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Oh C, Buckley PM, Choi J, Hierro A, DiMaio D. Sequence-independent activity of a predicted long disordered segment of the human papillomavirus type 16 L2 capsid protein during virus entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307721120. [PMID: 37819982 PMCID: PMC10589650 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307721120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of proteins is thought to be invariably determined by their amino acid sequence or composition, but we show that a long segment of a viral protein can support infection independent of its sequence or composition. During virus entry, the papillomavirus L2 capsid protein protrudes through the endosome membrane into the cytoplasm to bind cellular factors such as retromer required for intracellular virus trafficking. Here, we show that an ~110 amino acid segment of L2 is predicted to be disordered and that large deletions in this segment abolish infectivity of HPV16 pseudoviruses by inhibiting cytoplasmic protrusion of L2, association with retromer, and proper virus trafficking. The activity of these mutants can be restored by insertion of protein segments with diverse sequences, compositions, and chemical properties, including scrambled amino acid sequences, a tandem array of a short sequence, and the intrinsically disordered region of an unrelated cellular protein. The infectivity of mutants with small in-frame deletions in this segment directly correlates with the size of the segment. These results indicate that the length of the disordered segment, not its sequence or composition, determines its activity during HPV16 pseudovirus infection. We propose that a minimal length of L2 is required for it to protrude far enough into the cytoplasm to bind cytoplasmic trafficking factors, but the sequence of this segment is largely irrelevant. Thus, protein segments can carry out complex biological functions such as Human papillomavirus pseudovirus infection in a sequence-independent manner. This finding has important implications for protein function and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changin Oh
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520-8005
| | - Patrick M. Buckley
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06536-0812
| | - Jeongjoon Choi
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520-8005
| | - Aitor Hierro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Bilbao, Derio48160, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao48009, Spain
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520-8005
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520-8040
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT06520-8024
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT06520-8028
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Lin C, Tsai SCS, Huang JY, Lin FCF. HPV infection and breast cancer risk: insights from a nationwide population study in Taiwan. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1210381. [PMID: 37519781 PMCID: PMC10379647 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1210381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of cancer, specifically breast cancer, has raised globally. The etiology of breast cancer has been attributed to age, genetic mutations, reproductive history, hormone therapy, lifestyle factors, and viral infections. The human papillomavirus (HPV) has been one of the most widespread sexually transmitted infection in the United States. The role of HPV in breast oncogenesis was hypothesized before, yet the association remained unclear. Methods In this study, we employed a nationwide population study using centralized patient data managed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan and the Taiwan Cancer Registry database. The breast cancer incidence rates of the 467,454 HPV patients were compared to twice as many non-HPV patients with matching sex and age. Cumulative breast cancer incidence rates were presented by a Kaplan-Meier curve, and the relative risk of breast cancer for HPV and non-HPV patients were calculated using Cox-regression model. Results Our results indicated a crude hazard ratio (HR) and an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 2.336 and 2.271, respectively, when comparing the risk of breast cancer in the HPV and non-HPV group. The risk of breast cancer was comparable or higher than those of head and neck cancer (aHR=1.595) and cervical cancer (aHR=2.225), which both were found to have causal relationships with HPV. The Kaplan-Meier curve further illustrated a higher cumulative risk across 84 months for HPV patients (p<.0001). Besides HPV, age (p<.0001), insurance providers (p<.001), and comorbidities such as abnormal liver function (aHR=1.191, p=.0069) and hyperlipidemia (aHR=1.218, p=.0002) were found to be correlated with higher risks of breast cancer. Conclusion A correlation between HPV and breast cancer can be inferred using national health databases. More molecular studies are required to understand the mechanism of the virus-induced oncogenesis of the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck Lin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stella Chin-Shaw Tsai
- Superintendents’ Office, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yang Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Frank Cheau-Feng Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Oh C, Buckley PM, Choi J, Hierro A, DiMaio D. Sequence independent activity of a predicted long disordered segment of the human papillomavirus L2 capsid protein during virus entry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.21.533711. [PMID: 36993745 PMCID: PMC10055320 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.21.533711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The papillomavirus L2 capsid protein protrudes through the endosome membrane into the cytoplasm during virus entry to bind cellular factors required for intracellular virus trafficking. Cytoplasmic protrusion of HPV16 L2, virus trafficking, and infectivity are inhibited by large deletions in an ∼110 amino acid segment of L2 that is predicted to be disordered. The activity of these mutants can be restored by inserting protein segments with diverse compositions and chemical properties into this region, including scrambled sequences, a tandem array of a short sequence, and the intrinsically disordered region of a cellular protein. The infectivity of mutants with small in-frame insertions and deletions in this segment directly correlates with the size of the segment. These results indicate that the length of the disordered segment, not its sequence or its composition, determines its activity during virus entry. Sequence independent but length dependent activity has important implications for protein function and evolution.
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Gardella B, Gritti A, Soleymaninejadian E, Pasquali MF, Riemma G, La Verde M, Schettino MT, Fortunato N, Torella M, Dominoni M. New Perspectives in Therapeutic Vaccines for HPV: A Critical Review. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58070860. [PMID: 35888579 PMCID: PMC9315585 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus is the main cause of cervical cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, anus, rectum, penis, vagina, and vulva. In recent years, considerable effort has been made to control HPV-induced diseases using either prophylactic or therapeutic approaches. A critical review of the literature about the therapeutic Human Papillomavirus vaccine was performed to analyze its efficacy in the treatment of female lower genital tract lesions and its possible perspective application in clinical practice. The most important medical databases were consulted, and all papers published from 2000 until 2021 were considered. We retrieved a group of seven papers, reporting the role of anti HPV therapeutic vaccines against the L2 protein in the order of their efficacy and safety in female lower genital tract disease. In addition, the immune response due to vaccine administration was evaluated. The development of therapeutic vaccines represents an interesting challenge for the treatment of HPV infection of the lower genital tract. Literature data underline that the L2 protein may be an interesting and promising target in the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines, but the possible strengths and the unclear longevity of L2 immune responses are factors to be considered before clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gardella
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.G.); (M.F.P.); (M.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fundation Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Andrea Gritti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.G.); (M.F.P.); (M.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fundation Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-00382-503722
| | - Ehsan Soleymaninejadian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fundation Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Marianna Francesca Pasquali
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.G.); (M.F.P.); (M.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fundation Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Gaetano Riemma
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (M.L.V.); (M.T.S.); (N.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Marco La Verde
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (M.L.V.); (M.T.S.); (N.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Maria Teresa Schettino
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (M.L.V.); (M.T.S.); (N.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Nicola Fortunato
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (M.L.V.); (M.T.S.); (N.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Marco Torella
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (M.L.V.); (M.T.S.); (N.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Mattia Dominoni
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.G.); (M.F.P.); (M.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fundation Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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Review of the Standard and Advanced Screening, Staging Systems and Treatment Modalities for Cervical Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122913. [PMID: 35740578 PMCID: PMC9220913 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review discusses the timeline and development of the recommended screening tests, diagnosis system, and therapeutics implemented in clinics for precancer and cancer of the uterine cervix. The incorporation of the latest automation, machine learning modules, and state-of-the-art technologies into these aspects are also discussed. Abstract Cancer arising from the uterine cervix is the fourth most common cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Almost 90% of cervical cancer mortality has occurred in low- and middle-income countries. One of the major aetiologies contributing to cervical cancer is the persistent infection by the cancer-causing types of the human papillomavirus. The disease is preventable if the premalignant lesion is detected early and managed effectively. In this review, we outlined the standard guidelines that have been introduced and implemented worldwide for decades, including the cytology, the HPV detection and genotyping, and the immunostaining of surrogate markers. In addition, the staging system used to classify the premalignancy and malignancy of the uterine cervix, as well as the safety and efficacy of the various treatment modalities in clinical trials for cervical cancers, are also discussed. In this millennial world, the advancements in computer-aided technology, including robotic modules and artificial intelligence (AI), are also incorporated into the screening, diagnostic, and treatment platforms. These innovations reduce the dependence on specialists and technologists, as well as the work burden and time incurred for sample processing. However, concerns over the practicality of these advancements remain, due to the high cost, lack of flexibility, and the judgment of a trained professional that is currently not replaceable by a machine.
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