. Humans are the only known hosts, existing information on its endogenous development has been derived from histological examination of only a few biopsy specimens. In histological sections, its stages are less than 10 μm, making definitive identification difficult. Here, confirmation of cyclosporiasis in a duodenal biopsy specimen from an 80-year-old man without any recognized immunodeficiency patient is reported. Asexual forms (schizonts) and sexual forms (gamonts) were located within enterocytes, including immature and mature schizonts, an immature male gamont and a female gamont. Merozoites were small (<5 μm × 1 μm) and contained two rhoptries, subterminal nucleus and numerous micronemes and amylopectin granules. These parasite stages were like those recently reported in the gallbladder of an immunocompromised patient, suggesting that the general life-cycle stages are not altered by immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender P. Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | | | - Bobbi S. Pritt
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Investigating the Potential Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Intestinal Coccidian Infections. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.3.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
New infectious agents pose a global threat to the healthcare system, and studies are conducted to estimate their health and epidemiological outcomes in the long run. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has caused the COVID-19 disease, was formerly assumed to be a respiratory virus; however, it can have serious systemic effects, affecting organs such as the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Viral RNA was reported in the stool in a subset of patients, indicating another mode of transmission and diagnosis. In COVID-19, prolonged GIT symptoms, especially diarrhea, were associated with reduced diversity and richness of gut microbiota, immunological dysregulation, and delayed viral clearance. Intestinal coccidian parasites are intracellular protozoa that are most typically transmitted to humans by oocysts found in fecally contaminated food and water. Their epidemiological relevance is coupled to opportunistic infections, which cause high morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised individuals. Among immunocompetent people, intestinal coccidia is also involved in acute diarrhea, which is usually self-limiting. Evaluating the available evidence provided an opportunity to carefully consider that; the COVID-19 virus and coccidian protozoan parasites: namely, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Isospora belli, could mutually influence each other from the microbiological, clinical, diagnostic, and elimination aspects. We further systemically highlighted the possible shared pathogenesis mechanisms, transmission routes, clinical manifestations, parasite-driven immune regulation, and intestinal microbiota alteration. Finally, we showed how this might impact developing and developed countries prevention and vaccination strategies. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review that has discussed the reciprocal effect between coccidian parasites and COVID-19 coinfection.
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Protozoa as the “Underdogs” for Microbiological Quality Evaluation of Fresh Vegetables. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12147145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of the microbial quality of fresh products in the industrial environment has mainly focused on bacterial indicators. Protozoa, such as Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Cyclospora cayetanensis, are routinely excluded from detection and surveillance systems, despite guidelines and regulations that support the need for tracking and monitoring these pathogens in fresh food products. Previous studies performed by our laboratory, within the scope of the SafeConsume project, clearly indicated that consumption of fresh produce may be a source of T. gondii, thus posing a risk for the contraction of toxoplasmosis for susceptible consumers. Therefore, preliminary work was performed in order to assess the microbiological quality of vegetables, highlighting not only bacteria (Escherichia. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp.), but also the zoonotic protozoa G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. Although all samples were found to be acceptable based on bacteriological parameters, cysts of G. duodenalis and oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. were observed in vegetables. Moreover, it was possible to genetically characterize G. duodenalis positive samples as assemblage A, a genotype that poses risks to human health. Although these are preliminary results, they highlight the need to include protozoa in the microbiological criteria for foodstuffs, as required by EU Law No. 1441/2007, and to improve inactivation and removal procedures of (oo)cysts in fresh produce and water.
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The Clinical Features and Immunological Signature of Cyclospora cayetanensis Co-Infection among People Living with HIV in Ghana. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071407. [PMID: 35889126 PMCID: PMC9316080 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a paucity of information on the contemporary burden, disease patterns, and immunological profile of people living with HIV who are co-infected with C. cayetanensis in the post-antiretroviral therapy era. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, stool samples of 640 HIV-positive and 83 HIV-negative individuals in Ghana were tested for C. cayetanensis. Additionally, sociodemographic parameters, clinical symptoms, medical drug intake, and immunological parameters were assessed. Results: The prevalence of C. cayetanensis was 8.75% (n = 56) in HIV-positive and 1.20% (n = 1) in HIV-negative participants (p = 0.015). Within the group of HIV-positive participants, the prevalence reached 13.6% in patients with CD4+ T cell counts below 200 cells/µl. Frequencies of the clinical manifestations of weight loss and diarrheal disease were significantly higher in patients with C. cayetanensis compared to those without co-infection (36.36% vs. 22.59%, p = 0.034 and 20.00% vs. 4.90%, p < 0.001, respectively). The expression of markers of immune activation and exhaustion of T lymphocyte sub-populations was significantly elevated in patients colonized with C. cayetanensis. Conclusions: In the modern post-combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era, the acquisition of C. cayetanensis among PLWH in Ghana is driven largely by the immunosuppression profile characterized by high expression of markers of immune activation and immune exhaustion.
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Dubey JP, Khan A, Rosenthal BM. Life Cycle and Transmission of Cyclospora cayetanensis: Knowns and Unknowns. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010118. [PMID: 35056567 PMCID: PMC8779055 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although infections with Cyclospora cayetanensis are prevalent worldwide, many aspects of this parasite’s life cycle and transmission remain unknown. Humans are the only known hosts of this parasite. Existing information on its endogenous development has been derived from histological examination of only a few biopsy specimens. Its asexual and sexual stages occur in biliary-intestinal epithelium. In histological sections, its stages are less than 10 μm, making definitive identification difficult. Asexual (schizonts) and sexual (gamonts) are located in epithelial cells. Male microgamonts have two flagella; female macrogametes contain wall-forming bodies. Oocysts are excreted in feces unsporulated. Sporulation occurs in the environment, but there are many unanswered questions concerning dissemination and survival of C. cayetanensis oocysts. Biologically and phylogenetically, C. cayetanensis closely resembles Eimeria spp. that parastize chickens; among them, E. acervulina most closely resembles C. cayetanensis in size. Here, we review known and unknown aspects of its life cycle and transmission and discuss the appropriateness of surrogates best capable of hastening progress in understanding its biology and developing mitigating strategies.
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