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Tang S, Hao R, Liu X, He H, Tian Y, Jing T, Liu Z, Xu Y, Li X. Global trends in Cryptococcus and its interactions with the host immune system: a bibliometric analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1397338. [PMID: 38774865 PMCID: PMC11106374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This manuscript undertakes a systematic examination of the research landscape concerning global Cryptococcus species and their dynamism with the host immune system spanning the past decade. It furnishes a detailed survey of leading knowledge institutions and critical focal points in this area, utilizing bibliometric analysis. Methods VOSviewer and CiteSpace software platforms were employed to systematically analyze and graphically depict the relevant literature indexed in the WoSCC database over the preceding ten years. Results In the interval between October 1, 2013, and October 1, 2023, a corpus of 795 publications was amassed. The primary research institutions involved in this study include Duke University, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Sydney. The leading trio of nations, in terms of publication volume, comprises the United States, China, and Brazil. Among the most prolific authors are Casadevall, Arturo; Wormley, Floyd L., Jr.; and Olszewski, Michal A., with the most highly cited author being Perfect, Jr. The most esteemed journal is Mbio, while Infection and Immunity commands the highest citation frequency, and the Journal of Clinical Microbiology boasts the most significant impact factor. Present research foci encompass the intricate interactions between Cryptococcus pathogenesis and host immunity, alongside immune mechanisms, complications, and immunotherapies. Conclusion This represents the first exhaustive scholarly review and bibliometric scrutiny of the evolving landscapes in Cryptococcus research and its interactions with the host immune system. The analyses delineated herein provide insights into prevailing research foci and trajectories, thus furnishing critical directions for subsequent inquiries in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqin Tang
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Ruiying Hao
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Handan Stomatological Hospital, Endodontics, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Huina He
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yanan Tian
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Tingting Jing
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Hebei University of Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Immunological Dermatology, Handan, Hebei, China
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Machado MP, dos Santos MH, Guimarães JG, de Campos GY, Oliveira Brito PKM, Ferreira CMG, Rezende CP, Frota NF, Soares SG, Kumaresan PR, Lourenzoni MR, da Silva TA. GXMR-CAR containing distinct GXM-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) mediated the cell activation against Cryptococcus spp. And had difference in the strength of tonic signaling. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2281059. [PMID: 37978838 PMCID: PMC10761124 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2281059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus spp. has a polysaccharide capsule composed of glucuronoxylomannan-GXM, a major virulence factor that can prevent the recognition of fungi by immune cells. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) redirects T cells to target Cryptococcus spp. as previously demonstrated by a CAR specific to GXM, GXMR-CAR. The current study evaluated the strength of the signal transduction triggered by GXMR-CAR, composed of a distinct antigen-binding domain sourced from a single-chain variable fragment (scFv). GXM-specific scFv derived from mAbs 2H1 and 18B7, 2H1-GXMR-CAR and 18B7-GXMR-CAR, respectively, were designed to express CD8 molecule as hinge/transmembrane, and the costimulatory molecule CD137 (4-1BB) coupled to CD3ζ. The 2H1-GXMR-CAR or 18B7-GXMR-CAR Jurkat cells recognized soluble GXM from C. gattii and C. neoformans, and the levels of IL-2 released by the modified cells did not differ between the GXMR-CAR constructs after exposure to Cryptococcus spp. 18B7-GXMR-CAR triggered tonic signaling was more pronounced in modified Jurkat cells, and a protein kinase inhibitor of the Src family (dasatinib) significantly reduced GXMR-CAR tonic signaling and inhibited cell activation against ligands. 18B7 scFv showed a structural modification of the variable heavy (VH) chain that clarified the difference in the strength of tonic signaling and the level of cell activation between 2H1-GXMR-CAR and 18B7-GXMR-CAR. GXMR-CAR constructs induced T-cell activation against clinical isolates of Cryptococcus spp. and serum from patients with cryptococcosis induced high levels of IL-2, mainly in cells modified with 18B7-GXMR-CAR. Thus, 18B7-GXMR-CAR and 2H1-GXMR-CAR mediated T cell activation against Cryptococcus spp. and 18B7 and 2H1 scFv influenced the strength of tonic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Procópio Machado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Henrique dos Santos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Garcia Guimarães
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Yamazaki de Campos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camilly Melo Garcia Ferreira
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Patini Rezende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pappanaicken R. Kumaresan
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marcos Roberto Lourenzoni
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Ceará (Fiocruz-CE), Research Group on Protein Engineering and Health Solutions (GEPeSS), Eusébio, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Thiago Aparecido da Silva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Gillmann KM, Temme JS, Marglous S, Brown CE, Gildersleeve JC. Anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies: Basic research and clinical applications. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 74:102281. [PMID: 36905763 PMCID: PMC10732169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies have important applications in human health and basic research. Therapeutic antibodies that recognize cancer- or pathogen-associated glycans have been investigated in numerous clinical trials, resulting in two FDA-approved biopharmaceuticals. Anti-glycan antibodies are also utilized to diagnose, prognosticate, and monitor disease progression, as well as to study the biological roles and expression of glycans. High-quality anti-glycan mAbs are still in limited supply, highlighting the need for new technologies for anti-glycan antibody discovery. This review discusses anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies with applications to basic research, diagnostics, and therapeutics, focusing on recent advances in mAbs targeting cancer- and infectious disease-associated glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Gillmann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Samantha Marglous
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Claire E Brown
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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Velasco-de Andrés M, Muñoz-Sánchez G, Carrillo-Serradell L, Gutiérrez-Hernández MDM, Català C, Isamat M, Lozano F. Chimeric antigen receptor-based therapies beyond cancer. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250184. [PMID: 36649259 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapies have gained renewed interest in the field of immunotherapy following the advent of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology. This immunological breakthrough requires immune cell engineering with an artificial surface protein receptor for antigen-specific recognition coupled to an intracellular protein domain for cell activating functions. CAR-based ACT has successfully solved some hematological malignancies, and it is expected that other tumors may soon benefit from this approach. However, the potential of CAR technology is such that other immune-mediated disorders are beginning to profit from it. This review will focus on CAR-based ACT therapeutic areas other than oncology such as infection, allergy, autoimmunity, transplantation, and fibrotic repair. Herein, we discuss the results and limitations of preclinical and clinical studies in that regard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Muñoz-Sánchez
- Servei d'Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Cristina Català
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcos Isamat
- Sepsia Therapeutics S.L., L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d'Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Beardsley J, Dao A, Keighley C, Garnham K, Halliday C, Chen SCA, Sorrell TC. What's New in Cryptococcus gattii: From Bench to Bedside and Beyond. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010041. [PMID: 36675862 PMCID: PMC9865494 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus species are a major cause of life-threatening infections in immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. While most disease is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, a genotypically and phenotypically distinct species, is responsible for 11-33% of global cases of cryptococcosis. Despite best treatment, C. gattii infections are associated with early mortality rates of 10-25%. The World Health Organization's recently released Fungal Priority Pathogen List classified C. gattii as a medium-priority pathogen due to the lack of effective therapies and robust clinical and epidemiological data. This narrative review summarizes the latest research on the taxonomy, epidemiology, pathogenesis, laboratory testing, and management of C. gattii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Beardsley
- Sydney Infectious Disease Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, New South Wales Health, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Aiken Dao
- Sydney Infectious Disease Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, New South Wales Health, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Caitlin Keighley
- Sydney Infectious Disease Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Katherine Garnham
- Sydney Infectious Disease Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Sunshine Coast University, Birtinya, QLD 4575, Australia
| | - Catriona Halliday
- Sydney Infectious Disease Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, New South Wales Health, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sharon C.-A. Chen
- Sydney Infectious Disease Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, New South Wales Health, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Tania C. Sorrell
- Sydney Infectious Disease Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, New South Wales Health, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
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Saidykhan L, Onyishi CU, May RC. The Cryptococcus gattii species complex: Unique pathogenic yeasts with understudied virulence mechanisms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010916. [PMID: 36520688 PMCID: PMC9754292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of Cryptococcus gattii/neoformans species complex are the etiological agents of the potentially fatal human fungal infection cryptococcosis. C. gattii and its sister species cause disease in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts, while the closely related species C. neoformans and C. deneoformans predominantly infect immunocompromised hosts. To date, most studies have focused on similarities in pathogenesis between these two groups, but over recent years, important differences have become apparent. In this review paper, we highlight some of the major phenotypic differences between the C. gattii and neoformans species complexes and justify the need to study the virulence and pathogenicity of the C. gattii species complex as a distinct cryptococcal group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamin Saidykhan
- Institute of Microbiology & Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Division of Physical and Natural Science, University of The Gambia, Brikama Campus, West Coast Region, The Gambia
| | - Chinaemerem U. Onyishi
- Institute of Microbiology & Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robin C. May
- Institute of Microbiology & Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Dos Santos MH, Machado MP, Kumaresan PR, da Silva TA. Modification of Hinge/Transmembrane and Signal Transduction Domains Improves the Expression and Signaling Threshold of GXMR-CAR Specific to Cryptococcus spp. Cells 2022; 11:3386. [PMID: 36359781 PMCID: PMC9653562 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) redirect T cells to recognize a specific target. CAR components play a pivotal role in antigen specificity, structure stability, expression on cell surface, and induction of cellular activation, which together determine the success of CAR T-cell therapy. CAR products targeting B-cell lymphoma encouraged the development of new CAR applications beyond cancer. For example, our group developed a CAR to specifically target glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) in the capsule of Cryptococcus species, called GXMR-CAR or GXMR-IgG4-28ζ. Cryptococcus are fungi that cause the life-threatening disease cryptococcosis, and GXMR-IgG4-28ζ redirected T cells to target yeast and titan cell forms of Cryptococcus spp. Here, we replaced the IgG4-hinge and CD28-transmembrane domains from GXMR-CAR with a CD8α molecule as the hinge/transmembrane and used CD28 or 4-1BB molecules as co-stimulatory domains, creating GXMR-8-28ζ and GXMR-8-BBζ, respectively. Jurkat cells expressing GXMR-CAR containing CD8α as the hinge/transmembrane improved the CAR expression and induced a tonic signaling. GXMR-8-28ζ and GXMR-8-BBζ induced high levels of IL-2 and up-regulation of CD69 expression in the presence of reference strains of C. neoformans and C. gattii. Moreover, GXMR-8-28ζ and GXMR-8-BBζ showed increased strength in response to incubation with clinical isolates of Cryptococcuss spp., and 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain triggered a more pronounced cellular activation. Dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, attenuated the GXMR-CAR signaling cascade's engagement in the presence or absence of its ligand. This study optimized novel second-generation GXMR-CARs containing the CD8-hinge/transmembrane domain that improved CAR expression, antigen recognition, and signal strength in T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Henrique Dos Santos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 140490-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Michele Procópio Machado
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 140490-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Pappanaicken R Kumaresan
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thiago Aparecido da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 140490-900, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a disease caused by the pathogenic fungi Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, both environmental fungi that cause severe pneumonia and may even lead to cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Although C. neoformans affects more fragile individuals, such as immunocompromised hosts through opportunistic infections, C. gattii causes a serious indiscriminate primary infection in immunocompetent individuals. Typically seen in tropical and subtropical environments, C. gattii has increased its endemic area over recent years, largely due to climatic factors that favor contagion in warmer climates. It is important to point out that not only C. gattii, but the Cryptococcus species complex produces a polysaccharidic capsule with immunomodulatory properties, enabling the pathogenic species of Cryptococccus to subvert the host immune response during the establishment of cryptococcosis, facilitating its dissemination in the infected organism. C. gattii causes a more severe and difficult-to-treat infection, with few antifungals eliciting an effective response during chronic treatment. Much of the immunopathology of this cryptococcosis is still poorly understood, with most studies focusing on cryptococcosis caused by the species C. neoformans. C. gattii became more important in the epidemiological scenario with the outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, which resulted in phylogenetic studies of the virulent variant responsible for the severe infection in the region. Since then, the study of cryptococcosis caused by C. gattii has helped researchers understand the immunopathological aspects of different variants of this pathogen.
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